A hundred years after the founding of the Party
In the northwest corner of Beijing Ritan Park, sits the tomb of Ma Jun martyr. Ma Jun was one of the leaders of the student movement in the Beijing-Tianjin region during the May Fourth period, and together with Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao, he initiated the establishment of the Progressive Group Consciousness Society. After the baptism of the May Fourth Movement, he accepted Marxism and unswervingly threw himself into the cause of communism and the cause of people's liberation. After the defeat of the Great Revolution, he returned to China on the orders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was sent to Beijing to restore the party organization, unfortunately killed, and defended his noble faith with his young life.
Solidarity with Beijing's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle
In the northwest corner of Ritan Park, a white jade tomb lies quietly under the cangsong cypress. The tombstone is engraved with the large characters inscribed by Deng Yingchao: Tomb of the Hui Martyr Ma Jun. People passing by here often stop at the tomb to hang horses and admire his short but magnificent life.
On March 31, 1986, the first page of the Beijing Daily reported that there were more than 120 martyrs' memorial buildings in the city, including the tomb of ma Jun.
In 1919, the May Fourth Movement broke out. Ma Jun, a representative of Nankai School, was elected vice president of the Tianjin Federation of Students. Together with the members of the federation, he took to the streets to publicize speeches and threw himself into solidarity with the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle in Beijing. On May 23, they mobilized more than 10,000 people in Tianjin secondary schools and above to hold a general strike. On June 5, the Tianjin Federation of Students held Tianjin's first patriotic movement conference in Nankai School Square, at which Ma Jun led thousands of students to read aloud the "Oath" he personally wrote: oath to protect the land, oath to save national power, oath to snow national shame, oath to remove national thieves, oath to the safety and security of the united, oath to the beginning. Amid the sonorous and powerful oath, the students' patriotic enthusiasm grew stronger.
The congress was planned to hold a large-scale demonstration, and Cao Rui, then the governor of the province, was worried that the anger of the crowd could not be controlled, so he sent armed military police to suppress it. Military police forced students to leave at gunpoint, prohibiting them from speaking and holding demonstrations on the streets. Ma Jun and several other student representatives entered the provincial governor's office to argue with Cao Rui, insisting that "the purpose of the strike will never be achieved."
In order to support the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle in Beijing, on June 5, 1919, the Tianjin Students' Federation held a patriotic movement conference attended by thousands of people in the Nankai School Square, at which Ma Jun led everyone to read the "Oath" aloud. The picture shows the "Affidavit" drawn up by Ma Jun.
On June 9, all walks of life in Tianjin held an unprecedented citizens' conference in support of the struggle of students in Beijing in Hebei Park, with tens of thousands of participants. In his speech on behalf of the Tianjin Federation of Students, Ma Jun explained that the purpose of the conference was twofold: First, to demand that the business community strike the market and send a telegram to the government to severely punish traitors; second, to protect patriotic students. On June 11, someone instigated the Chamber of Commerce to resume the market, and Ma Jun rushed to the Chamber of Commerce when he heard the news, and he said with enthusiasm: The contemptible people are Jilin people, who have no property in Tianjin, but there is life and blood! What is the weight of life and property? Although the contemptible people have no property sacrifices, they still have life and blood, which can flow before the kings. After saying that, Ma Jun crashed into the pillar next to him, and although he was stopped, his head was still hit with blood. Blood spattered the Chamber of Commerce, asking for his life, Ma Jun's move touched the Tianjin merchants, and the Tianjin merchants continued to strike. Soon, the Tianjin Federation of All Walks of Life was established, and Ma Jun was elected as the person in charge.
Ma Jun held high the banner of patriotism, turned patriotism and national salvation into a conscious action, and effectively promoted the in-depth development of the anti-imperialist patriotic movement.
