Guapu is a plant of the gourd family, also known as Chestnut Tower, Hanging Gourd, Hanging Melon, Wild Gourd and so on. The dried and ripe fruit of Chestnut, also known as whole melon, medicinal melon, large round melon, du melon, bitter melon. It is a perennial herbaceous plant. Melon peel, whole melon, melon kernel, and root mass (smallpox pollen) can be used in medicine. Melon peel, whole melon is rich in triterpenes soap, organic acids, sugars and pigments, has the function of moisturizing lung expectorant, slippery intestines, and has a curative effect on lung fever cough, chest tightness, angina, constipation, mastitis and other diseases. The direct investment amount of the park is about 4,000 yuan, and those with better management can recover their investment in the same year, and the average management person earns about 2,500 yuan in the current year.
1. Land selection and land preparation
Smallpox pollen original plants like warm, humid, sunny environment, can tolerate low temperatures of -17 degrees Celsius, not drought tolerant, afraid of flooding and waterlogging, suitable for growing in warm winter and cool low and medium mountainous areas. The average annual temperature is around 20 degrees Celsius, and it is more conducive to plant growth and development when the temperature is below 28 degrees Celsius in July and above 6 degrees Celsius in January. The soil requirements are not strict, and the general soil can be planted. In front of the house and behind the house, it can also be planted next to the fence, next to the tree, and on the vacant land. However, since the main root of the plant can penetrate 1--1.5 meters into the soil, it is advisable to choose a sandy loam plain with a deep soil layer, loose and fertile, good drainage, and no pollution source around it, or a sunny hillside of 15--40 degrees as a planting ground. It is not advisable to use it as a planting ground on high and dry terrain, arid or clayy soil, low slopes. It is not suitable for cultivation in high and dry terrain, drought or clay soil, low-lying and easy to accumulate water. According to the biological characteristics of Gualou, the suitable land is selected, deeply turned before the first year of freezing, leveled and rakes, according to the row spacing of 1.5 meters, plant spacing of 50 cm, digging planting ditch depth of 80 cm, width of 50 cm, turned out of the soil to dry thoroughly, and then layer by layer successively into the ditch, so that the soil is fully weathered and matured. Combined with the soil filling, each mu is applied with decomposing manure, soil miscellaneous fertilizer, cake fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and other mixed compound fertilizers totaling 3000 kg as base fertilizer, after application, the surface soil and fertilizer are mixed well, and then covered with a thin layer of soil for planting.
2. Propagate seedlings
The varieties suitable for planting in southern Shaanxi are No. 8 and No. 9, of which No. 8 has a higher yield and No. 9 melon has a higher medicinal and food value.
(1) Seed propagation The production of smallpox pollen is mainly based on this method. Because only a very small number of seeds are females, if the male plant is not suitable for planting, it will not bear fruit, which is conducive to the formation of roots and abundant production. Sowing should take place in early February, mid-to-early March. Before planting, the melon shell is cut open to remove the seeds, the large and plump fruit grains are selected and soaked in warm water at 40--50 degrees Celsius for 24 hours, the water is changed 2--3 times in the middle, and then the germination is mixed with the wet river sand and placed in the room at 25--30 degrees Celsius, when most of the seeds are cracked, the seeds can be sown, and the soil is covered with 3--5 cm after sowing, and the furrow is covered with mulch film to keep warm and moisturize, to prevent spring cold attacks, and 0.5--1 kg per acre of seed. It usually takes 13-18 days to emerge, and when the seedlings grow several true leaves about 30 cm high, they are transplanted into the field. This method has the characteristics of convenient harvesting, retention and sowing, saving time and labor.
(2) Root propagation When harvesting smallpox pollen roots in winter, summer or spring every year, according to the requirements of different cultivation purposes, select the roots of plants of different sexes as seedlings. If the purpose is to harvest smallpox pollen, all female or male roots are selected as propagation material. The selection of seeds requires the selection of roots of robust plants that have grown or borne fruit for 3--5 years. Combined with the harvesting of smallpox pollen in winter, the fresh roots with a diameter of 3--5 cm and a white section without disease and pests are specially selected as seeds, and the seed roots can be mixed with river sand and stored indoors in layers, and left for planting in the field the following spring. As for the open-easterly fields dug in the spring, thick soil or grass can be cultivated on the original furrows to prevent cold. The breeding method has the characteristics of maintaining the characteristics of good seeds and putting into production quickly.
