Then for our "Explanation of Characters in Speaking Texts" course, this lesson talks about a Chinese character in the "Sound" department: "Zhang". "Zhang" is a commonly used Chinese character in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988, and "Zhang" is a common surname, so it is necessary to strengthen memory. Details are as follows:
chapter. There are two pronunciations:
(i) zhāng. This is the pronunciation of the Zhonghua Book Company's Zhuyin edition of the Shuowen Jiezi, and it is also the most commonly used pronunciation in modern Chinese. The explanation given by the "Explanation of Words" is: "Chapter, music is actually a chapter." From the tone, from ten. Ten, the end of the number also. "Can mean words. The original meaning is that a piece of music is a chapter.
(Glyph evolution of chapter characters)
There has always been much debate about the orthography of the word "zhang", because from the ancient glyph, "chapter" is not from the sound, from the tenth, but the philologists are inconsistent, each theory is different, has not reached a conclusion, so we also temporarily according to Xu Shen's statement to explain the "chapter" word.
According to the explanation of Xu Shen's "Shuowen", the music is called a chapter after a song. Chapter characters are pronounced by sound and meaning by ten will. Here the decile is the end of the decimal place. That is to say, the meaning of the word "chapter" is derived from the words "sound" and "ten". "Sound", which stands for music, is easy to understand. So why does "ten" represent the end? Xu Shen said, "Ten, the end of the number." This is because "ten" is the end of the number ten, and therefore can be extended to the end of things. In this way, it makes sense to interpret "chapter" as "music is a chapter".
(Movement)
If according to this interpretation, it is not very accurate for friends with the surname Zhang to say that their "chapter" is "li early chapter", although its glyphs are also composed of two words, "li" and "early", but such a split cannot accurately explain the meaning of "zhang", and it is inaccurate to dismember "zhang" into "li" + "early". But conventional explanations often make the wrong language a stereotype, we can't force every friend with the surname Zhang to be a linguist, but we suggest that when explaining their surnames, it is best not to say "li early chapter", you can say that the upper one is "tone", the next one is "ten", although troublesome, but more reasonable, will not be laughed at by scholars.
The original meaning of the chapter is constantly evolving, and the usage is complicated. Duan Yujie's Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text: "The song stops at the chapter. Wang Yun's "Reading of Saying Sentences": "Every chapter of "Wind" and "Ya" is the same for those who are happy or not. "Etiquette, Qu Lixia": "Read the movement." Kong Yingda Shuo: "Music, the chapter of the book of music, the poem." That is to say, the meaning of "chapter" has developed later, and it is also used to refer to the passages of poetry and text. "Poetry Zhou Nan Guan Ju" Mao Biography: "Guan Ju five chapters, four chapters. "History of Empress Lü Benji": "Wang Nai is a song and poem in four chapters, so that the musicians can sing." So King Zhao composed four chapters of poetry and asked the musicians to sing.
It also refers to a poem or a text. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, The Chronicle of emperor Guangwu: "May Jiachen, Baqi City, Jie Wanglang." Collect the documents, and the officials and langs will cross thousands of chapters of the list of destroyers. "On the day of The First Day of May, he attacked Handan and killed Wang Lang. Capturing the documents, it was discovered that the Han officers colluded with Wang Lang to slander Guangwu's letter function Qianzhang.
(Chapter Hui body "Dream of the Red Chamber")
It also refers to poetry in general. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Zhi, Chen Si Wang Zhi Biography": "Words are theories, and the next chapter is written." ”
In addition to the original meaning, there are many more uses of chapters:
(1) Regulations; Articles of Association. For example: charter; Guangya Shiqi: "Zhang, Cheng Ye." ”
(Statutes of the Regiment)
(2) Articles. "History of Gao Zu Benji": "Covenant with the father and the elder, the three chapters of the Law." "It was agreed with the fathers and elders that the law had only three chapters. And by extension, it's coherent. Han Yu's "Preface to Sending Meng Dongye": "Its speech is also chaotic and disorganized. "Their writing, cluttered and unorganized.
(3) Pattern; literary color. "Jade Chapters and Sounds": "Chapter, Caiye." "Book Gao Tao Mo": "The Mandate of Heaven has virtue, five clothes and five chapters." Kong Chuan: "The honor and inferior color medals are different. This means that those who are virtuous appointed by heaven must distinguish between dignity and inferiority with five kinds of dresses and five patterns, such as the Son of Heaven, the princes, the secretaries, the doctors, and the five kinds of patterns! Liu Zongyuan's "Snake Catcher Says": "Yongzhou's wild white snake, black matter and white chapter" refers to a strange snake produced in the wild in Yongzhou, which has a black body and a white pattern (this snake is likely to be a silver ring snake).
(Black matter and white chapter)
(4) Marks; badges. For example: epaulettes; armbands. "Shangjun Shu Pictorial Strategy": "The rule of the line is to connect with the army, to distinguish it with chapters, and to restrain it to order." "The management method of the army is to group five people into a team, distinguish them by marking them, and bind them with military orders.
(Wearing armband)
(5) Flag. "Chinese Jin Yu I": "Change non-sound chapter, Fu can move also." Wei Zhao's note: "Chapter, Jingqi also." This means that the changes in the army cannot be moved without the command of the flag and the snare drum.
(6) Seal. For example, stamps; official seals. The Northern and Southern Dynasties Kong Zhijue's "Northern Mountain Shifting Text": "To its new gold chapter, silk ink silk." Later he wore a copper seal ink silk.
