CCTV broadcast "China in the Classics", the first issue of the explanation of "Shang Shu", Douban netizens scored a high score of 9.4. Fusheng, played by Ni Dahong, has received more than 20 hot searches on the whole network.
That's a great thing, in every way.
Historia. The Biography of Rulin Lie" contains——
Fusheng people, Jinan people also. Therefore, dr. Qin. When Emperor Xiaowen was emperor, those who wanted to be able to rule the Book of Shang had nothing in the world, but they were able to rule and wanted to summon it. It was more than ninety years old, old, and could not do it, so Nai Zhao too often made the palm of the hand chao mistakenly accept it. Qin Shi burned books, and Fusheng Wall hid them. Afterwards, the army rose up and went into exile. Han Ding, Fu Sheng asked for his book, died dozens of articles, and obtained twenty-nine articles alone, that is, taught between Qi and Lu. Scholars are quite able to speak the Book of Shang, and the masters of Shandong are all involved in the Book of Shang to teach.
Fu Sheng, who was originally a doctor of the Qin Dynasty, should have the Book of Shang in his hand. Here to insert a sentence, "Shang Shu" pre-Qin called "Book", from Fusheng or his student Ouyang Shi, began to be called "Book of Shang", the general explanation, is "the book of the ancient emperors".
Qin Shi Huang ordered the burning of books according to Li Si's advice, and the main thing was to search for and destroy the "Poems" and "Books". I should also insert a sentence that the Qin State, historically regarded these ancient texts as "flood beasts", and the Shang Martingale Transformation Law also ordered the confiscation and burning of "Poems" and "Books". FuSheng was a true "scholar", or rather, an "intellectual" with a great sense of historical responsibility, so he dared to disobey the imperial decree and hid the "book" in his hand in the wall. Later, when war broke out, Fu sheng went to flee to avoid the disaster of the soldiers.
Han Dynasty Qin. During the reign of Emperor Hui, the Qin Dynasty officially abolished the ban on private books in the Qin Dynasty.
Book of Han. Yiwen Zhi (Art and Literature Chronicle) reads: "Han Xing, the defeat of the Qin Dynasty, the great collection of books, and the opening of the road of dedication of books." Emperor Wen, Emperor Jing, and Emperor Wu all showed a prosperous situation of advocating classics, improving doctors, and imparting scriptures.
When Emperor Wen was emperor, there was an unusual shortage of people in the world who could master the Book, and when he heard that Fusheng understood the Book, he wanted to summon him to Chang'an as an official to lecture on the Book, but Fusheng was ninety years old and could not travel far, so Emperor Jing sent the famous Chao Wrong "to the door" to study. No matter what Emperor Jing's true thoughts were in his heart, this move should also be greatly praised.
There are two historical theories about Professor Fusheng's Book, which was renamed the Book of Shangshu by him or his disciples—one is that Fusheng dictated, and the disciples recorded it in a letter; and one is that it was taught by his disciples.
Probably the latter statement is more reliable. But in any case, Fusheng was the first person to teach the Book after Qin Shi Huang burned the book.
As mentioned earlier, the disciples recorded the teaching of the Shang Shu in the Lishu, which was later called the "Present Wen Shang Shu".
Historia. The Biography of Ru Lin Lie also says, "Han Ding, Fu Sheng asked for his "Book", died dozens of articles, and obtained twenty-nine articles alone, that is, to teach between Qi and Lu" Yunyun.
Book of Han. The Biography of Ru Lin also says that the Book of Shang transmitted by Fu Sheng is twenty-nine.
This is because, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the people presented a "Tai Oath" and was also added. In fact, fu sheng's "Book of Shang" is twenty-eight.
Historia. The Biography of Ru Lin Lie is the earliest known record of Fu Sheng's teaching of the Book of Shang.
But the Book of Han. The Ru Lin Biography records the process and sect of teaching in the Book of Shang.
According to the Book of Han, Fu Sheng taught his disciples between Qi and Lu, and there were two famous people, Zhang Sheng and Ouyang Sheng.
Ouyang gave birth to the name Hebo and taught Er (Ni) Kuan, who taught Ouyang and Bo's son Shi, and then passed it on to Ouyang Gao, Hebo's great-grandson. When Ouyang was higher than Emperor Wu, he was made a doctor of scholar with his "Book of Shang". This branch is known as the "Ouyang Clan Study" of the "Present Wen Shang Shu".
Zhang Sheng taught Xiahou Duwei, and then passed on his sons Xiahou Shichang, Shichang passed on Xiahou Sheng, Sheng was employed by Lin Qing, a scholar of the Ouyang clan, and a scholar who was a doctor during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han. This branch is known as the "Great Xiahou Clan Study" of the "Present Wen Shang Shu".
Xiahou Sheng passed on his son Xiahou Jian, who was also trained by Ouyang Gao, and also served as a scholar during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han. This branch is known as the "Book of Present Literature and Shangshu" "Xiao Xiahou Clan Study".
