Source of this article: Phoenix Weekly, No. 7, 2015
Transferred from: History of boiling
On February 12, 1912 (December 25, 1912), the Qing court issued the "Edict of Abdication":
"Emperor Yuan Qin obeyed the will of Empress Dowager Longyu: Because of the uprising of the People's Army, the response of the provinces, the boiling of the Nine Summers, and the destruction of life, Yuan Shikai was specially ordered to discuss the overall situation with the representatives of the People's Army, to open the National Assembly, and to refer to the form of government. For two months, there has been no definitive solution. North and south are separated from each other. The merchant quit on the way, and the soldier was exposed to the wild. The state system is indecisive every day, so the people's livelihood is uneasy for a day. Nowadays, the psychology of the people of the whole country is mostly inclined to republicanism, and the provinces in the south and central regions have not only advocated the initiative in the front, but also the generals in the north who advocate it in the back. The people's hearts are desired, the destiny of heaven can be known, how can they endure the honor of a surname, and the likes and dislikes of the people? It is to use the appearance of the general situation and internal public opinion, and the special emperor to publicize the ruling power to the whole country and designate it as a republican constitutional state. Close to the heart of the sea of disgust and hope for governance, far from the ancient holy world for the righteousness of justice. Yuan Shikai was elected as the prime minister by the Senior Council, and when the old and new are metabolized, it is advisable to have a way to unify the north and the south. That is, Yuan Shikai will organize a provisional republican government with full authority and consult with the Nationalist Army to unify the methods. In the whole period, the people's an obstruction and Haiyu'an are still the complete territory of the five ethnic groups of Manchuria, Han, Mongolia, Hui, and Tibet as a great Republic of China, and the emperor can retire to a place of leniency and leisure, and enjoy the years of good travel, and receive the courtesy of the people for a long time, and see the completion of zhizhi in person. ”
It has been 103 years since the promulgation of this 350-word abdication edict, but there are still many doubts around this edict: Who drafted the abdication edict? How many versions are there? Modified by whom? In "Yuan Shikai organized the provisional republican government with full power", was "Yuan Shikai with full power" added by Yuan Shikai without authorization?
Why did the Qing court agree to issue an edict of abdication?
Agreeing to issue the edict of abdication meant that the Qing court accepted the southern nationalist army's proposal to establish a republican government.
Before the formal armistice and peace talks on December 3, 1911, through the mediation of Japanese merchants and Russian consul Ao Kangfu, the Qing court and the nationalist army were already in private contact to test each other's claims. Liu Cheng'en, a Taoist official, was sent by Yuan Shikai to Wuhan to contact Li Yuanhong. In a telegram dated 22 November, Liu Cheng'en said: "The party representatives proposed the establishment of democracy and the preservation of our government in another place, prosperity and honor, which is inconsistent with the meaning of the constitution, so it is difficult to discuss" ("Telegram File of the Military Aircraft Department"). It can be seen that as early as the beginning of October, the Civil Army already had a plan to clear the house and abdicate and place another place to preserve it.
Over time, the NDA's preferential treatment programme has become more concrete. On December 14, representatives of the North and the South moved from Wuhan to Shanghai to continue negotiations. Before leaving Wuhan on December 13, Zeng Zongjian, a director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, sent a telegram to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in which he mentioned, "In the Hubei Discussion, there are four articles: one overthrows the Manchu Qing Dynasty; two are the royal family; three are generous to the Manchus; and four provinces are unified" (Telegraph File). The two articles of "preferential royal family" and "generous treatment of Manchus" already have the rudiments of the conditions for preferential treatment of the royal family later.
Nevertheless, until the end of November, whether the Qing Emperor abdicated or not was still inconclusive. Although the Qing court formally decreed on December 28 that it agreed to convene a congress to refer to the monarchy and democracy issues, until January 24, 1912, the Qing court advocated convening a congress to decide whether to implement a constitutional monarchy or a republican constitution, and did not want to abdicate. A clear evidence is that on this day, Empress Longyu issued a decree that "the election methods of the National Assembly and the place of meeting may be handled at their discretion". To this end, the next day, Yuan Shikai specially reported on the new plan for the selection of tianjin, Qingdao, and Hankou and the allocation of deputies to the congressional representatives.
