Zhang Xuecheng (1738~1801), Zi Shi Zhai, Shao Yan, Zhejiang Huijianren. Famous historian, bibliographer and book compiler of the Qing Dynasty. Since childhood, he has lived a difficult life, his talent is dull, and he has "received fourteen houses, and has not yet died in the book of the four sons". After the age of 21, he read a lot of history books and became interested in history books. After the age of 23, he tried many times, learned literature from Zhu Yun, and befriended some celebrities in Beijing. However, life is still very hard, in order to buy twenty-three kinds of history, cut down on food and clothing, and buy all in three years. In the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768), his father died in Yingcheng, Hubei Province, and he could not even get the cost of the funeral. In the following year, the family moved north to Beijing and compiled the "GuoziJianZhi" in guozijian, but resigned indignantly due to disagreements with the scholars. He went to Hezhou and Dingzhou to compile the "Chronicle of Hezhou" and the "Chronicle of Yongqing County". He once said in the "Book of Discussion with Shi Yucun": "The servant is trapped in the world for a long time, in the midst of ups and downs, and has almost no interest in life, but retreats to his liking, then he feels that hunger can be food, cold can be clothing, and even if he is straight and can see, lame and can perform." It is already a matter of time, once twilight has this, it is like a fish to the water, and the tiger and leopard to the ghost. He regarded writing books as "food" for hunger and "clothing" for coldness, and believed that books could be "squinted" and "seen" and "lame" and "walked". It is precisely because of this persistent spirit of pursuit that he has been able to write many immortal chapters. Finally, after years of study, Qianlong forty-three years (1778), the entrance examination to the jinshi, when he was 41 years old. In the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (1781), he went to Henan, but on the way back he was robbed, and all his works were robbed. Later, after borrowing from many parties, only four-fifths of ten were obtained. In the next 5 years, he successively taught at Qingzhang College, Jingsheng College, Lotus Pond College, etc. In order to support his family, he traveled everywhere and still "could write between the dust and horses". After the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787), as Bi Yuan's staff, he was engaged in the compilation of books such as "Examination of Historical Records", "Tongjian of Continued Zizhi", "Tongzhi of Hubei", "Chronicle of Changde Province", "Chronicle of Jingzhou Prefecture" and so on. In the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), he was poor and sick, and his eyes were blind, but he still insisted on writing important works such as "Zhejiang East Academic", and he died in the same year. When talking about his later life, he once said: "For thirty years, I have been hungry for food, living by pen and ink, often writing for people, lamenting that the cold women are making wedding clothes on behalf of others, and they have not been given a try. He wanted to make a gift from the ruins, and he wrote a book in preparation for his death, and he stole and kept a wooden word, but they were trapped in the situation and could not be caught. ”
Zhang Xuecheng had a bumpy life and was poor and destitute, but his works were magnificent, such as "Wenshi Tongyi", "School Chicken Tongyi", and "Historical Examination" are his representative works. The "Wenshi Tongyi" was first written in the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (1771), and Zhang Xuecheng said in the "Book with Mr. Zhu Chunpu of houguozi Siye": "Since leaving the capital, there have been quite a lot of writings. Surveying Yilin, as a "Literature and History Tongyi", although the book has not yet been completed, the big finger has seen the three inner poems recorded by Mr. Xin Lin,Hou Mu, and presented them as attached, and Mr. Li tried to examine his words, and he will surely have his own opinions. In addition, Zhang Xuecheng, who was 35 years old at the time, also sent 3 articles written to Qian Daxin, and said: "Xuecheng is engaged in the school of literature and history, and Gai will invent something, but between the debates, people like and dislike quite well, so they do not want to be known more." The broom on the broom, beggar for outsiders also. Later, due to the fatigue of life, I could not write books with peace of mind, so I had to write intermittently and intermittently, and I experienced 30 cold and summer, and finally I did not finish writing. "Literature and History of Tongyi" and the history of papers have high academic value. "School Chicken Tongyi" is a collection of works on the theory of school chicken science. The Examination of Historical Records is a bibliographic masterpiece of the Ministry of History.
Zhang Xuecheng has made many achievements in social politics, philosophy, literature, history, education, and bibliography, and the following focuses on his achievements in book compilation.
