Author: Tao Yuying
Gang 卯, also known as Yan 卯, the two shapes and uses the same, the two can be called each other, also known as "jade double seal", is the Han people wear ornaments. The prevailing dynasties were Han dynasties, which were rare in other dynasties. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang was forbidden to wear it, and with the development of Tanwei theology, it became popular, and gradually disappeared after the Han Dynasty. Gang 卯 and 燕卯 are named after the opening inscriptions: "Zhengyue Gang 卯" and "Disease Day Yan 卯".
The Bozhou Museum has a collection of rigid and strict collections
What is 卯? One is pictographic and two doors are open. Meaning: The door is open. The second is the ancient Chinese era of dry branches, that is, the use of heaven and dry earth branches to cooperate with each other as sixty flower armor to record the year, month, day and time. The third is the gang 卯, that is, the murder of the gang ke 卯 day. (See You Rende's "Treatise on the Examination of The Han Dynasty Yu Gang Jie Yan Jie")
Gang, shape sound word, ancient glyph from the knife net sound, the original meaning refers to hard, by extension there is strong, straight, just, just and so on. The basic meaning of yan is not to be lax. It is used to treat people with attitudes that express harshness and majesty. In the text, it is pointed out that Yan wei is two oral characters side by side, indicating shouting loudly, which has the meaning of exclamation, and exorcism and blessing by shouting loudly. The day of illness means the day of evil, the day of bad luck. On an auspicious day, it is necessary to use auspiciousness, deal with bad luck with a harsh attitude, and shout loudly to dispel evil.
The "Shuowen Branch" mentions: "Reform, big gang 卯, to drive away ghosts and ghosts also." "It is clearly pointed out that the purpose of Gang Ji is to drive out evil, and the security of Kang is mainly used as a spiritual weapon to drive away evil spirits. Gang 卯 and Yan 卯 are the auspicious jade used by the Han Dynasty to drive away epidemic ghosts, with a square cylinder and a hole in the center to wear ribbons of red, blue, white and yellow.
According to the "Book of Continuing Han and The Chronicle of Public Opinion", "The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, used and changed, so it was decorated with a double seal sabre, and to the Xiaoming Emperor, it was a big pendant, and the teeth and double glass huang were all made of white jade." "And the earliest see gang 卯 and Yan 卯 in the literature is in the Han Dynasty literature, we can guess that gang 卯 is developed from the jade culture of the Qin Dynasty, and the gang 卯 of the Qin Dynasty is not called gang 卯. The Han Dynasty inherited the Jade of the Qin Dynasty and gave it a special meaning and time, and only then did the specific terms Gang 卯 and Yan 卯 really appear. Gang 卯 and Yan 卯 are named after the opening inscriptions: "Zhengyue Gang 卯" and "Disease Day Yan 卯", in addition, the identification points of the two are completely consistent. They were first found in the Book of Han and The Chronicle of Etiquette, the Book of Han, the Biography of Wang Mang, and the Book of later Han and the Chronicle of Youfu.
The Shanghai Museum holds jade gangdi
For example, the "Book of Han • Biography of Wang Mang": "The people of the present day say that the emperor has reformed the Han Dynasty and established a new one, and abolished Liu and Xingwang." Fu '劉' is the word '卯, gold, knife' also, the first month of the first day, the system of golden knives, can not be done. Bo Mou Qingshi, you know that heaven and man should respond together, and it is clear and clear. Don't think of it as admiration, don't think it's profitable except for the sword money, accept the heart of heaven, and be happy with the will of the people. The "New Notes on the Book of Han, Volume 99 , Wang Mang's Biography Sixty-Ninth" clearly mentions the origin of the name Gang 卯, which is the peiyu made on the day of the first lunar month.
We use Yan Shi's ancient notes to verify:
Rigid, with the day of the first lunar month as a pendant, three inches long, one inch wide, four square, or with jade, or with gold, or with peach, with leather belts to wear. Let's examine what Jin Zhuo said: Just one inch long, five points wide, four squares. When the center is perforated from the perforation, it is to pick the silk to cover its bottom, such as the crown tassel. Engrave it and make two lines of writing.
The text says: The first moon is just the middle of the day, the spirit is four square, the red blue is white and yellow, the four colors are dang, the emperor orders Zhu Rong, to teach the dragon, the plague is just paralyzed, and I dare not be.