Edict of abdication of the Qing Emperor
But after only 4 days, the attitude of the Qing court changed by 180 degrees. On 29 January, Empress Dowager Longyu presided over the Fifth Imperial Council and decided to prepare and proclaim the Decree of the Republic. On February 3, Empress Dowager Longyu issued an edict granting Yuan Shikai full authority to negotiate preferential treatment with the Nationalist Army.
Why did the Attitude of the Qing Court suddenly change dramatically? History books generally believe that there are two reasons: First, the leader of the Zongshe Party, Liangbi, was killed by the revolutionary Peng Jiazhen, so that the Zongshe Party did not dare to insist on resisting any longer; second, Duan Qirui and others with the nature of "military advice" jointly wrote a letter to force the Qing court to obey.
But it seems that past historians exaggerated the role of Peng Jiazhen's assassination of Liangbi. Judging from Liangbi's treatment after his death, he was not valued in the Qing court. On February 12, the Qing Emperor issued an edict of abdication, and at the same time issued two edicts related to the grant of mercy: the first was to give the younger brother Duan Jin, who was killed at the same time as the governor of Sichuan, Duan Fang, and the second was not to give Liangbi a gift.
Giving courtesy was an important means of rewarding the dead by the imperial court. Duan Jin's official title before his death was only the alternate prefect of Henan, which was a sipin official; Liangbi was a deputy capital and belonged to Zheng Erpin. Duanjin, who had a low official rank, was granted permission to be given a title, and Liangbi, who had a high official rank, was not allowed, which was enough to show that the Qing court did not attach great importance to Liangbi's death.
On February 3, Yuan Shikai was granted full authority to negotiate preferential conditions with the People's Army, including the words "According to Cen Chunxuan, Yuan Shuxun, and other ministers and envoys Lu Zhengxiang and other commanders and commanders such as Duan Qirui, the minister of the imperial army, sent a telegram to quickly determine the republican body so as not to ruin the lives of people", but Cen Chunxuan's telegram "Stating His Opinions on matters concerning the decision of the political system for the opening of the National Assembly" was sent on January 9, and the Qing court will not delay it until a month before reconsidering it, and this is just a pretext.
The real reason that prompted Empress Longyu to accept the republic was Duan Qirui's "military advice":
On January 25, Duan Qirui, in the name of the Governor of Huguang, sent a telegram to the cabinet entitled "For the Purpose of the Referendum on the Government and the Generals To Speak of War", saying that "from time to time the generals come to say that the progress of the people is not republican,...... Yesterday, when it was heard that King Gong and Ze Gong were obstructing the republic, they were indignant and indignant, demanding that the representatives of all the generals of all walks of life also come to join forces, and if they suppressed it, they would immediately riot, and perfunctory would also collapse completely. "The telegram's reference to King Gong and Duke Ze obstructing the republic refers to the remarks made by Prince Gong Puwei and Zhenguo Duke Zaize opposing the republic at the imperial council.
Then, the next day, on January 26, Duan Qirui joined forces with 46 generals, including Jiang Guiti and Zhang Xun, to jointly send a telegram to the cabinet, "I implore the Khan to issue a decree, declare Chinese and foreign government, and establish a republican form of government." ”
On January 27, Wu Tingfang, the general representative of the Southern Negotiations, informed Yuan Shikai that "if the Qing court has not been declared a republic by 8:00 a.m. on the eleventh day of the lunar calendar, the conditions for preferential treatment will be null and void." "The eleventh day of December in the lunar calendar is January 29. Duan Qirui's telegrams and telegrams, as well as Wu Tingfang's ultimatums, directly led empress dowager Longyu to be forced to agree to the republic, and on January 29, she presided over the fifth imperial council and decided to write and announce the republican edict.
The proclamation of the Republic is what we call the Edict of Abdication. From then to today, many rumors about it are still difficult to determine.
How many versions of the Edict of Abdication are there?
One theory is that Hong Shuzu drafted the edict of abdication.