Regarding the history of book compilation, Zhang Xuecheng has the following insights:
(1) Writings began in the Warring States. Zhang Xuecheng said: "What is the specialty of writing in the Warring States?" A: In ancient times, there was no writing, and the officials and teachers kept their canons, and The historian recorded his duties. The way of writing is ruled by the hundred officials, and the people are observed by it, and its use is ready. Therefore, the Book of the Holy King is the same as the text of the world, and there is no one who is not used in the political and religious canons, and the writers who use words as one person are also. The Tao is not good, but the teacher Confucianism is established, and the reason why my master is meritorious yao shun also. However, there is no word for desire, no action, no action, the old classics of the Six Arts of Zhou Gong, and the Master has not tried to write about it. The Analects record the subtle words of the Master, and the Zengzi Zisi, all of which are described as teachings, to Mencius and then to Hong, and to the Warring States and the beginning of the specific examination. That is to say, before the Warring States period, politics and religion were unified, the law was implemented by officials, officials kept their books, officials took officials as teachers, word of mouth was passed on, officials and academics were integrated, and the world was selfless in writing. In the Warring States period, the way of official shoushi was abolished, politics and religion were separated, and official shou studies were divided into two ways, and some people began to write old stories on bamboo drapes, which was the earliest writing text.
(2) On the question of Confucius "speaking but not doing". Zhang Xuecheng said: "The words of the ancients, so for the sake of the public, did not try to be careful in words, and privately appropriated for their own." The ambition is in the Tao, the words are clear, and the text is full of words. The fruits of his way are clear in the world, and everything he wants is unspoken, and there is no need for the fruit of his words to be me... The text and the Tao are consistent, the words and things are the same, and the eight tones of Judah are necessary and harmonious, and they cannot be divided into one instrument. The five tastes are harmonious and harmonious, and they cannot identify the sweetness of one thing. That is to say, after the political teaching industry was divided into two ways, a hundred families came out together, and each family passed on its disciples in order to teach its studies. Academic speech is publicly owned and does not belong to a single person. Confucius, as a representative of the Confucian school, is what he preached about Confucianism. In this sense, Confucius's so-called "saying but not doing" is by no means Confucius's modesty, but the development of the situation.
(3) The anthology began in the Jin Dynasty. Zhang Xuecheng said: "The set of xing also, when the article rises and falls? The ancient dynasty had canons, official decrees, wind and poetry in Luli, the temple of Shi shu deng, no one wrote a book for himself, and the family also saved a saying. Autonomous learning is divided, a hundred schools of wind rise, the learning of the sons of Zhou Qin is invincible, and those who know it have become sick and the Taoist techniques are cracked. However, if the special inheritance of the family does not want to show its karma in the name of the text, but can be taught to its disciples, then its sayings are also stopped, and there is no jagged and complicated text. The articles of the two Han Dynasties gradually became rich, which was the beginning of the decline of the works. Ran Jia Sheng played the discussion and compiled it into the "New Book"; it is like a word endowment, but the title of the record: all become the words of a family, and they are not far from the sons, and at the beginning there is no convergence of the various bodies, and the people who are collected are also. Since the fall of Tokyo, between Jian'an and Huang Chu, the articles have been complicated. However, Fan Chen's second history, the biographies of the scribes, and the knowledge of his writings, all wrote poems, endowments, tablets, proverbs, praises, and recitations, but not a number of volumes of the collection of essays, then the facts of the collection of essays are already established, and the name of the collection of essays is still not established. Since the creation of "Article Flow", scholars have it, so don't gather the works of the ancients, marked as a collection. The name of the anthology is actually imitated in the Jin Dynasty. ”
(4) Volume issues. Zhang Xuecheng said: "The ancients wrote the title of the book, taking the distinction between A and B, and not having a deep meaning. The text of the Six Arts can now be recognized. The name of the cover and the name of the indefinite should be distinguished from A and B, not with a deep meaning. A certain name, the genus of canon, mo, tribute, and fan is also. The name of the indefinite, the genus of the "Wind" poem, "Ya", and "Ode" is also. The book of the biographies of the sons also has a certain name and an indefinite name, and with the example of the text, it is innumerable, and it is taken to distinguish A and B, and if there is no deep meaning, it is roughly the same. Regarding the relationship between the chapter and the volume, Zhang Xuecheng said: "The article is from bamboo Jane, the volume is from the essence, the name is determined according to the object, and there is no other righteousness. And The silk is a book, and later in the bamboo Jane, so Zhou Qin called the chapter, into the Han Dynasty there were volumes also ... The name of the article is the name of the text, and the volume is short and long, which has no other meaning, and the name of the