Always stand at the forefront of the May Fourth Movement
Seeing that the date of signing the Paris Peace Conference was getting closer and closer, the Federation of All Walks of Life in Tianjin elected Ma Jun as the general representative and led more than 10 people, including Guo Longzhen and Liu Qingyang, to Beijing. At 5:00 a.m. on June 27, 1919, they joined more than 20 student representatives in Beijing to petition the Beiyang warlord government in front of the Xinhua Gate. When President Xu Shichang refused to receive him, Ma Jun angrily told the deputies: "If President Xu Does Not Receive Him for a Day, Our contingent will not be disbanded for a day." If we don't meet for ten days, we will wait here for ten days, and we will not give up until we achieve our goal! In this way, they waited from early morning to dusk, and from night to dawn, until the evening of the 28th, when Xu Shichang was forced to receive some representatives of Beijing and Tianjin.
As the date of signing at the Paris Peace Conference approached, the Tianjin Federation of All Walks of Life elected Ma Jun as the general deputy, and led more than 10 people, including Guo Longzhen and Liu Qingyang, to Beijing to join hands with Beijing deputies to petition. The picture shows the petition team of patriotic students in front of Tiananmen Square.
Entering Huairen Hall, Ma Jun sternly questioned Xu Shichang: "The great powers of various countries forced our representatives to sign a treaty of mourning power and humiliating the country, so why didn't the government promptly issue a telegram to refuse the visa?" Why not cancel the 'Twenty-One Article'? This series of questions forced Xu Shichang to have nothing to say. Ma Jun continued: "As a great president, you have the responsibility to protect the territory and sovereignty of the country, and you must refuse to sign the Paris Peace Treaty, which has humiliated the country. If you accept our petition, students and people throughout the country will be willing to back you up against imperialist aggression! Otherwise, the people of the whole country will swear to fight to the end! "Due to the pressure of public opinion throughout the country, China's delegates to the Paris Peace Conference had to refuse to sign the peace treaty.
On April 8, 1991, the second page of beijing daily reported that the Chaoyang district party committee and the district government held an exhibition of Ma Jun's revolutionary deeds.
"At the beginning of the May Fourth Movement and throughout the movement, he was always at the forefront." In the article "Remembering ma jun martyrs", Deng Yingchao commented on Ma Jun: "He has a high degree of patriotic thinking, a sense of justice, integrity, a bold personality, a capable work, and is conscientious and responsible. At that time, he ran and shouted and dared to struggle; he was good at speaking, his language was concise and powerful, and he was inflammatory; he actively participated in the actual struggle, was not afraid of the persecution of reactionary rulers, and showed a high degree of patriotic enthusiasm and heroic revolutionary spirit. ”
He is a well-known leader of the student movement in Beijing and Tianjin
Shortly after the signing of the peace treaty, Ma Liang, the town guard and martial law commander of Jinan, Shandong Province, killed Ma Yunting, president of the Islamic Salvation Congress, and others in Jinan, and arrested a large number of patriotic students. When the news reached Tianjin, the Tianjin Federation of Students sent representatives to the Presidential Palace with beijing student representatives to petition ma Liang for punishment. Unexpectedly, the reactionary government did not agree with the students' claims and detained the petitioners.
In August 1919, in order to rescue the arrested deputies, Ma Jun led more than 1,000 people to Beijing again, and joined hands with more than 3,000 Beijing students to hold a demonstration at Tiananmen Square. The Beijing Garrison Headquarters and the Police Department arrested dozens of students, and more than 3,000 students bravely surrounded the Garrison Headquarters and demanded the release of the arrested students.
After Ma Jun was captured and released in front of Tiananmen Square, he took a photo at Nankai School.
Ma Jun was elected as the commander-in-chief of the student movement by student representatives in Beijing, Tianjin and other places, leading more than 5,000 petitioners in Tianjin, Beijing, Shandong and other places to approach the presidential palace. Ma Jun and the students said: We must unite as one, unite as one, be prepared to sacrifice everything, and never give up until we achieve our goal. At dusk, the Beiyang warlord government sent military police to force the demonstrators to the front of Tiananmen Square. Ma Jun divided the students into several lecture teams and carried out propaganda in the Tiananmen Square area, and the voices of speeches and slogans rose and fell one after another, one after another, for three days and three nights in a row. The reactionary authorities brazenly decided to arrest Ma Jun, the leader of the student movement. But under the cover of the classmates, the reactionary authorities have been unable to find the target. Annoyed, the agent picked up his whip and the butt of his rifle and began to beat the students.