Tang Zaili, who was then a military attaché to Yuan Shikai, arrived at the Qianqing Palace on February 12, 1912, to witness the transfer of the edict of abdication by Empress Longyu. He recalled: When it comes to the edict of abdication, we always think that it was drafted by Ruan Zhongshu, a copywriter specially drafted by Yuan Shikai's curtain, because at that time, almost all the important chapters, even the edicts, were written by Ruan, and later heard that the earliest abdication edict was drafted by Hong Shuzu, a directly subordinate alternate Daoist. Hong was a close secretary of the Interior Minister Zhao Bingjun and was appreciated by Yuan for his affection for Zhao. The edict was written by Hong to Yuan's private residence to listen to Yuan's main instructions, with the armistice and the constitution as the main point, stating that "if the people of the Chinese land are saved, whether it is a constitutional monarchy or a democratic constitution, Yu and the emperor are optimistic and successful", and did not explicitly abdicate. Hong Shuzu is the father of the famous film director Hong Shen. In the sensational "assassination of Song Jiaoren" case, Hong Shuzu was instructed by Yuan Shikai, Zhao Bingjun and others to plan and organize, and was sentenced to hanging in 1919.
According to his letter to Zhao Fengzhu, the edict was already written in early September. Tang also appended the original text of Hong Shuzu's version of the abdication edict after the ceremony, which is no different from the later abdication edict. However, it can be said that it is the earliest abdication edict that appeared after the Wuchang Uprising.
Puyi (data map)
Another theory is that Liang Shiyi drafted the edict of abdication.
The Times correspondent in China, Morrison, wrote to Shilam on February 6 that the abdication edict said, "This edict is being drafted by Liang Shiyi, and yesterday he consulted with me on this matter." He thought it would be impossible to issue it in ten days..." Morrison told Hiram in a letter on February 9 that "Liang Shiyi, minister of posts and communications, is writing an edict of abdication." Liang Shiyi was indeed responsible for the discussion of important details between the south and the north at that time, but in 1939, the "Annals of Mr. Liang Yansun of the Republic of China" compiled by Fenggang and his disciples clearly stated that "the abdication edict was the last end of the Qing Dynasty, and the original text was sent by General NanZhong, which was written by Zhang Xiao, and later published by Yuan and his left and right to grant him full authority." ”
The third theory is that Zhang Xiluan drafted the abdication edict.
In October 1936, Ye Gongqi, who had followed Liang Shiyi, Ruan Zhongshu and others as copywriters in Yuan Shikai's cabinet, published an article entitled "Some Anecdotes in Beijing Before the Declaration of The Republic of Xinhai" in the 20th issue of the semi-monthly magazine "YueFeng" in the case of the deaths of Yuan Shikai, Liang Shiyi, Ruan Zhongshu and others. It said that zhang Xiluan (who served as the governor of Shanxi after Wu Luzhen was assassinated) had already asked someone to draft a draft of the edict of abdication, and everyone thought it was lengthy and unsatisfied, and handed it to him to amend, and he felt that it was still early, so he hid it in his pocket. Around February 7, 1912, he was preparing to write, and the south had already prepared a draft, which was telecommunications to Beijing (this draft was prepared by Zhang Xiao and Zhao Fengchang). This was also confirmed in Tang Zaili's recollection, "Later, Zhang Xiluan also found someone to draft a draft and handed it over to Ye Gongqi for correction, but Ye hesitated to write." ”
The fourth theory was drafted by Hua Shikui, Ruan Zhongshu, and Xu Shichang.
On February 6, 1912, tianjin "Ta Kung Pao" reported that the draft of the abdication edict was submitted on February 2, and the authors were Hua Shikui and Ruan Zhongshu. The next day, there was also news that said, "This edict was drafted by Empress Dowager Longyu on the order of Xu Shichang, and yesterday the draft was submitted to the Yuan cabinet for proofreading, and Yuan used the emperor's withdrawal from power this time, which is not comparable to the fall of the country in previous dynasties. ”
The fifth theory is that Zhang Yuanqi drafted and Xu Shichang revised.
10 days after the promulgation of the abdication edict, the Shanghai "Declaration" reported on February 22 under the headline "Sad Words when the Qing Dynasty Issued the Abdication": "The proclamation of the republic, the Qing Edict was drafted by Zhang Yuanqi, a former deputy official of the Qing Academy, edited and polished by Xu Shichang, and after the Qing Dynasty ascended to the Heart Hall before the 25th of the 25th in the morning of the ninth hour, it was presented by Yuan Shikai junjin." Zhang Jingsheng's "Records of The Discussion of the North and the South and the Records of Seeing and Hearing" also said: "The abdication of each edict, the deputy minister of the Department of Learning, Zhang Yuanqi, drafted and submitted, the Qing Empress Dowager handed over shi continued, Xu Shichang deliberated, after Xu Shichang deleted and polished, and then covered with the imperial treasure." According to the "vice official of the Qing Academy", Zhang Yuanqi here should be the mistake of "Zhang Yuanji". Zhang Yuanji, who actively participated in the Pengshu Reform Law when he was young, the famous Commercial Press was able to develop and grow under his presidency.