One of its inscriptions reads: "The Day of The Disease is Severe, the Emperor is Cinnamon, Shun'er Isgu, and the Spirit of The Emperor is transformed." Both upright and straight, both square and square, the plague is just paralyzed, do not dare to be. (The text is slightly different)
It probably means:
The Gang 卯 made in the first month has been completed, and the Book of WeiLing covers the four directions of the east, west, south and north, through the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, and is in charge of the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire, and earth; the four gods are each responsible for their duties, and the four seasons of heaven and earth are smooth. Emperor Yan issued an order to the Fire God Zhu Rong, asking him to tame the two divine beasts, the Dragon and the Dragon. When the Taming Dragon protected me, none of the many ghosts of the Plague could defeat me.
Wearing Yan Di on the day of the Zi Di was just unlucky, (because) Emperor Yan ordered (Zhu Rong) to tame the beast. The dragon obeyed and served people for a long time, and turned into a book with divine power on the Strict Death. Just like the square of writing text, it is square column type (the tool for writing less than 100 words is square, and the tool that is larger than 100 words is the policy). There are many powerful ghosts and ghosts that cannot defeat me.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the Gang 卯 was carved on the day of the first lunar month and was simply used to wear on the body to ward off evil spirits. As a new type of instrument born in the Western Han Dynasty, the number of archaeological observations at present is not much, all of which are from the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Gang 卯 is not a ceremonial vessel in the traditional sense, and its main function is to pray for blessings and ward off evil spirits. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the development of Wei Wei theology, it was inevitable that Gang Wei would become a vassal of the class.
The Nanjing Museum holds the Eastern Han Dynasty jade Yan Di
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Tan Wei" was popular, which was an academic thought with strong mystical overtones in the Han Dynasty. Qing Dynasty Duan Yujue's Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text: "谶, 驗也." From the sound of words. Chu Yin Cut. In the Western Han Dynasty, "谶" was extended to a language and book rune that could predict good fortune and misfortune and cure the rise and fall of chaos; "Wei, Jing Yu Ye" refers to the prophecy and interpretation of Confucian classics in the form of fangshu and Xuan'ao relative to the "jing", that is, to interpret Confucian scriptures with superstition. The study of Wei Wei is based on the Warring States Zou Yan's "Yin and Yang Five Elements Theory" and Dong Zhong. Based on Shu's "theory of heavenly induction", it also conformed to the needs of the feudal rulers at that time and became popular for a while. It led people to believe that the words on Gang 卯 and Yan 卯 could strengthen their implicit sorcery powers, so wearing Gang 卯 was extremely popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty. From the perspective of materials, the Texture of the Han Dynasty Gangdi is diverse, including jade, gold, peach, black rhinoceros, ivory, etc., which vary according to the status level. From the prince to the commoner, according to the identity, wear the corresponding material of the rigid. As recorded in the Book of Later Han and the Chronicle of Public Opinion: "By the public opinion, the princes, the princes, the princes, and the princes are white jade." "Riding on public opinion (synonym for tianzi), princes, princes, princes, and princes can wear white jade double seals, ordinary officials wear black rhinoceros (rhino horns), officials' disciples wear ivory, and according to the "Customs and Customs", the folk use peach wood. Metal gang 卯 has not yet been found, rhinoceros horn, ivory, peach wood gang 卯 is perishable and not easy to retain, only Laogan "Jade Pei and Gang 卯" article talks about and Ju Yan Han Jian out of the same two pieces of wood gang, but whether it is peach wood has not yet been determined, we can now see most of the gang 卯 are jade. Although detailed information is available, it is possible. Juyan is located in the desert, the climate is dry, and it can save 2,000 Han Dynasty wood Janes and can also preserve peach wood gangdi. Juyan Hanjian is mostly a western Han Dynasty's Border Plug Tunken archive, and Momoki Gangjiao is likely to be the carry-on of soldiers from the Tunken garrison in the Central Plains.
At present, the excavations have found that the tomb of Shuangshan No. 2 in Yangzhou (the tomb of Liu Jing and his wife, king of Guangling in the tenth year of the Ming Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty), the excavation of white jade gang is one inch long, five points wide, and 2.2 centimeters high; the tomb of Huanghuangtai No. 1 in HaoXian County, Anhui (tomb of the Ding family of Cao Cao's wife of the Eastern Han Dynasty) excavated Yan Huang 1, 2.25 cm long and 1 cm wide; the tomb of HuangHuangtai No. 1 in Hao County, Anhui Province (tomb of Ding Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty) was excavated with a length of 1, 2.25 cm in length, 1 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness; and the tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Guangchuan County, Hebei Province, was excavated with jade gang 卯. Height 2.3 cm, width 1 cm, height 1 cm; Jiangsu Yangzhou City, Hanjiang District Ganquan Eastern Han Tomb No. 2 excavated Jade Yan Di, height 2.2 cm. We can find that the number of rigid 卯 is not much, they are very small, easy to wear.