Because he couldn't bear to watch his classmates being beaten innocently, Ma Jun stepped forward and shouted, "Don't beat anyone!" I am Ma Jun! If you want to catch me, just catch me! The military police pulled Ma Jun to the Tiananmen Gate, pointed a gun at his chest, asked him to order the disbandment of the student team, and threatened the students that they would shoot Ma Jun immediately if they did not disband. Ma Jun firmly said to the students: "We have come to petition this time with the determination to sacrifice. Although I am arrested, I don't have to be afraid, and if I persist in the struggle, I will definitely win. Arresting one will provoke ten, a hundred, a thousand patriots. Patriots can't be arrested! Patriotic and innocent! Persist in the struggle will definitely win! ”
On October 20, 2000, the first page of Beijing Daily reported that the tomb of Ma Jun Martyrs became a municipal patriotic education base.
The news of the arrest of Ma Jun and others spread, triggering strong protests from public opinion in Beijing, Tianjin, Jinan and Shanghai. Zhou Enlai and others also rushed to Beijing to rescue the arrested students. The reactionary authorities, under pressure from the people of the whole country, were forced to release Ma Jun and all the arrested deputies on August 30.
After being released from prison, Ma Jun solemnly declared: "Before entering prison, Ma Jun was the family's horse jun, and after he was released from prison, he was the horse horse of the Chinese people." It is not difficult to see that he not only closely linked himself to the fate of the country, but also demonstrated with practical actions his will to fight to the end against the imperialist and feudal forces. And the glorious image of him wearing a long shirt and giving a passionate speech during the May Fourth Movement is also engraved in people's hearts. In honor of the struggle in front of Tiananmen Square led by Ma Jun, beijing-Tianjin students called him "Ma Tian'an", and he became the leader of the student movement in the Beijing-Tianjin area.
Accept Marxism in the real struggle
In organizing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle, Ma Jun, Zhou Enlai and others established the Awakening Society, which, under the influence of the October Revolution, made preliminary explorations of socialist ideological trends (including Marxism, scientific socialism, and various reformed socialism, anarchism, etc.).
In January 1920, Ma Jun, Zhou Enlai, and others were arrested for leading the student patriotic movement. In prison, on the one hand, they struggle with the officials of the Police Department and the Prosecutor's Office; on the other hand, they exercise and enrich them physically and mentally. They developed a complete gymnastics and reading plan, discussed it, and raised money to buy new books to acquire new knowledge and theories. It wasn't until the summer that they were released.
In 1920, some members of the Enlightenment Society took a group photo. The third from the left in the back row is Ma Jun, the first on the right is Zhou Enlai, and the fifth from the left in the front row is Deng Yingchao.
During their detention, Ma Jun and Zhou Enlai tried to organize their comrades to systematically learn politics, foreign languages, mathematics, and history. Ma Jun gave special reports such as "Oratory Theory," "Criticism in The Detention of the Police Department," and "Methods of Studying Problems" at the prison lecture, and Zhou Enlai gave a more systematic explanation of Marx's biography, changes in economic organization in history, materialist view of history, history of class struggle, and capitalism. In the real struggle, Ma Jun accepted Marxism and used it as a scientific theoretical guide for patriotic action to save the country.
In 1920, Ma Jun joined the Chinese Socialist Youth League, and in 1921, he joined the Communist Party of China. Since then, Ma Jun's patriotic enthusiasm has truly been put into the actual transformation of society and he has become a communist. In the days that followed, he devoted all his efforts to the cause of the independence and liberation of the Chinese nation and the great cause of communism, and his faith was never shaken again.
Rebuild the Beijing Municipal Party Committee under the White Terror
In the spring of 1927, Ma Jun was studying at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, Soviet Union. When he heard that the city of Beijing was now shrouded in a white terror, and that not only Li Dazhao, the leader of the CPC's northern organization, had been arrested and sacrificed, but also that the CPC Northern Regional Committee and the Beijing Prefectural Committee had suffered serious losses, he was resolutely transferred back to China, determined to resume the work of the Beijing party organization and wage a resolute struggle against the counterrevolutionary forces.
