In the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, political corruption and frequent disasters gave rise to many mystical societies with organized powers, which can be regarded as primitive Taoist societies from today's point of view. However, these Taoist organizations in the late Han Dynasty were not purely witchcraft or religious organizations, but political organizations with clear political purposes and the ability to replace the existing system.
The proverb "The sky is dead, the yellow sky should stand", and the Yellow Turban Army that shook the world, let future generations remember Zhang Jiao and Taiping Dao. However, at that time, the world at the end of the Han Dynasty was not only a corner. According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, The Biography of Zhang Lu, quoting the Classics:
In Xi Pingzhong, the demon thief rises, and the three auxiliaries have Luo Yan. In the middle of light and harmony, there is Zhang Jiao in the east and Zhang Xiu in Han. Luo Yan taught the people to hide the law, the horn is the Taiping Dao, and the cultivation is the Wudou Rice Road.
According to the above materials, there were at least three folk religious leaders at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty: Luo Yan in the Three Auxiliary Lands of Guanzhong, Zhang Jiao in the Central Plains of the East, and Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. Among the three, in addition to Zhang Jiao's Taiping Dao, Zhang Xiu and his Wudou Mi Dao were also deeply politicized organizations.
Like Zhang Jiao, Zhang Xiu's missionary career was also related to the treatment of plague at the end of the Han Dynasty. According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty, The Chronicle of the Emperor Xiaoling" "Zhongping First Year Autumn and July" note:
When the Wushu of Shiba County, Zhang Xiu, was cured of his illness, and the healer hired a rice five bucket.
Open horns
The Three Kingdoms Yu Feng's "Canon Strategy" has a more detailed record of Zhang Xiu's method of curing diseases:
The practice is slightly the same as the horn, and the ashram is added, so that the sick person can think about it. He also made people sacrifice wine for adultery, and the lord of the wine sacrifice took the five thousand texts of Lao Tzu to make all the people learn, and called it a rape order. Pray for the devil, and pray for the sick. Pray for the law, write the patient's name, persuade the meaning of sin. To make three links, one of them is heaven, one of them is on the mountain, one of them is buried, and one of them is sunken water, which is called the three official handwritings. It is common for the sick to produce five buckets of rice, so it is called "five buckets of rice master".
Zhang Xiu's method of curing the disease is similar to Zhang Jiao's, and "meditation in the ashram" is somewhat similar to isolation, which may also be to prevent the further infection of the plague. Prayer and the like are primitive Taoist methods similar to witchcraft, and the patient's five buckets of rice per family are both the cost of treatment and can also be regarded as organizing crowdfunding. Although such witchcraft is "not really good for healing, but it is obscene", it is "stupid and foolish, and competes to work together".
In the process of treating the plague, Zhang Xiu accumulated a large amount of materials and cultivated many believers, so he had the capital to start a trouble. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Records of the Emperor Xiaoling, contains:
In the autumn of the first year of Zhongping, the ba county demon zhang xiu rebelled, Kou County.
Zhang Xiu's rebellion was originally in Hanzhong and then moved to neighboring Ba County. What is very interesting is that the Book of Later Han did not even record that the imperial court sent troops to suppress Zhang Xiu, a "Bajun demon witch", which shows that the Luoyang imperial court at that time was already overwhelmed by the Zhangjiao rebellion, and was unable to take care of the chaos in the Bashu Hanzhong area.
Celestial Master Zhang Daoling
In the fifth year of Zhongping (188), Liu Yan, a politically ambitious patriarch, was appointed as the pastor of Yizhou and began to divide the hegemony of Bashu. After Liu Yan entered the Shu land, in addition to using the "Dongzhou soldiers" he brought to suppress the local powerful clan, he also "took care of the rebellion, practiced leniency, and plotted different plans", and Zhang Xiu was the object of Liu Yan's solicitation.