cover is the book, which is ancient to the volume. "The length of the volume is related to the evolution of the carrier," the so-called simplicity of the ancients is heavy, and it cannot be combined into one article, and now it is doubly his book, and it is not difficult to contain the same volume. Therefore, since the Tang Dynasty, the volume is very short. The Six Dynasties and tang anthologies are ten volumes, but today there are only three or four volumes. Since the Song Dynasty, the volumes have been long. The scrolls of the ancients from the scrolls cannot be too long; the paper books of the descendants are books, but the name of the scrolls is as they are intended, and it is not difficult to carry them in huge volumes. "Zhang Xuecheng advocates" writing a book but when it is a treatise, it is not appropriate to count volumes. He who wants to count the volumes, listen to the length of his volume, and for the quan to match the can also. Regardless of the books contained, but the baht baht is divided into volumes, thinking that the beauty of the inscriptions and writings is also ancient and forgetful. ”
(5) Promote the compilation ideas of Zheng Qiao in the Song Dynasty. Zhang Xuecheng said: "After Zheng Qiao was born for a thousand years, he was surprised to see the source of the writings of the ancients, and knowing the author's purpose, he did not use words as a text, but examined evidence as a learning. Therefore, he wanted to correct the history of The Migration, benefit from the liberal arts, disparage Ban Gu, ridicule him for his inheritance, and take the three thousand years of the last book of the past, transport it with ingenuity, cover the general history style, and take it as the longitude and latitude, and become a family of speakers... After "Spring and Autumn", there was only one person. Its scope is thousands of years, imprisoning hundreds of families, but the creation of examples is extraordinary, insightful, has the source of tracing the ancient authors, and has its own "Spring and Autumn" family learning ear. ...... After the self-migration and consolidation, the historian has no other ingenuity, and the seekers are in vain in their own affairs, but Zheng Qiao has a slight ambition to seek righteousness. It can be seen that Zhang Xuecheng agrees with Zheng Qiao's "general historian style" and his "aspiration to seek righteousness" idea of compilation, while opposing the simple practice of "the seeker is in his own way" of compiling materials. Zhang Xuecheng had many words for Song Wang Yinglin and Yuan Ma Duanlin. He said: "The books of the Wang clan are called compilations and compilations, and they are said to be works, but they cannot be also written; the skills of scholars in seeking knowledge can also be said, and the scholarship of becoming a family cannot be said to be also." Today's liberal gentleman, tired and tired of passing on the history of the son, and has never received a scholar in his life, is sitting on the wang clan and mistakenly clinging to the power of knowledge, thinking that learning is in Er. Learning and skill are actually similar but different. Learning can not be a few sudden, and people should be able to attack the skill. It refers to kung fu to be learned, and it refers to the meaning of wine. Here, Zhang Xuecheng distinguishes between skill and scholarship, which refers to the industry of compilation, which is the first step in academic research, but it is not equal to scholarship, like Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi" "Zhizhi" is the real scholarship, and scholarship is more valuable than creativity.
Regarding the theories and methods of history book compilation, Zhang Xuecheng also has many expositions:
(1) On the question of Stede. Tang Liu Zhiji once put forward the criterion of "talent, learning, and knowledge": "History must have three lengths, and there is no one in the world, so there are few historical talents." The three longs are also called talent, learning, and knowledge." The so-called "talent" refers to the ability to express writing articles; the so-called "study" refers to profound historical knowledge; and the so-called "knowledge" refers to the ability to analyze and judge historical events and historical figures. Zhang Xuecheng believes that only having the three words of talent, learning, and knowledge is not complete, and it should also be "necessary to know morality." Who is virtuous? It is said that the heart of the author is also. Therefore those who profane history are self-defiled, and those who slander books are self-defamatory. Su acts are ashamed of people, and the words are heavy. Wei's correction, Shen Yue's evil, those who read his books, first do not believe in others, and their suffering is not even worse. It can be seen that Zhang Xuecheng's so-called "Shi De" is about the issue of character. Character is not good, even if there is talent, learning, knowledge, it is difficult to write a good book.
(2) Classification of the compilation of historical books. Zhang Xuecheng divided the history books into two categories: writings and analogies. He said: "The ancients must have the knowledge of several schools, writing and analogy, and their great importance is also." Ban Shi wrote the "Book of Han", written for a family, Liu Xin and Jia Huzhi's "Book of Han", its analogy is also similar. Sima wrote the Tongjian (通简), a book for a family, and Liu Fan's "Long Compilation" (長編), which is also analogous. The so-called "writings" refer to the history books that are said by one family, and the so-called "analogies" refer to the history books made of comparative data. The relationship between the two is "like the wine of the will is not separated from the dregs, and the grain of the grain is not separated from the dung." "The book of analogy prepares systematic and complete material for the writing of monographs.