After Ma Jun secretly returned to China, he went to Beijing to restore the party organization and establish the Beijing Provisional Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China. Soon after he arrived in Beijing, he rebuilt the Beijing Municipal Party Committee and carried out work. Due to the large number of acquaintances in the Beijing-Tianjin area, Ma Jun's work is very convenient, but it also increases the danger of work. In order to propagate revolutionary ideas and evade the enemy's pursuit, Ma Jun often haunted slums and workers' quarters, actively mobilizing the masses and organizing revolutionary forces. He did not have a fixed workplace, and his food, clothing, shelter and transportation were no different from those of a laborer. Therefore, although the enemy was densely packed with spies, searching and inspecting for a long time, he was unable to succeed.
Statue of Ma Jun martyr
In early December 1927, after a meeting of the municipal party committee, Ma Jun met an acquaintance on the road. When they reached the fork in the road, the acquaintance accidentally shouted, "Tian'an, go from this side!" This sentence happened to be heard by a nearby spy, so Ma Jun was stared at deadly. On December 3, the Beijing Police Department arrested Ma Jun.
After Ma Jun's arrest, Zhang Zuolin, the leader of the Feng clan warlords, sent Mo Dehui, the chief of education, to persuade him to surrender. Mo Dehui said to Ma Jun: "As long as you don't propagate Marxism-Leninism and don't engage in revolution, the grand marshal will call you vice minister of education!" Ma Jun sneered, "I am not like you who betray the country and seek glory, as long as I still have a breath and tell me not to propagate Marxism-Leninism and not to engage in revolution, this is more difficult than the sun coming out of the west!" In the end, Zhang Zuolin became angry and directly sentenced Ma Jun to death.
In 1945, at the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Ma Jun was posthumously recognized as a martyr.
On February 15, 1928, when the wind was strong and the weather was very cold, Ma Jun was tied up by Wuhuada and taken to the execution site. Along the way, Ma Jun sang the "Internationale" and frequently greeted the people who were waving tears. At the critical moment of life and death, Ma Jun endured all the pain and torture with his indomitable will and loyal and unyielding integrity, and did not divulge even a single bit of the party's secrets until his death. He was only 33 years old at the time of his death.
The spirit of patriotism inspires future generations
The years are quiet, the country is rich and the people are strong.
For nearly a century, people have not forgotten the revolutionary feats of the martyr Ma Jun in seeking the truth. In 1945, at the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Ma Jun was posthumously recognized as a martyr. In 1951, the Beijing Municipal People's Government rebuilt the tomb of Ma Jun martyr and held a solemn public sacrifice ceremony. In the 1990s, Chaoyang District repaired the tomb of Ma Jun, and also built a bronze bust of Ma Jun and a memorial room for Ma Jun martyrs. In 2000, the Tomb of Ma Jun Martyr became a patriotic education base in Beijing.
In 1951, the Beijing Municipal People's Government rebuilt the Tomb of ma Jun. The picture shows people from all walks of life laying wreaths in front of the tomb.
Honorable commemorative certificate of Ma Jun's family
To this day, many people go to the tomb of Ma Jun martyr every year to remember this outstanding member of the Communist Party of China in the early days of the Communist Party of China who wrote a chapter of patriotism, national salvation, and martyrdom in his short life, and learn from his strong patriotic spirit and unyielding revolutionary will.
Tomb of Ma Jun Martyrs in Ritan Park. Liu Yue/Photo
An online platform for party history study and education
Petitions in Beijing
Welcome to pay attention to 【Beijing Petition】
Bottom Menu【Centenary of the Founding of the Party】
Historical materials: "Beijing Red Herald", "Beijing Red Relic", "Biography of The History of the Communist Party of China in Beijing (Volume VII)", "Ma Jun" Album, Beijing News Group Graphic Database
Co-produced by: Beijing Daily, Beijing Municipal Party Committee Party History Research Office, Municipal Local History Office