(Chinese seal object)
(7) Large wood. "History of Cargo Colonization": "The water dwells in Sengoku Yupi, and the mountain dwells in a thousand chapters." Pei Xiao's "Commentary on the Collection of Historical Records": "Chapter, big material also." "The water has a fish pond with an annual output of 1,000 stones, and the mountain has 1,000 trees of growing timber.
(8) The father of the husband is called Zhang. Also known as "嫜". "Interpretation of Names and Interpretation of Relatives": "Customary or Uncle Yuezhang." "Yifu Jungong": "The ancient woman called the father of her husband a chapter." Chen Lin's "Drinking Horse Great Wall Cave Trip": "Good deeds New Gu Zhang, always read my old master." ”
(9) Refers to outstanding deeds. "Zuo Chuan Xuan Gong Twelve Years": "Fu Wu, Forbidden Violence, Soldiers, Bao Da, Ding Gong, An Min, He Zhong, and Fortune Bearers also." Therefore, let the children and grandchildren not forget their chapters. Wang Yinzhi's "Commentary on the Scriptures": "The Lord of the Family knows: 'Where the merits are remarkable, they are called chapters. Martial arts are used to prohibit rape, eliminate war, maintain strength, consolidate merit, stabilize the people, reconcile the masses, and enrich wealth, so let the descendants not forget his great deeds.
(Eminent work)
(10) Revealing; indicating; conspicuous. "History of Qin Shi Huang Benji": "Now that the Afang Palace is fu, it is Emperor Zhang Xian who has done something wrong." "Abandoning the Afang Palace now and not completing it shows that what the former emperor did was wrong."
(11) Commendation. "History of Wei Kang's Uncle's Family": "Raise Uncle Kang as Zhou Sikou, give Wei Bao a sacrificial instrument, and zhang youde." "Uncle Kang was appointed as the Sikou of the Zhou Dynasty, and many treasure sacrifices were given to him in recognition of Uncle Kang's virtue.
(12) Discernment; distinction. "Baopuzi Jiebao": "If you have a chapter, you will be rewarded and punished." "There is a difference between noble and lowly.
(13) Stylistic name. Refers to the subordinate chapter. Han Cai Yong's "Dictatorship": "There are four people who write to the Son of Heaven: one is the chapter, the second is the music, the third is the table, and the fourth is the rebuttal." "These four sonatas have their own uses. The "Wenxin Carved Dragon Chapter Table" says: "Chapters are based on thanksgiving, playing with impeachment, expressing feelings, and deliberating with differences." "Therefore, not all courtiers who play the emperor's recital are called zhang.
(Qing Dynasty Sonata)
(14) Ancient calendar names. Nineteen years is a chapter, and a chapter has seven leap months. The Zhou Yi Arithmetic Sutra scrolls down: "Nineteen years old is a chapter." The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: "The month is divided into leaps, and the leap is seven and exhausted, and its age is nineteen." The name of the chapter. That's how the phrase "seven leaps in nineteen years" comes from.
(15) The provincial name of "Zhang Cao" is a kind of calligraphy popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Sun Guoting's "Book Genealogy": "Although the seal, the subordinate, the grass, and the chapter are changeable, the work is varied, and the economy is beautiful, and each has its own merits." The seal is gentle and clear, the desire is refined and dense, the grass is noble and smooth, and the chapter is simple and convenient. "Because the seal book, the lishu, the present grass and the chapter grass, the role of craftsmanship has many variations, so the beauty of the performance has its own characteristics: the seal book advocates euphemisms and circles, the lishu must be exquisite and rigorous, the present grass is expensive in the smooth and unrestrained, and the chapter grass is simple and convenient.
(Chapter Grass)
(16) Abbreviation of chapter clothing. Refers to the dress and official dress with pictures and texts as the symbol of rank. The fourteenth time in the Chronicle of the Appearance of officialdom: "I want you to have a wide chapter, and you have to obey your orders." "In ancient China, the clothes worn by emperors and hundreds of officials and secretaries of state have certain regulations, the background color and pattern, as a sign of distinguishing the status level, this provision is called the "chapter and clothing system".
(17) The upper part of Yamagata is called "chapter". Erya Shishan: "Shangzheng, Zhang. Guo Pu's note: "The mountain is flat." ”
(Yamagami-ping)
(18) Wood name. Later known as "camphor". "Zihui Supplement Libu": "Chapter, same as Camphor." "History of Sima Xiangru Biography": "To the north of it there are giant trees in the Yin Forest, yu zhang. To the north, there are forests and huge trees in the north of the mountain: yellow neem, fir, sleeper, camphor.
(Camphor Tree)
(19) Pass the "roe deer". The name of the beast. Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of Wen Tong Training Dingsheng Zhuangbu": "Chapter, pretending to be a badger." Also with "漳", the name of the water. "Book of Han and Geographical Chronicles": "Qin Huaidi, as for Hengzhang." "Hengshui and Zhangshui.
In addition, the chapter is also a surname. "Tongzhi Clan Sketch II" is contained.
(ii) zhàng. This pronunciation comes from "Collection rhymes". Use the same as "obstacle". "Ji Yun Yang Yun": "Obstacle, "Shuowen": 'Interval also. 'Also province. ”
The small seal of the "chapter" is written as shown in the following figure:
(Chapter's small seal writing)
([Explanation of the text] no. 483, some of the pictures come from the Internet, the copyright belongs to the original copyright owner)