(3) On the topic of selection. Zhang Xuecheng said: "Feng Chen asked Meng Yujun, accept the blame and rebel, where is the city returning?" Then it is said: 'See what my family has no one'. Learning has been written in the world, and articles have been taught, such as the medicine stone of a doctor, and it is only regarded as a widow in the world. In the scholarly article, the place of wandering the world is that Judah is full of sorghum meat, and both warm and increased fox raccoons. It is not his strength, but the strong is full of sorghum meat, and the chaff is entered, the party embraces the fox, and the brown is also entered." That is to say, do not make a fuss about the topic, but use the strengths and avoid the weaknesses.
(4) Regarding all cases. What is a mortal case? Zhang Xuecheng said: "The purpose of the article, the genre of writing, is called the example meaning. The "example" here is "ordinary example." Zhang Xuecheng said of the cause of the "Wenyuan Biography" of the Zhengshi: "Jin Zhiyu was created as the "Article Zhi", which narrates the life of the scribe and discusses the end of the chapter. Fan Shi's "Biography of Wenyuan Lie" is copied by the imitation. Since it is a biography of a scribe, there is a pen embellished from generation to generation, and the wenyuan has entered the history, and it has also been enshrined as a rule. Then, Zhang Xuecheng talked about the causes of the legends of Lienu, Xiaoyi, Zhongyi, Yinyi, and Rulin: "Fu Shichen created an example, each with its own causes: Lienu ben in Liu Xiang, filial piety in Xiao Guangji, Zhongyi ben in Liang Yuandi, hidden yi ben in Emperor Fumian, all of which were previously cut by history, and those who made righteousness according to the times were also. The biography of Ma and Ban's "Ru Lin" was originally written by the doctor, but he did not take the palm of the historian and was written as a special book. Zhang Xuecheng also commented on the gains and losses of book examples such as "Zuo Zhuan" and "Shi Ji", saying: "Try to read "Zuo Shi Chunqiu", and suffer the names of his books, not for the sake of becoming a law. Fu's young name is Guanzi, Fifty is Bo Zhong, Death, Zhou Daoye. This is called the words of the liwen, and it is not an example of historical narrative. The Zuo clan is random and miscellaneous, and there is no righteous example; and in addition to the name and deed, it is also the official title of the official, and in one article, it is wrong to see each other. Gou Fei annotated it has been passed down, and has been given to this day, and does not know why it is like a person. It is the history of later generations, do not drill the Zuo clan, but alone in this matter, do not return to the master. Shi Qian created the body of the column biography, the list is the word, and the people are arranged as the beginning and the end, so the biography of the different chronicles is also marked. However, there are also inconsistencies in the names of the people listed, or knights, or officials, or straight book titles, although they are not the fault of the Zuo clan, and the examples are not pure. Zhang Xuecheng spent his life and revised a variety of Fang Zhi such as "Hezhou Zhi", "Yongqing County Zhi", "Hubei Tongzhi", etc., he comprehensively and systematically put forward a set of similar examples of compiling Fang Zhi according to his own practical experience, and there are more than 40 papers on Fang Zhi's class examples in the "Literature and History Tongyi", and the outer three volumes focus on Fang Zhi class examples. He said in the "Three Books of Fang Zhili": "Whoever wants to broker the literature of one side must establish the study of the three schools, and can only understand the will of the ancients." Imitate the body of the history of the Ji Chuan and make the zhi, imitate the body of the law and the canon, and imitate the body of the "Anthology of Literature" and "Wen Yuan" and compose the signs. The three books complement each other, one cannot be separated, and one cannot be combined into one, especially not also. The remaining materials other than the three books are compiled as "Cong Tan", which is also called "Yu Bian" and "Magazine", which is "the remnant of the material acquisition." The ancients wanted to start a family, not to exaggerate but to exhaust. However, it is not extensive, and there is no way to take the land. If you take what you want to do, what you have to see, what you have to say is not good, and it is a pity to abandon it, so you attach the barnyard sayings to the like, and you write "Cong Tan", the other interpretation of the Judah Classics, the history outside the history, and the sub-chapters. In the "Ten Discussions on Xiuzhi", he explained that Xiuzhi had "two conveniences", "three longs", "five difficulties", "eight taboos", "four bodies", and "four points", and put forward ten propositions on Xiuzhi, which embodied his "FangZhi view". Zhang Xuecheng also specifically discussed examples such as public opinion maps, circular officials, and que visits. He talked about the importance of public opinion maps in the "Preface to the Map of Hezhou Zhiyu": "In the opening of the square, the body of the mountain and river and the public opinion map is also pushed. The figure is not detailed