(3) Scientific planting Field planting is suitable for spring march-April. Considering the differences in climate from place to place, the south can be planted from the spring equinox to qingming, and the north can be planted in the rain from the qingming to the valley. The planting density is 1.5×0.5 m or 1.3×0.5 m, the hole diameter and depth are 30 cm each, the base fertilizer is applied, and mixed with the burrow soil is evenly mixed, and then the fine soil is 8--10 cm thick, and the seedlings can be planted, and the seedlings, roots or seed seeds can be planted. Seeding seeds can be sown by soaking in warm water until they are just white, sowing 4--6 seeds per hole, and then covering the soil with 4--5 cm, and appropriately covered with grass to water or mulch to keep the hole soil moist. Root planting is to take out the roots left in the open in the air indoors or in situ, cut into long 5--8 cm sections, dip the incision into grass and wood ash, dry the ventilation and dry place in the booth room until the incision is dry and healed, and then transport it to the planting ground, each hole is flat seeded 1--2 segments, covered with soil 8--10 cm, the hole is also covered with grass or mulch film, about 20 days or so can emerge seedlings.
3. Field management
(1) After the cultivation of weeding, once a year in the spring, summer and autumn, the grass is removed in time to see the grass, and there is no weed in the field. Before the stems are on the shelves, the soil should be shallow and loose, and the shelves can be deeper. Caution Do not hurt the stems.
(2) Topdressing combined with medium tillage weeding. After transplanting, more nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in the first year, and less should be applied diligently. Mainly human and animal feces and urea. From the second year onwards, fertilization is carried out three times a year, and the first time when the seedlings are 25-30 cm high, 1500 kg of human and animal manure and urine, 50 kg of cake fertilizer and 10 kg of urea are applied per mu, and the ditch is opened next to the plant and covered with fertilizer. Before the second flowering in early June, 1500 kg of manure per mu, 50 kg of cake fertilizer and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate are mixed, and then applied in a ditch and covered with fertilizer. The third time combined with wintering and cold protection, each plant was covered with a mound of soil after mixing with decomposed manure, which was both cold protection and fertilization.
(3) Erect a trellis When the stem is more than 30 cm high, use wooden poles, bamboo poles, and preferably prefabricated cement square columns as pillars to build trellises, and the trellis height is about 1.5 meters. Next to the plants, a pillar is erected every 2 meters, and every 2 rows are set up with horizontal and straight frames, and bamboo poles, branches and wires are tied firmly with thick wire frames to form a trellis. Insert 1 bamboo pole next to each plant, tie the upper end to the trellis cross pole, and use a plastic belt to gently bundle the stems on the bamboo pole to lead the vine to the shelf.
(4) Pruning and fencing At the same time as the vines are introduced to the shelves, each plant is selected to retain 2--3 strong vines, and the rest of the stems and vines are all cut off. In the second year, the branches are pruned and beaten to promote the growth of the main vine, and the stems on the shelves are then branched together to make them evenly distributed and do not overlap, so as to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.
(5) Cold protection Melon can safely overwinter in the south, but in the north, before freezing, cut off the upper part of the overly long stem, leaving only 1 meter long stems coiled on the ground, each plant covered with a mound, about 30 cm high, cold wintering, the next spring in early April, open the mound, in order to facilitate the growth of seedlings. In addition, artificial pollination is also carried out during the flowering period, which can significantly improve the fruit set rate and yield, and should be paid great attention to.
The disease of melon is mild, but some soils are not suitable for cultivation and are prone to disease. The main pests of melon are planthoppers, aphids, green worms, borers and so on. Medication should be used under the guidance of local agricultural technicians. Beware of drug damage.