In addition, there are versions such as Yuan Shikai's drafting of the doctrine, and Wang Shu, who was then a political envoy in Xinjiang, said in his self-defined chronology "The Chronicle of the Old Man of Tao Lu": "The edicts of his abdication are all drafted by Yuan Shikai. ”
Father and son of Puyi, the last emperor at the time of his abdication
The most widely circulated is the drafting of the former Qing Dynasty yuan Zhang Xiao. Tang Zaili recalled, "The most rumored manuscript was prepared by Zhang Jizhi and Zhao Zhujun in the south, which was transmitted to Beijing by telegram and later revised by Wang Gongfu and Xu Shichang. "Zhang Jizhi, also known as Zhang Xiao, lived in the home of Zhao Fengchang (Zi Zhujun) in Shanghai during the Xinhai Revolution, while Wang Gongfu was immediately Zuo Cheng of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and Wang Rongbao, who was in charge of yuan shikai's copywriting.
After Zhang Xiao's death (August 1926), his son Zhang Xiaoruo said in the first draft of the "Nantong Zhang Jizhi Biography" that "the re-telegram of the abdication of the cabinet on the same day came to my father's hands", the cabinet reply quoted in the excerpt had "due to the uprising of the people's army, the response of the provinces, the boiling of the Nine Summers, the destruction of life, and the special appointment of Yuan Shikai as the minister plenipotentiary", compared with the final version of the abdication edict, although there are many different words, but the meaning is quite similar.
After Hu Hanmin read the first draft of the biography, he wrote a letter to Tan Yan, who had written the title of the biography, on February 18, 1930, clearly stating that the abdication edict was written by Zhang Jian, "Qing Yun abdicated, the so-called cabinet reply, and it was actually written by Mr. Ji Zhi." Hu Hanmin also said that he asked Zhang Jian to draft an edict of abdication. In his autobiography, Hu Hanmin once again reiterated this statement, "The declaration of the abdication of the Qing Emperor Puyi was drafted by Zhang Xiao and sent to Tang Shaoyi to send an emissary to Beijing."
Zhang Xiaoruo also said in Zhang Xiaoruo's biography that the original manuscript of the draft edict is now in Mr. Zhao Fengchang.com.
Zhao Fengchang, also spelled Zhujun, was the shogunate of Zhang Zhidong, the late master of Xiyin, and his residence, Xiyin Hall, was once a place for peace talks between the north and the south, during which many key figures from the north and south came and went, such as Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, Tang Shaoyi, Wu Tingfang, and so on. His son Zhao Zunyue said in the "Record of the Xinhai Revolution in Xiyintang" that the edict of abdication was drafted by Zhang Xiao at the request of his father Zhao Fengchang, "Zhang Chu smiled and thanked him, thinking that it was impossible, and finally wrote a note on the eight lines of his desk, without a beginning and end, hundreds of words, and a very simple and elegant text." The first public thought it was available, and urgently needed to power the Kyoshi. Unsurprisingly, the northern pre-proposed edicts were not in the middle, Yuan Zheng was helpless, and it was not easy to get a word of approval for major events, and only Yuan Shikai handled a word to promulgate it. Zhao Zunyue also admitted that Zhang Xiao's manuscript had been preserved in their home for several years, "Zhang's manuscript was stored in 'XiyinTang' for a year, and in a certain year, the "Declaration" National Day supplement instructed Yu to remember the Xinhai incident, because it was photocopied to preserve its truth, but Zhang Pu lost its record." ”
There are errors in the details of the above statements, or the quotations are not specific enough, and for various reasons there is no conclusive conclusion as to who drafted the abdication edict.