but is tied to the saying, the saying is not obvious but the real is the picture, and the meaning of the mutual authorship is also. The text is provincial and obscure, and the form is somewhat returned, and the description is also the same. Hai Feng must not be confused, the pen is incapable of donating, and the long-term karma is also. To make those who do not follow their ground and are not deep in the text, according to their maps, look at the fire like a fire, it is also the way to understand the square. He talked about the two defects of Fang Zhiyu in the "Preface to the Map of Yongqing County": "One is to follow the scenery, while the landscape painting and the painting of the work are not worthy of the historical judgment." A toilet is in the preface to the ordinary example, and the same as Ben fashion is not named for the system theory, and the number of articles is determined, it cannot be three-dimensional." In the "Preface to the Chronicle of Yongqing County", it is said that "the seven difficulties": "People's words are not the same", it is difficult to adjudicate; "things are wasted and revived", and it is difficult to determine the merits and demerits; "officials have to stay", and it is difficult to trace the traces; the inscription of the blessing is "difficult to recruit real deeds"; it is difficult to "straighten out the road" because of the emotional situation; "the argument of success or failure is difficult to believe; "the old will cannot be", and the years are difficult to test. "Doubt" refers to those things that are to be filled and to be determined. These contents roughly include three aspects: "There are one thing and two transmissions and it is difficult to agree, the Spring and Autumn Book Chen Hou Bao, and the coexistence of Jia Shu's own ugly text is also." There are those who have written their texts in the past and those who have died in the present, and the "Spring and Autumn" book Xia Wuguo Gongzhi is also. There are cautious books that smell and do not understand themselves, and the stars of the "Spring and Autumn" book are missing, and it is not said that the meteor of the stars is also. Zhang Xuecheng also listed the ten major drawbacks of Shi Wuque's visit.
(5) Ranking data. Ranking information is very important for writing books, because "there is a pu and then a carving, and there is a quality and then a fortune". Zhang Xuecheng called the ranking data "the karma of the second", and he said that the "karma of the second" has "three paths" and "seven difficulties". The "three ways" are: "Those who have written in a timely manner and waited for the judgment of future generations"; "those who have the ambition to write, first hunt the books of the group, and think that they are salaried"; "there are experts in cultivation and smelting, and those who have become a great cause". The "seven difficulties" are: lack of "good materials" and no one to rely on; "many are not this article", it is difficult to rely on faith; "do not write what is produced", there is no way to investigate; "self-determination and abandonment", can not be combined; do not collect maps, do not record "golden stone text"; do not record special books, "listen to their lonely behavior"; "bound cases", incomplete purchase.
Regarding the compilation of the bibliography, Zhang Xuecheng made a very valuable insight:
(1) The compilation of bibliographies should "distinguish the academic chapters and examine the source of the mirror". He said: "Liu Xiang's father and son's subordinate articles will be based on discerning the academic and examination of the source stream, and those who are not deeply aware of the subtlety of Taoism and the reasons for the gains and losses of group speech are not enough." That is to say, Liu Xiang and others "deeply understood" the academic development of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and only then did they compile the corresponding national bibliography "Seven Strategies". He believes that the "Seven Strategies" of the "Compilation Strategy" can best reflect the academic source stream. He said: "After the six arts of his narration, the second and hundreds of sons, the flow of a certain family will be covered by the palm of a certain official of the ancients, and its flow will be the study of a certain clan, and the loss will be the evil of a certain clan." The palm of a certain official in his cloud, that is, the law is in the official, and the official keeps the righteousness of his book; his cloud flow is the study of a certain family, that is, the righteousness of the official performing his duties, and the righteousness of the master and disciple passing on the karma; the loss of his cloud is the evil of a certain clan, that is, Mencius's so-called 'born with the heart to develop the government, to do political harm', discernment and others, cover the desire to be fewer than the scholars who know the words. According to Liu's will to seek the ancient and modern books, then the bibliography of the department, the discernment of chapters and streams, will be compromised with the six arts, Xuanming Avenue, not in vain for the needs of the A and B chronicles, has also been clear. However, after the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, the number and variety of books increased greatly, and the "Seven Strategies" could no longer reflect the academic progress, and the four-point method was replaced by a historical necessity. In addition to the classification system, by writing a small preface and summary, you can also achieve the purpose of "distinguishing chapters and academics, and examining the source of the mirror". The small preface "Discuss the Purpose of the Group Book" and "The Most Obvious Point"; The Synopsis "Deduce its gist, so as to see the so-called words and things of the ancients and the perseverance of deeds, compiled under the bibliography, then all the untrue Chinese words, the collection of leading essays, can also be ruled by being, and one of the academic ends of the Shu several discernment chapters!" ”
