Source: CCTV
Xia Qing, the first generation of broadcasting artists cultivated by our Party of New China. In 1954, he read out the full text of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China at the First Session of the First National People's Congress; in 1976, he broadcast the eulogy of Zhou Enlai and the "Letter to the Whole Party, the Whole Army, and the People of All Nationalities in the Whole Country" at the time of Mao Zedong's death; at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he read out the "Resolution on Several Historical Issues Concerning the Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China", which was praised by the audience as "the voice of the motherland".
Turning over the thick history of the CPC over the past century, from the great victory of the revolution to the great rejuvenation of the nation, the revolutionary cultural relics that have endured vicissitudes one after another have recorded a series of red stories that have reached the hearts of the people and the historical moments that have carried forward the past one after another, which is the best witness of the CPC cutting through thorns and forging ahead.
On the occasion of the centenary of the founding of the Party, the Central Radio and Television Corporation, the State Administration of Cultural Relics, and the Central Cyberspace Administration jointly launched the "Red Mark -- Sound Archive of 100 Revolutionary Cultural Relics", which was officially launched on March 22 at the Central Radio and Television Station' Central Broadcasting Voice of China, and was simultaneously launched on new media platforms such as CCTV News, CCTV News, and Yunting. 100 narrators, using the "most beautiful voice" to burn a century of memories.
A century-old memory is recorded with sound, here is the voice of the older generation of announcer Xia Qing, which is copied with modern technology, and the cultural relic described is the first broadcast transmitter of Yan'an Xinhua Radio. The red radio waves emitted from here once crossed the smoke-filled anti-Japanese beacon and shook the long sky of national liberation.
The first broadcast transmitter of Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station (Collection of the National Museum)
From the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression to the War of Liberation to the founding of New China, this important radio transmitter traveled to many places and was eventually brought to Beijing and placed in the National Museum of China. Today, it stands quietly in the display case, like an old man with a military medal on his chest, silently telling the glory days of the past.
Fast forward more than eighty years ago, and let's hear the story of this radio transmitter.
In 1937, the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression broke out in full swing
In 1937, the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression broke out in full swing, Yan'an was tightly sealed, the original paper publications could no longer meet the needs of the propaganda situation, and it was urgent to publicize the Party's anti-Japanese ideas through radio. Chang Ruiqing, deputy research librarian of the National Museum of China, introduced: "It is necessary to carry out the Anti-Japanese National Salvation Movement. In order to break through the territorial blockade imposed by the Japanese aggressors and the Kuomintang reactionaries, the Communist Party of China decided to establish its own people's radio station. ”
What if I don't have a high-power transmitter? In 1939, the turning point came. Li Na, former deputy director of the Yan'an News Memorial Hall, said: "In 1939, Premier Zhou Enlai broke his right arm and went to Moscow to heal his wounds. In the spring of 1940, when he returned to China, he won a radio transmitter from the Comintern, which was transported back to Yan'an after a long journey. ”
The Soviet-made broadcast transmitter was dismantled and packaged, airlifted from Moscow to Xinjiang, and then transported by car thousands of kilometers through Lanzhou and Xi'an to Yan'an, like a patchwork block, and then welded together piece by piece.
The former site of Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station
The Central Committee decided to set up a broadcasting committee headed by Zhou Enlai to prepare for the establishment of a radio station. Zhou Enlai specially assigned Fu Yinghao and Tang Dan, who had studied electrical engineering at Tsinghua University, to be responsible for the technical problems of the transmitter. Fu Yinghao once recalled: "When I slapped my thighs with both hands, I jumped up and asked him in surprise, 'What are you talking about?'" Going to Yan'an? Isn't it? To build our Party's Red Radio, is it? It's true? ’”
Fu Yinghao and Tang Dan were in Yan'an
19 kilometers west of Yan'an City, Wangpiwan Village, a remote mountain village with only about 30 families, was selected as the launch pad site. The transmitter was not powered enough, so Fu Yinghao found the engine of the scrapped car and connected it to the generator with a belt. Fu Yinghao's son Fu Yanyan recalled that when his father was alive, he always said that everyone regarded equipment as more important than life.