Hong Shuzu's version is too early and has nothing to do with the last version; Zhang Xiluan's version, Ye Gongqi has not yet moved to revise. These two statements can be set aside. The Liang Shiyi drafted by Moli xun is itself denied by Liang Shiyi and is not enough to believe. Zhang Yuanqi drafted the "Declaration" on February 22, which wrote that "after the Qing Dynasty ascended to the Yangxin Hall before and after the Qing Dynasty on the 25th day, Yuan Shikaijun entered the presentation", which is obviously an opening of the mouth that is not familiar with historical facts, because whether it is the Qing Palace archives or the memories of various parties, the place where Empress Longyu handed over the abdication edict was in the Qianqing Palace instead of the Yangxin Hall, and Yuan Shikai did not appear.
As for Zhang Xiao's drafting, although it has been most widely recognized at present, it has not yet formed a complete chain of evidence, let alone found direct evidence - the original manuscript has not yet been discovered, and neither Zhang Xiao's letters, diaries nor the Zhang Xiao chronology compiled by later generations has been recorded. The author has successively visited Zhang Xiao's hometown in Changle Town, Nansu Province, and the Nantong Museum founded by Zhang Xiao in Nantong City, and neither of the two introductions to Zhang Xiao mentioned that he had drafted the qing emperor's abdication edict.
In 1912, a temporary supplement to the Current Affairs News magazine celebrated the abdication of the Qing Emperor
Zhao Zunyue said that a photocopy of Zhang Xiao's manuscript was published in the Declaration, but it has not yet been found in the Declaration. Moreover, he also said, "Hu Hanmin did not know what was going on at first, thinking that he should not give his hand, until the biography and photocopy of Xiao Ruo came out, and he was ashamed of himself." According to Hu Hanmin's own words, it was he who asked Zhang Xiao to draft an edict of abdication. If this is the case, how could Hu Hanmin not know about this? Moreover, Hu Hanmin and Zhao Fengchang both said that they asked Zhang Xiao to draft it, so wouldn't they contradict each other?
In stark contrast to who drafted the abdication edict, yuan shikai personally made six revisions before the abdication edict was promulgated.
In July 2013, the Complete Works of Yuan Shikai, edited by Luo Baoshan and Liu Lusheng, was published. This set of Huanghuang's 36-volume "Complete Works of Yuan Shikai", priced at 26,800 yuan, undoubtedly contains the most comprehensive yuan shikai manuscripts and related historical materials to date.
According to this edition of the Complete Works of Yuan Shikai, we can see that before the final version of the Abdication Edict was published, there were at least 5 different revisions, one of which was written by Yuan Shikai himself.
Most of the sentences in the revised first draft are very different from the final version in terms of text, starting with "the former scriptures are demoted, the Congress is convened, and the state system is put into a referendum"; in addition, one of the reasons for the abdication is "the spring ploughing in the blink of an eye, the long period of this army and the disaster knot, the unemployment of the four people, the rise of thieves, the poison of the living beings, and the neglect of the herdsmen", but some key contents have been determined, such as "designated as a republican constitutional state", such as "Yuan Shikai was entrusted with full power to prepare for the establishment of a republican constitution".
The epilogue of the final edition of the abdication edict "Why not Yi Yi" has always been praised, Ye Gongqi commented, "The last sentence of this manuscript' is '岂不懿欤' four words, which is written by a certain Taishi, and Yu admires it. Cover these four words, there is nothing to be bothered about. We found that the second draft of the revision deleted some of the text, but there were these four words at the end, and the key phrase "Yuan Shikai should organize a provisional government with full authority and consult with the People's Army on a unified method" appeared in the text.
In the space to the right of the second draft of the revision, there are two lines of side criticism with the same handwriting as the inner text revision, which reads: "Slightly speaking of the merits initiated by the Nationalist Army, Yuan was cited by the Senior Government. Therefore, the beginning of the third draft of the revision was changed to "Before the civil army uprising, the provinces responded, the nine summers boiled, and the lives were ruined", and the text contained the words "Yuan Shikai was elected as the prime minister by the Senior Council, and when the old and new are metabolized, it is appropriate to have the party of reunification between the north and the south". However, with regard to the organization of the provisional republican government, compared with the second draft, the three words "with the nationalist army" have been moved forward, and it has become "that is, Yuan Shikai will organize the provisional republican government with the nationalist army with full authority and negotiate a unified method." This means that Yuan Shikai and the Nationalist Army jointly organized the provisional government.