Gang Di was once forbidden to wear it during Wang Mang's reign. Wang Mang regarded Gang 卯 as a symbol of Liu Han, only because the word "Gang 卯" contained the word "Liu" (卯 is a false loan word for Liu Zi), which was in conflict with his own usurpation of the throne and the abolition of Liu Xing, which was once abolished by Wang Mang during the new dynasty and resumed use in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The Book of Han and the Biography of Wang Mang records a passage from Wang Mang:
Now the people xianyan emperor Revolution Han and establish a new one, deposing Liu Andxing King. Fu "Liu" is the word, "卯, gold, knife" also, the first month of the first day, the benefit of the golden knife, can not be done. Bo Mou Qingshi, the heavens and the people respond together, it is clear. Don't think of it as admiration, don't think it's profitable except for the sword money, accept the heart of heaven, and be happy with the will of the people.
Yan Shigu Notes:
"Nowadays there are often those who have obtained jade in the soil, the size of the case and the text, and the service is also said to be." The burial is based on the liu characters with a 卯 on the top, gold on the bottom, and a knife on the side, so it is forbidden to have a golden knife and a golden knife. "Gang 卯 was forbidden to be used because it was related to the Liu (劉) character, and likewise, Wang Mang also banned the circulation of knife-shaped coins because the Liu character contained a knife part. After Wang Mang, the Eastern Han Dynasty was once popular, and in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, because of the "Peach Printing Book Han System, so the Auxiliary Jin (Liu surname)" was abolished again, and it was never used as a system again. However, during the Two Jin Dynasties and the Southern Dynasties, the atmosphere of warding off evil spirits was more prevalent, and although the Gang Dynasty was abolished, other forms of evil jade and pei flourished. In the Ming Dynasty, a large number of imitations of Gang 卯 were produced, and their jade was generally delicate and dense, and the materials were superior, but the overall style was different from that of Han Gang. In the Qing Dynasty, there were even imitations of multiple prisms passed down from generation to generation, and the shape was similar to the Buddhist scriptures, probably to meet the current aesthetics. Up to now, a modern jade carving has emerged, mainly as a popular jade tool.
Lang Ying of the Ming Dynasty set up a section on "Gang 卯" in volume 45 of the Seven Revision Drafts, which is a more detailed account of the Han Dynasty's Gang 卯 form system, source, rheology, inscription, and use. The original text is as follows:
Han has a rigid death, and the first month is made and admired. According to the "Sayings": "Hai Fu, change the big gang to exorcise the spirits of the ghosts." According to this, it is like the Song people standing on the spring day to wear the spring victory spring flag. According to the "Wild Guest Series", "The strong one is strong, and the one who is dead is Liu Ye." The first month of Peizhi, the surname of the country is also. At the same time, it is to honor the king and ward off evil spirits, so the "Biography of Wang Mang" says: "The first moon is just dying, and the benefits of the golden sword are not allowed." According to this, it is the intention to destroy the Han. Its system, obedience, is pious: "Gang 卯 is made on the day of the first lunar month, three inches long, one inch wide and four minutes wide, or jade, gold, or peach, and wear leather with wear." There is a jade present, and one side of it is said to be the first day of the first month. Jin Zhuo yue: "Just one inch long, five points wide, four square, when the center from the perforation, with colored silk to its bottom, such as the crown of the head of the rut, carved on its four sides, make two lines of writing, the text said: "The first moon is just the central, the spirit is square, red, white and yellow, the four colors are dang." Emperor Zhu Rong, to teach the dragon, Shu Gong Gang, Mo I dare to be. One of its inscriptions reads: "The day of the disease is severe, the emperor is ordered to be refined, the shun is solidified, and the spirit is transformed." It is both upright and straight, both righteous and square, and the servants are just paralyzed, and Mo I am just dang. Yu tasted a jade yandi, but according to the size and text, but as Jin said. However, "Disease Day" is "epidemic day", "夔化" is "夔龙", "Lingzhen" is "Lingchang", and the characters and texts all have ancient laws, not modern books. He who intends to serve is a Han Chinese, and what he says is not of the same kind as things, so why not? Si Xu Shu Chong Yue: Big Gang 卯, then know that there are small people also. It is said that the one who is particularly great is the thing of the former Han Dynasty, and the difference in its text, or the provincial writer at that time. Otherwise, what hou han 's "Chronicle of Public Opinion" says coincides with the evil of those who give it? Is it the note of the sound, it is the thing of the Later Han, and to all the small ones that are given to it, Yan Fei is also the meaning of the Gang? alack! In the Han Dynasty, there were already different commentators, so they were different. Posterity will not see its things, will not say, Anzhi Yiye?