1. Root-knot nematode disease: In the early stage, there are root knots of different sizes on the main, side and whisker roots of the diseased plant, the largest diameter on the main root is more than 2 cm, and white female nematodes can be seen after the root knot is cut open; in the later stage, the root rot is caused, the diseased plant is short, the growth and development are slow, the leaves become smaller and greener and yellow, and finally the whole stem dies. Prevention and control should use physical and biological integrated methods: (1) deep ploughing of the land from autumn to early spring, exposure to soil, killing diseases and insects; (2) selection of disease-free roots and fruit seeds as seeds to reduce the human transmission of the source of the disease; (3) strengthen field drainage during the rainy season, reduce soil moisture, find diseased plants in time to check the soil, remove the diseased roots or uproot the diseased plants, sprinkle lime powder on the disease hole, cover the soil compaction, and prevent the spread; (4) if necessary, the low-toxicity fungicide polyoxymycin or anti-mildew bacteria can be used 100--150ppm The liquid medicine is controlled by root irrigation in the early stage of plant disease.
2, yellow melon: adult insects in groups to bite the leaves; larvae are semi-native, biting the roots in the soil, and even moth into the roots, so that the plant withers and dies. Control method: a Manual killing of adult insects in the morning. In order to improve the efficiency of insect catching, in the seedling stage and non-flowering fruit stage, the suspended death of adult insects can be used, one hand holding a washbasin filled with mixed water is attached to the stem and leaves, and the other hand is gently folding the trellis or stem and leaf, and the adult insects will fall into the pot water and suffocate. b Spray control with biological agent fish vine extract 400--600 times dilution.
3. Melon aphid: belongs to the family Homoptera. Harms young leaves and causes them to curl and turn yellow. Control method: Spray 40% Lego emulsion 1500 times liquid control.
(1) Fruit (whole melon, melon skin, melon kernel) The fruit begins to bear fruit in the same year after planting, and the fruit matures successively from late September to early October, and can be picked when the skin of the fruit has white powder and turns light yellow. The fruit ripens in succession, picking too early, the skin and flesh are not thick, the seeds are not ripe, the picking is too late, the pulp becomes thinner, and the yield is reduced. When picking, it is plucked together with the fruit stalk and hung in a ventilated place to dry, not in the sun. When dried, the color is bright red, that is, the whole melon is completed; take the ripe melon fruit, cut it 2-4 times into the guati, and remove the seeds and gourds. The seeds are dried to form melon seeds, and the yield of seeds and melon skins is generally 1:1.
(2) Melon root (smallpox pollen) 3 years after planting, in early November the root planer is dug out, the female plant to ripen the fruit, the male plant before and after the frost to dig out as a good. The roots of the melon are deeper, when digging, dig deep to clean, the planed roots to clean the soil and reeds, take advantage of the fresh scraping off the coarse skin, finely cut into 10 cm short sections, thick can be cut into 2--4 petals, sun-dried to become a commodity. Stored in a ventilated and dry place, because the root of the melon is powdery, the sugar is large, it is easy to absorb moisture, and it should be dried frequently in the summer rainy to prevent insects and moths or moldy deterioration. The yield is 40--60 fruits per plant, and the drying rate is about 15%. Root mu produces about 300 kilograms of dry goods, and the drying rate is 30%. Quality: Whole melon is better than intact, wrinkled, thick skin and sugary feet. The skin of the melon is preferably dry, thick, untouched, and yellow-brown in appearance. Melon seeds are preferably large, full, sweet and oily. Smallpox pollen is preferably white, solid, no yellow tendons, and pink feet.
In addition to the fruit yield, the melon root is another benefit, and its benefits are higher. The root processing of melon is dried into medicine called smallpox pollen, which is also a conventional medicinal material, and the dosage is very large, and the market price is rising steadily.
About author:Bai Wenke, currently working in The Technology Center of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Luoyang County, Shaanxi Province, has a master's degree in traditional Chinese medicine, and has been engaged in the promotion of Chinese herbal medicine technology for nearly 20 years. It has won six provincial, ministerial and municipal awards, four patents and two achievements. He has published four first-author papers in core journals and national key journals.
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