(2) On mutual authorship and other adjudication. In order to make full use of the content of the book, the bibliography must be compiled using the method of mutual authorship and different judgments. What is intercross? Zhang Xuecheng said: "Those who have mutual communication and books have dual uses, they may not be included and loaded, and at first they are not suspected of repetition; they are under the order of A and B, but they are added to each other for inspection." "Those who are easy to mix books" can "avoid the fox of learning from later learning" by adopting the method of mutual authorship; "those who are related to books" can "investigate the source of the ancients" by adopting the method of mutual authorship. What is "don't cut"? Zhang Xuecheng said: "When the ancients wrote books, there were those who adopted the theory and used the story. The books he has adopted have a different purpose, or they have been for a long time and do not know what they have produced; or the articles they have written are of their own kind in the whole book; and they may cut their chapters, make up the number of parts, and distinguish their kinds, so as to distinguish the source of the writings. As for its whole book, the chapters exist in order, nothing is easier, and it belongs to this category, and it is not harmful to the two. The "other cuts" must "affirm the origin of the chapters", and the bibliography of different versions of individual chapters of a book cannot be called other cuts, because they are "not really seen in the flow of learning and are cut for it". It is generally believed that the Ming Dynasty Qi Chengyao's "Bibliography of The Tang Sheng Tang" for the first time adopted the method of mutual authorship and other adjudication, and Zhang Xuecheng believed that the "Seven Sketches" had already used the method of mutual authorship and other adjudication, which was an issue that could be discussed.
(iii) About indexes. In order to improve the efficiency of book compilation, it is also important to compile a group book index. He said: "Before the school is a schoolmaster, it is advisable to take the collection of the four libraries, the Chinese and foreign nationalities, and choose the names and places of the people and the official bibliography, and all those who have names that can be governed and have a number of verifiables, slightly imitate the example of the "Peiwen Yunfu", and compile them as rhymes; under the rhyme, indicate the source of the original book and the successive chapters. From the first sight to the thousands, all of them have been carefully noted, and in the collection of the museum, they are considered to be the general category of books. When it comes to the school book, when there is a suspicious place, that is, the name asks for its rhyme, and the book is checked because of the rhyme, and the intricacies of the reference can be obtained. What "in the past" could not be done by the "profound Confucian poor lifelong effort" has an index, even the "middle talent" can "sit between a few seats".
(4) On the organization and management of bibliographic compilation. Zhang Xuecheng believes that in order to improve the level of bibliographic compilation, it is necessary to "do it with all hands, limit it to the curriculum, and draw the parts", and also establish a "law". The selection of bibliographic compilers, "must be specialized in famous masters, such as Taishi Yinxian School Mathematics, Attendant Doctor Li Zhuguo School Fang Jie, Infantry Lieutenant Ren Hong Colonel BingShu example, is not harmful." Otherwise, the literati will seek the written language, and the mistakes of the art will be affected by it." When compiling the "Examination of Historical Records", Zhang Xuecheng put forward 15 compilation principles, such as Ancient Yi Yicun, Family Law Yi Discernment, Tailoring YiFa, Yi Article YiCai, SuspectEd Name Yi discernment, Jingbu Yitong, Sub-Department Yixuan, Jibu Yijiao, Fang Zhiyixuan, Spectrum Yiluo, Examination Yiyi Jing, Plate Carving Yi detail, Book Making Yi zun, Forbidden Case Yiming, and Cai Yiyi Detail. In the "Tongyi of the School", methods such as identifying suspect names, collecting and supplementing, holding books in charge of officials, storing copies of books, and recording remnants are also proposed. To this day, these principles and methods still have reference value.
His many achievements in book compilation are worth serious study.
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