Translation: The Han Dynasty had a rigid 卯, and the first month was made and admired. According to the "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts", "Hai Yin, change the era name to Da Gang 卯 to expel the elves of the ghosts." "Occupying this place, just like the Song people wearing the spring victory spring flag on the day of lichun." According to the "Wild Guest Series", "Strong people are strong, Liu of 卯." The first month, Peizhi, honors the country's surname. Commenting on it at the same time, he wanted to honor the king and ward off evil, so the "Biography of Wang Mang" said: "The first month has just died, and the convenience of the golden sword currency has not been able to do it." "The meaning here is that this is the meaning of wanting to destroy Han. His system, Fu Qian, said: "Gang 卯 is made on the day of the first lunar month, three inches long and one inch wide, and some use jade and gold, some use peach, and some use leather belts." Now there are jade people, and one of the faces says that the first moon has just died. Jin Zhuo said: "Just one inch long, five points wide, four square, when the center is pierced from the hole, with colored silk to repair the bottom, like the crown tassel bridge, carved around him, so made two sides of the line, is: "The first moon is just 卯, the spirit of the four defenses, red, blue, white, yellow, the color of the surrounding is appropriate." Emperor Zhuo ordered Zhu Rong, taught the dragon, and all kinds of labor force gangs, except for me who did not dare to be. One of the inscriptions says: "The emperor ordered the indoctrination of the emperor, and the original weapon of yours was to dissolve this spiritual martyrdom." Since I am upright and straight, and I am both square and square, and all kinds of labor are just exhausted, no one I have just been. "I once got a piece of jade Yan Jiao, but according to the size and text, I retreated to the Jin Kingdom to persuade it. It's just that "sick days" are "plague theory", "夔化" is "夔龙", "Lingzhen" is "Lingchang", and the characters are all written in ancient ways, not as we usually write now. This means that decoration is the decoration of the Han people, and the object mentioned is inconsistent with the object, why is this? Uncle Si Xu said heavily, "If you are big, you will know that there are still small ones." I believe that what is said, especially the big one, is the thing of the former Han Dynasty, the text is different, perhaps there were people who wrote less words at that time. Otherwise, why does what the Eastern Han Dynasty's "Chronicle of Public Opinion" say coincides with the jade obtained? It is a sound translation commentary, it is a post-Han thing; all my jade may be a small kind, yan does not mean also gang? alas! In the Han Dynasty, there were already different Zheng Zhu people, so they were different. Later, people could not see his things, nor did they know the origin, so how could they know righteousness? ”
From left to right, from top to bottom, they are: Bozhou Museum Collection of Jade GangDi, Eastern Han Dynasty Jade GangDi, Taipei National Palace Museum Collection song Yu Gang Di, Tianjin Museum Collection of Qingyu Gang Di
Although Gang 卯 was banned during the Han Dynasty during Wang Mang, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, because Gang 卯 had long been rooted in the folk, coupled with the prevalence of Wei Wei theology, Gang 卯 was once again used and became a national custom, and all those who wore imperial clothes must be worn, usually in pairs. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Gang Di and Yan Di almost disappeared. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the retro style arose, with imitations of rigid and strict 卯, but the inscription strokes and individual characters changed slightly, but they were still used as ornaments to ward off evil spirits.
At the 2018 Cross-Strait Yixue Exchange Meeting, Feng Zhenren, a high-ranking monk who lived in seclusion and practiced, proposed that "Gang 卯 is right, Yan Jiao is false", and believed that only the Han system of Gang 卯 can ward off evil and dissolve the evil, and that jade is selected every year, and on the day of the first lunar month, in Penglai, Zhongnan, Taishan and other Taoist blessed places, invite Taoist masters and famous seal engravers to jointly produce a number of Gang 卯, in order to feast on the Emperor Tianhou soil and pray for the blessing of the Chinese people.