After Zhang Xiu's return to Liu Yan, he was appointed Sima of the Other Department. The so-called "Sima of the Other Department" was a variation of the system of military and political officials within the system at that time. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Hundred Officials Zhiyi:
The General Battalion has five divisions, each with a lieutenant, in charge of one soldier and one soldier, and two thousand stones. The subordinate officer was Sima (司馬) who was in charge of the troops and was more than Qianshi. There is a song under the subordinates, and the song has a military waiting for one person, which is more than six hundred stones. There is a tun under the song, and the tun is one person long, which is more than two hundred stones. It does not have a lieutenant department, but a military commander. There are also military fake Sima and false waiters, all of whom are deputy seconds. The leaders of their other battalions are the simas of other departments, and the number of their soldiers is appropriate at any time.
The positioning of "the collar of the other battalion" is not difficult to see that the army under the command of Sima Beibu is independent of the "five divisions of the battalion" of the great general. At the end of the Han Dynasty, "Sima Beibu" appeared in many places, which meant that the official recognition and use of military forces outside the system was recognized and used. After Zhang Xiu's annexation, Liu Yan used Zhang Xiu to command his headquarters, so Zhang Xiu's troops had special independence from other armies under Liu Yan's command.
According to the Zizhi Tongjian, Zhang Xiu plotted rebellion with the "Five Buckets of Rice Road" during the Guanghe years until he became a sima under Liu Yan's command, which lasted for 12 years. Zhang Xiu already had a relatively tight organization and a powerful armed group, and was very influential in the Hanzhong and Ba County areas, which was the main reason why Liu Yan recruited and used him.
Liu Yan
After being appointed Sima of the Other Department, Zhang Xiu was ordered to attack Hanzhong with another local military leader appointed by Liu Yan, Zhang Lu, whose official position was Sima Yi. Hu Sansheng said in his annotation of the Zizhi Tongjian: "Liu Yan created the Governor Sima in Shu, assisting Yi and praising Jin. Liu Biao was in Jingzhou and also placed Lieutenant Suimin. In the decline of the Han Dynasty, the princes were good at orders, and they set up their own official offices. It can be seen from this that the "Viceroy Sima of Righteousness" appointed by Zhang Lu was set up by Liu Yan himself and did not belong to the official official of the Han system, reflecting the power of the local state pastor to divide and specialize.
Liu Yan's intention to put Zhang Lu and Zhang Xiu together was very profound, and it could be seen from their official positions that Xuanmiao was evident. Zhang Xiu was a "Sima of the Other Department", indicating that this was a military force outside the system, or Liu Yan's system. What is the interpretation of Zhang Lu's "Viceroy Sima Of Righteousness"? "Governor" in the "Commentary on the Interpretation of Texts" "Governor, Chaye." "Righteousness" has a meaning of subordination from outside the system into the system, and the word "righteousness" is commonly seen. "History and Funny Column": "The distant should come to righteousness." In the late Tang Dynasty, Dunhuang Zhang Yichao raised troops to expel Tubo and submit to the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang court set up a "rebel army", which means this.
Zhang Xiu's submission to Liu Yan can be regarded as "guiyi", while Zhang Lu's appointment as "governor" shoulders the responsibility of supervising Zhang Xiu. The Huayang Guozhi records that Zhang Xiu and Zhang Lu attacked Hanzhong together:
Fufeng Sugu was the Taishou of Hanzhong, and Lu sent his party Zhang Xiu to attack Gugu. Chenggu Man Chen Tunsu Ranger, learning to kill Rui, gu thought that the door was under the door, saying that the art of defending the imperial court could not be used, and went over the wall, throwing himself into the south of Zheng Zhao Song, and Song would flee. Thief Sheng, Gu Qi Song seeks refuge. Song did not return, and Gu ordered Suzushita to detect thieves. The thief must be killed, and he must be killed. Song was indignant, and the sword of the staff went straight in. More than 100 of his guests were gathered to attack and repair, and they were killed in battle. Lu Sui has Hanzhong.
From the above, Zhang Lu captured Hanzhong and killed Taishou Sugu, and his main force was Zhang Xiu's forces. However, soon after, Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu. According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, The Biography of Zhang Lu, "Lu Then attacked and killed them and seized them." "Seizing the crowd" was the main motive for Zhang Lu to kill Zhang Xiu, annexing Zhang Xiu's armed group and strengthening his own strength in dividing Hanzhong, which was the real reason for this fierce battle.
