When we were young, we all learned the story of "Kong Rong Let Pears", which tells the story of Kong Rong eating pears with his brothers when he was four years old. When he took the pear, the other brothers picked up the big one, but he took the smallest one. When his father asked him why, he said, "I'm the youngest, so I should take the younger." This story has been talked about for thousands of years and used as a typical example of children's education. The "Three Character Classic" clearly records the saying that "melting four years old can make pears".
However, if we are familiar with the history of the Three Kingdoms, we will find that Kong Rong died a tragic death in the end, and was killed by Cao Cao on the charge of "filial piety". Doesn't the saying "three years old looks big, seven years old looks old"? Kong Rong already knew the truth of respecting his brother when he was four years old, and we often say "filial piety", and those who can be compassionate can naturally be filial piety, so why is Kong Rong like this? We will also wonder why Kong Rong was so smart when he was a child and was called a "prodigy" by people, but when he grew up, he was so mediocre, was it "hours, big is not necessarily good"? With doubts, we walked into the Three Kingdoms and into Kong Rong.
Fig. 1 Hole melting pear
Who is this hole? His surname is Kong, is there some connection with Confucius? Yes, Kong Rong is the twenty-seventh generation grandson of Confucius. His family was also quite prominent, and his seventh ancestor was named Kong Ba, who was the teacher of emperor Yuan of Han and the official zhi shizhong. Kong Rong's father was named Kong Zhou, who served as the governor of Taishan. In this way, it can really be described as "the home of Zhong Mingding Food, the family of poetry and poetry". Kong Rong's talent was already revealed when he was a teenager, and the famous scholar Li Bing praised him as "a great instrument".
When Kong Rong was thirteen years old, his father Kong Zhou died, and he cried so much that he was so sad that he could stand up with help from others, and the state praised his filial piety. When his father died, he cried to death and came back to life, without the slightest pretense, which showed his filial piety to his father. So why was he later executed by Cao Cao for the crime of "filial piety"? This is a big question.
Figure 2 Kong Rong (153-208), characters
When Kong Rong was sixteen years old, the famous scholar Zhang Jian was hated by Hou Lan, who secretly ordered The Prefecture to arrest Zhang Jian. Zhang Jian fled to Kong Rong's house because he was friends with Kong Rong's brother Kong Bao, but unfortunately Kong Bao was not at home at this time. Kong Rong was sixteen years old at the time, and Zhang Jian thought kong Rong was young, so he did not tell him about his situation. Kong Rong saw Zhang Jian's embarrassed look and said to Zhang Jian, "Although my brother is outside, I can't be evil for the monarch." Because of the stay. Later, the matter was leaked, and people below the minister of state secretly suppressed the matter, and Zhang Jian was able to escape.
The brothers Kong Bao and Kong Rong were arrested and imprisoned. The government did not know who the two of them were convicted of. Unexpectedly, Kong Rong scrambled to confess his sins: "Bao Na She,Rong Ye, should sit down." Kong Chu said, "He who has come to ask me is not the fault of his brother, please allow him to sin." The officials had no choice, so they went to ask their mother, and Mother Kong said, "The head of the family, the concubines should be their best." In this way, the Kong clan was all vying for death, and the county hesitated to make a decision, so they asked the imperial court for instructions. The edict finally convicted Kong Rong, who became famous in the township for this matter. At this time, Kong Rong was sixteen years old, his age was not small, and he still wanted to bear the responsibility for his brother at the moment of life and death crisis, which showed that his filial piety was not fake, which once again made us wonder why Cao Cao would execute him in the name of "unfilial piety"?
Figure 3 Inscription in prison of Zhang Jian
Let's look at another story, according to the "Imperial Records" 262 quoted "Qin Zi" record: "Kong Wenju was the North Sea Phase, there was a father's funeral, weeping on the side of the tomb, no haggard, Wenju killed him." "What can we see from this story? When Kong Rong's father died, Kong Rong cried so much that he could only act with the help of others. Therefore, Kong Rong has always believed that true filial piety, facing the death of a loved one, will be very painful, so that he cannot help himself. But this man was in front of his father's grave, but he did not have the slightest emaciated color, so he killed him.
This just happens to show that Kong Rong is a big filial piety, and the reason why he entered the official field is also because of his "filial piety" in the township. At this time, we were confused again, since he was a great filial piety, the whole world knew, how could Cao Cao kill him on the charge of "filial piety"?