In Wangpiwan, Xichuan, Yan'an, Zhu De's host chose this place as the radio station site
Fu Yanyan said: "Once the pipe leaked and broke, he was particularly sad, holding the pipe like holding a child. It can be seen that he takes that as his own life. ”
The weather-beaten earthen caves record the courage and hardships of the broadcasters of that year. There was no cooling equipment, and the technicians chiseled square grooves on the walls of the cave to fill in the ice; in the absence of a transmitting antenna frame, they tied three large tree poles to form a "ya" shape and erected them on the mountain; without a timer, the announcer used chopsticks to knock on the bowl and make a "bell" sound.
British expert Professor Lim Myck and radio technicians worked together to modify the broadcast transmitter
Movie "Sonic Boom Long Sky":
"Bells... clang...... The last ring just now was at 19:00 Shanghai time, Yan'an Xinhua Radio XNCR is now broadcasting, Yan'an Xinhua Radio XNCR is now starting broadcasting. Remember that our frequency is: wavelength 61 meters, weekly rate 4940 thousand weeks ...
On December 30, 1940, in a cave dwelling of more than ten square meters in Wangpiwan Village, the first radio station created by the Communist Party of China, Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station, issued its first call sign XNCR, "X" was the English letter of the Internationally Prescribed Chinese Radio Call sign at that time, and "NCR" was the English abbreviation of "New China Broadcasting". Zhao Mian, who was studying at Northwest University at the time, recalled that for the military and civilians of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, this call sign represented Yan'an and represented hope.
Zhao Mian said: "At that time, I was happy and nervous. It's time to listen to the radio again; nervous, that is, there are secret agent students around, you have to sneak into the bed and listen quietly. Someone took turns on duty, recorded all the broadcasts, and the next day carved them into wax plates, printed them into mimeographed tabloids, and distributed them everywhere. Happy to hear the triumphant news. ”
Who broadcast this first call sign? It was actually from two girls who had just turned 18.
Xu Ruizhang, broadcast name "Mai Feng"
"The first time it was broadcast, I was just 18 years old with Yao Wen and two girls. At that time, the studio was ridiculous to think of, there was no sound insulation equipment, and the cave was hung on the wall with a thick gray blanket produced in Yan'an, and spread on the ground for sound insulation. ”
The person who spoke was xu Ruizhang, and the broadcast name was "Mai Feng". She later told reporter Cai Gewen that the difference between "mai feng" and "microphone" is a coincidence and fate. Cai Gewen said: "Because her name is Mai Feng, people call her microphone." Decades later, she was hailed as Yan'an's first microphone. ”
A hole in an earthen cave, a square table, a small oil lamp... Under harsh conditions, one battle article after another was constantly emitted from here, like a sharp knife piercing the heart of the enemy. Li Na, former deputy director of the Yan'an News Memorial Hall, said that editors used to compile articles overnight and send them to Wangpi Bay, 19 kilometers away, the next morning.
"At that time, the broadcasting department was on the Qingliang Mountain, and in the winter it flowed across the Yanhe River to send manuscripts. In the summer, when the river was rising, they wrapped it in oil-paper cloth (to wrap the manuscript) and swim over their heads to cross the river. Li Na recalled.
Dingo, who witnessed the broadcast pilot, created a stage song called "The Song of XNCR". At that time, this loud song echoed over Wang PiWan, inspiring the broadcast warriors to overcome all difficulties and work hard to start a business.