Zhang Lu
Zhang Luqi is the grandson of Zhang Ling, the founder of Wudou Midao, and the son of Zhang Heng, the second generation leader of Wudou Midao, in most historical sources, such as the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms. However, some scholars have deduced from the fact that Zhang Lu attacked and killed Zhang Xiu and seized his followers, believing that the founder of the Wudou Rice Dao was not Zhang Ling, but Zhang Xiu, and that the so-called Zhang Ling-Zhang Heng-Zhang Lu lineage was fabricated by Zhang Lu. For example, the historian Lü Simian of the Republic of China said in his "History of the Qin and Han Dynasties", "The methods of doubting Lu are all inherited from various cultivations, especially because they attack and kill cultivators, they do not want Yun to follow their path, but they entrust their fathers and grandfathers."
However, both the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Chronicle of the State of Huayang believe that the founder of the Wudou Rice Road is Zhang Ling, and the authors of the two books, Chen Shou and Chang Xuan, were people in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Early Eastern Jin Dynasty, respectively, and the information obtained should be more accurate when they went to the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty. With all kinds of information, Zhu Yan believed that the Wudou Rice Dao was indeed created by Zhang Ling, and the sect leader was indeed passed down from three generations by Zhang Ling, Zhang Heng, and Zhang Lu. However, Zhang Xiu was the one who really built Wudou Midao into an organized force, or the first person to politicize and militarize it.
Zhang Lu's family history is relatively vague in the history books, and his father Zhang Heng has almost no record, but there is an ambiguous description of the relationship between Zhang Lu's mother and Liu Yan. According to the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Liu Yan", "Zhang Lu's mother began with a ghost path, and there was a young rong, and he often traveled to and from the Yan family, so Yan Lu was made the governor of Yi Sima ".
The Zhang Lu family, including Zhang Lu's mother, may only be the spiritual leaders of the Wudou Midao, with no political and military strength. Zhang Lu's mother may be similar to the priesthood role of The Shaman's wife, coupled with her beauty, so she is close to Liu Yan. Zhang Luneng was the governor of Sima Yi at that time, which was not unrelated to the pillow wind that his mother blew to Liu Yan.
Zhang Lu killed Su Gu and fought Zhang Xiu, controlling the entire Hanzhong region. Subsequently, at the behest of Liu Yan, he then cut off the Xiegu Pavilion Road in the north and killed the Han envoys, as if dividing one side. What Liu Yan said to the imperial court was that "the rice thief broke the road and could not be restored", in fact, Zhang Lu was still Liu Yan's person at this time.
After Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu, he inherited all his military and political resources, and also changed and inherited his politicized religious organization, "because of his people's faith and cultivation, he added it."
With a certain military and political strength, supplemented by strict religious precepts, Zhang Lu established a theocratic separatist regime in Hanzhong. In the first year of Xingping (194), Liu Yan died of back sores, and his son Liu Zhang succeeded him as Yizhou Mu. After Liu Zhang took over, he suddenly took action against Zhang Lu, "If Lu is not smooth, kill Lu's mother's family." Liu Zhang killed Zhang Lu's mother's family, perhaps because the work between his father and Zhang Lu's mother had long been dissatisfied with him?
Liu Zhang
In this way, Zhang Lu tore his face with Liu Zhang of Chengdu, divided Hanzhong, and governed the local area with five buckets of rice, "Lu Sui took Hanzhong, taught the people with ghost Taoism, and called himself 'Shi jun'". The Han Dynasty adopted a tacit attitude toward Zhang Lu's division, "the imperial court could not be pleased, so it was bailu Zhenyi Zhonglang general, leading Han Ning Taishou, and passing on his contribution." Even later, due to the rebellion of Han Sui and Ma Chao, tens of thousands of people in Kansai fled to Hanzhong and defected to Zhang Lu. Some of Zhang Lu's subordinates wanted to persuade him to become the King of Hanning and obstructed Him for Gong cao Yanpu.
In the 20th year of Jian'an (215), Cao Cao personally led an army of 100,000 people to march west to Hanzhong. After some internal struggle, Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao, "general Bai Zhennan, Marquis of Langzhong, Yi Wanhu", and the zhanglu religious regime that lasted for nearly thirty years came to an end. Later, Zhang Lu went north with Cao Jun, and died of illness in Yecheng the following year.