The Complete Works of Yuan Shikai also contains the abdication edicts collected by Zhang Jian's Nantong family. The difference between this version of the edict of abdication and the third draft is mainly manifested in: First, Yuan Shikai was not granted full authority but "that is, Yuan Shikai organized a provisional government to negotiate a unified method with the Nationalist Army"; second, the ending was not "Why not Yi Yi" but "Why not Yi Zhao".
Yuan Shikai's hand-batch edition was based on the revision of the third draft. First, the phrase "the people of the present country are inclined to a republic" was changed to "the psychology of the people of the whole country is more inclined to republicanism" and the word "many" was added, which is more accurate; second, the sentence "The emperor of the special leadership will rule the right and complete territory, and make it a republican constitutional state", change "The people of the whole country will be the people of the whole country" to "the whole country", and the four words of "complete territory" will be moved to "the five ethnic groups still in Heman, Han, Mongolia, Hui, and Tibet". What is even more crucial is to change the phrase "that is, Yuan Shikai will organize a provisional republican government with the nationalist army with full authority and negotiate a unified method" to "that is, Yuan Shikai will organize a provisional republican government with full authority and consult with the people's army on a unified method," and the three words "with the people's army" will be moved backwards.
The final edict of abdication was fully in accordance with yuan shikai's revised version. This also means that Yuan Shikai's hand-approved version is the final revised version of the abdication edict.
Provisional Presidential Seal of the Republic of China
From the above brief description of the various revisions of the Abdication Edict, we can also know:
Zhao Zunyue's account is untrue. He said, "As expected, none of the edicts in the north were in the middle, and Yuan Zheng was helpless, and it was not easy to get the praise of major events, and it was not easy to say a word, and only Yuan Shikai handled and promulgated it." "The Abdication Edict has obviously been revised many times, not one word, and the beginning and final editions of the first and second drafts are even more obviously different.
The Abdication Edict in the Zhang Jian family collection is not the original manuscript or copy written by Zhang Jian. Because in the family collection version, the expression "that is, Yuan Shikai will organize a provisional government and consult with the Nationalist Army to unify the methods" is obviously the intention of Yuan Shikai's revised draft, and the expression "forming democratic constitutional politics" is also contrary to the purpose of the Nationalist Army in advocating republicanism.
Hu Hanmin's statement in his autobiography is wrong. He said, "At the end, he added the phrase 'grant Yuan Shikai full power,' and Yuan Yu thought that he had gained power in Manchuria, and he did this cunning." When Mr. Sun Yat-sen saw this, he was furious and rebuked him for his impropriety; and the Qing court of Yuan and Tang, and regarded it as a last word, had no reason to correct it by reviving the dead. However, we have learned from the above that the second draft of the revision "should be immediately organized by Yuan Shikai with full authority to negotiate a unified approach with the People's Army", rather than the last to sneak in.
More crucially, on February 11, the day before the official promulgation of the abdication edict, Yuan Shikai sent a telegram to Sun Wen, Li Yuanhong, Wu Tingfang, and others, sending the full text of the abdication edict. At the same time, another telegram was also sent to inform him that "since the Emperor of the Great Qing Dynasty resigned from the throne and was signed by Shi Kai, the date of his announcement is the end of the imperial government, that is, the foundation of the Beginning of the Republic of China." That is to say, if the Civil Army has objections to this abdication edict, there is absolutely time to consult and revise it before it is promulgated on the 12th. In other words, the final version of the abdication edict was approved by Sun Wen and the Nationalist army at that time.
Yuan Shikai hand-approved the original of the Qing Emperor's abdication edict, and according to Mr. Luo Baoshan, he was found in Japan after being prompted by a Taiwanese scholar.
According to Tang Zaili's recollection, after receiving the abdication edict from Empress Longyu, they went to the diplomatic building in Shi daren Hutong, where Yuan Shikai lived at the time, where a solemn ceremony was held to receive the edict. Yuan Shikai bowed slightly and took it with both hands, and then opened the edict, but did not read it, and slowly placed it on the large thesis shelf and displayed it. The original of this edict was later collected by the cabinet secretary Zhang Chaoyong. After Zhang's death, he was purchased by Chen Yuan, the president of Beijing Normal University, for very little money, and is now in the National Museum of China.