"Song of XNCR" lyrics and score
The crisp and loud broadcast of love and hatred has built an air bridge between the Liberated Areas and the Kuomintang and Occupied Areas. Yang Zhaolin, former director of the Central People's Radio, recalled that listeners at that time compared the radio station to a beacon of light. He said: "[The listeners] hearing your broadcast is like finding a lighthouse in the vast sea. Running a broadcast under such difficult conditions is of great importance. ”
In the spring of 1943, because the large tube of the hero's broadcast transmitter was damaged and could not be repaired and replaced in the layers of blockade, the Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station had to temporarily interrupt the broadcast. Until September 1945, in the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station resumed broadcasting, using "Yuguang Song" as the starting song, and the station site was moved to Yandianzi Village, 13 kilometers northwest of Yan'an.
Inside the broadcasting machine room
Since then, the transmitter room and broadcast room of the Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station have become one of the key targets of the Kuomintang army's bombing. In order to ensure that the broadcasts are not interrupted, the CPC Central Committee decided to prepare for the establishment of a station.
In March 1947, Kuomintang planes continued to bomb Yan'an indiscriminately, and the radio staff stuck to their posts until the end of the broadcast at noon on the 14th. Wen Biao, daughter of Qian Jialin, an announcer at the Xinhua Radio Station in Yan'an, recalled that the radio station was one of the targets of enemy aircraft bombing at that time.
Schematic map of the transfer route of Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station
Wen Biao said: "Finally, on the tenth day of March, the sound of bombing was often heard on the broadcast, and sometimes it was even overhead. Whenever the plane is heard approaching, the broadcast is interrupted; when the plane is gone, the broadcast continues. ”
On the evening of the 14th, the beitai station located in Haopinggou of Wayao Fort in northern Shaanxi was opened. The transmitter was transported to Xingxian County, Shanxi Province, in the Jinsui Liberated Area when our army withdrew from Yan'an. Li Chun, director of the Collections Department of the National Museum of China, said that after the liberation of Yan'an, the transmitter was transported back to Yan'an.
In April 1948, after the liberation of Yan'an, it was transported back to Yan'an as a transmitter for the Northwest Xinhua Radio. After the liberation of Xi'an in May 1949, the Northwest Taiwan was moved to Xi'an, and the transmitter was also transported to Xi'an; in 1959, it was transported to Beijing and handed over to the then Museum of the Chinese Revolution, which is today the National Museum of China. Li Chun said.
Today's former site of Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station
Over the past eighty years of vicissitudes and great changes, the People's Radio has recorded the CPC's forge ahead in the wind and rain, and also conveyed the rapid development of New China with each passing day. As the centenary of the Communist Party of China is approaching, three generations of old, middle-aged and young broadcasters have once again sung this "Song of XNCR", and the ideals and beliefs inherited from the "Cave Radio" have not changed for more than 80 years.
Dong Jiapeng: I am Dong Jiapeng, a docent at the National Museum of China, born in 1997. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the birth of the first broadcast transmitter of China's first radio station, Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station, experienced various difficulties and obstacles. Its appearance greatly boosted the morale of the military and civilians throughout the country at that time, and also became the beginning of the broadcasting industry in New China. Those touching stories of red waves through time and space still inspire us today, and inspire me to bravely move forward and better spread this red spirit to the public.
Director system: Liu Xiaolong Gu Yucai
Producer: Gao Yan
Chief planner: Fan Xinzheng Cui Xin
Planner: Ding Fei, Sun Lujin
Coordination: Feng Shuo, Zhu Min, Li Hao, Liu Mengya, Zhao Chunan, Han Xueying
Reporter: Sun Ye Wen Chao
Editor: Zhang Mianmian
Producer: Qin Ziyuan
Narrator: Xia Qing (voice reproduction)
Sound reproduction production: iFLYTEK CO., Ltd. AI Research Institute Brand Marketing Department
New Media: Du Ximeng, Wang Yuan, Jiang Xiaochen
Consultant: Xu Pengtang, researcher of the Central Academy of Party History and Literature
Acknowledgements: National Museum of China, Central Archives, State Archives Bureau