Figure 4 Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei (Winter 187–226)
Let's put this question aside, let's talk about the "hours, big is not necessarily better" thing!
In our impression, Kong Rong was a "prodigy" when he was a child. The so-called "three years old to see the big, seven years old to see the old", why Kong Rong will be so mediocre when he grows up? In fact, this is a kind of "prejudice" of ours, and Kong Rong is not mediocre when he grows up. Let's see what people said when we looked at the evaluations of the people, Chen Deng said that he was "knowledgeable and strong, Qi Yi Zhuo, and I respect Kong Wenju." You Heng even praised him for "the eldest son Kong Wenju, the younger child Yang Dezu, the remaining son Lulu, and mo enough to count also." "The reason why we have this view is because he was born in the Three Kingdoms era, which is a magnificent era, and all we admire are some strategists, military generals and the like, such as Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others. And Kong Rong? He was a literary scholar and one of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an". Cao Pi commented on him as "the literati of the present, The LuGuo Kong Rongwenju, the Guangling Chen Lin KongZhang, the Shanyang Wang Yue Zhongxuan, the Beihai Xu GanweiChang, the Chen Liu Ruan Yu Yuanyu, the Dongping Liu Zhen Gonggan, the Seven Sons of Si, Yu Xue, Yu Zhi, Yu Zhi, Xian, Xian, Qi, Xian, Qi, Qi, Yu, Yu, Qian, Qi, Yu, Qi, Yu, Yuan In this way, it is also difficult to be obedient. "It can be seen that he is not mediocre, so why do we think he is mediocre?
Quite simply, the reason why we remember Cao Cao is definitely not because he is a poet, but because he is a tyrant in the world. Literature is very respected in the prosperous world, but in the chaotic world, it is just the icing on the cake, we see Cao Cao, we first see that it is his military ability, political talent, and finally find that he is still a poet. At this time, we will feel the icing on the cake, and the worship of him will be a little more.
Figure 5 Cao Cao (155–220)
Next, we will reveal why Cao Cao killed Kong Rong on the charge of "filial piety". The reason lies in an article in which he put forward a point of view: "Parent-child theory of no parenthood". What does it mean? Let's look at the original text, according to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Kong Rong Biography, "What kind of relative should the father be to the son?" In its original meaning, it is actually the ear of lust. The son is to the mother, and the son is also reverent? For example, in the bottle of things, out is away from the end" We only look at this paragraph, we think that Kong Rong is making excuses for filial piety, it is simply a "famous religion sinner", it is really worth killing. But if we are familiar with the social atmosphere of the Three Kingdoms era at the end of the Han Dynasty, we will not say so. So, what kind of social atmosphere was it at that time? Just as there was a nursery rhyme at that time called "Lift up the talent, do not know the book; lift up filial piety, the father does not live" What is the problem? At that time, the "filial piety" advocated by the imperial court had become a kind of pseudonym festival.
Figure 6 Filial piety
At this time, we understand that during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the system of "raising filial piety" to elect officials was implemented, and Confucianism became more and more formalized, originally using "filial piety" to select officials, but "filial piety" became a kind of reputation. And this kind of reputation can be manipulated by the family clan, so a group of pseudonymous festivals of "raising talents, not knowing books; raising filial piety, and fathers living separately" were selected. This hypocritical honor is the greatest damage to the name festival, and Kong Rong resists this, and he wants to tear up the mask. It is precisely because of the proposition of "Shang Zhen" that it is necessary to destroy the basis of this kana festival at the root, so in theory, the "theory of parenthood and no parenthood" is proposed. For the rulers, this was undoubtedly "confusing the world and slandering the people" and was not tolerated in the "ritual law" (the false ritual law used to anesthetize the people), so Kong Rong was killed. Although he was killed on the charge of "filial piety", he was exactly filial piety.
Let's look at Ji Kang and others later, we will understand, "The more famous teachings are left to nature, not Tang Wu and thin Zhou Kong." On the surface, they seem to be opposed to the famous religion, but in Lu Xun's view, they regard the famous religion as a treasure, so they cannot tolerate a little hypocrisy.
Text: Mr. Lu li
References: Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Kong Rongchuan, Imperial Records, Three Character Classics
The text was created by the History University Hall team, and the picture originated from the Internet and the copyright belongs to the original author