These are the three main "schools" of the Western Han Dynasty in teaching the Book of Present Literature and Shangshu.
After that, the "Great Xiahou Clan Study" was taught several times, and the "Kong Xu Zhi Xue" appeared. Among them, it was mainly The "Great Xiahou Clan Study" taught by Xu Shang, a student of the re-disciple Kong Ba.
After the "Xiao Xiahou Clan Study" was re-transmitted, there was the "Zheng Zhang Qin False Li Clan Learning" taught by Zheng Kuanzhong, Zhang Wugu, Qin Gong, False Cang, and Li Xun, which belonged to the "Little Xiahou Clan Learning" after the gain.
Among the above "schools", especially "Ouyang Shixue", which is the most prominent, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it seems to have become "authoritative", and the "Shang Shu" inscribed by the "Han Shi Jing" is based on the "Ouyang Shixue" basis.
The Western Han Dynasty formed the "Classics of Present Literature" recorded in the Lishu, which is a total of "Five Classics". But there are fourteen scholars. They're --
"Poetry", Qi, Lu, Han Sanjia; "Book", Ouyang, Da, Xiao Xiahou Three; "Yi", Shi, Meng, Liangqiu, Jing Sijia; "Li", "Houcang Xuezhi Da, Xiao Dai Erjia; "Spring and Autumn" Ram Xue Yan And Gu Liang Xue Two.
Why?
At that time, the imperial court guaranteed that all "schools" must strictly abide by the "teacher law" or "family law". This was decided at the "ShiquGe Conference" held during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han.
Pi Xirui, a famous scholar of the Qing Dynasty, said in his "History of Classics": "The Han people attach the most importance to the teacher's method, the teacher's transmission, the brother's acceptance, and not a word dares to enter or leave; the teacher's back is not used." ”
Book of Han. Meng Xi's biography reads: "The doctor is lacking, and everyone recommends joy." Shangwen Xi changed the teacher's fa, so he did not need to be happy. ”
For example, the "Book of Present Literature and Shangshu", all of which were passed down from Fusheng, later became the "Three Families". Originally, the Ouyang clan learned that "one family is great", but at the "ShiquHe Conference", the crown prince Fu Xiaowangzhi and other comments, Emperor Xuan of Han approved, and listed these "three families" as academic officials, but the three families could only "say what they said" and "the well water did not violate the river water", could not be integrated, and was not allowed to learn from it.
On the one hand, this is China's earliest "national protection" of "intellectual property rights", respecting teachers and respecting the Tao, inheriting classics, and playing a great role. On the other hand, it has also formed the drawbacks of "sutra" being empty, cumbersome, mysterious, and vain.
Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "On Heng" Yun: "Confucians say the Five Classics, and they are more untrue. The former Confucian did not see the end, and the emptiness was said. Later Confucianism believed in the words of the former master, and followed the old narrative, slipping into words. The study of a famous teacher tends to be a teacher professor, a timely flea, a competitive advance, not timely to leave a fine mind, and to examine the root core. Therefore, falsehood is passed on endlessly, the real thing is not seen, and the Five Classics are not true. ”
This refers to the "classics" that began in the Western Han Dynasty, including the drawbacks of the Present Wen Shangshu.
Also in the Western Han Dynasty, around the "Book of Shang", a major event also occurred, that is, the "birth of the Ancient Wen Shang Shu".
Regarding the appearance of the "Ancient Book of Shangshu", there are roughly four theories -
The first, the Chronicle of History. Ru Lin's biography Yun: "Fu Sheng Sun yizhi "Shang Shu" sign, can not be Mingye. Lu Zhouba, Kong Anguo, and Luoyang Jia jia were quite capable of speaking about the Book of Shang. Kong shi has the "Ancient Literature Shangshu", and An Guo reads it in the present text, because he has more than ten pieces of the "Book" of his family, and the "Book of Shang" is many. ”
This means that when Fusheng's grandson could not read the Book of Present Literature, Kong Anguo and a few others helped him. Kong Anguo was the eleventh grandson of Confucius, and he had the Ancient Literature and Shangshu from the family collection of Confucius, which can be read in contrast with the present text.
The second, the Book of Han. The Yiwen Zhi (Yiwen Zhi) says: "Liu Xiang used the three scriptures of the Ouyang, Da, and Xiao Xiahou schools in the Middle Ages, and the Jiu Zhen (Wine 诰) was stripped of its first, the Summoning book was stripped of its second, the rate of the Twenty-five Characters of the 25-character Detachment was also twenty-five, and the Twenty-second Character of the Jane was also twenty-two. There are more than 700 people with different words, and dozens of words. ”
The so-called "Middle Ancient Text" here refers to the "Ancient Literature and Book of Shangshu" held by the "Secretary of the Five Classics" of the Han Imperial Family, called the "Middle Ancient Text". During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zeng Ming asked for a book, and this "Ancient Literature and Book of Shangshu" was offered to the people.
The third, the Book of Han. The Biography of the King of Hejian says that the King of Hejian "cultivates the ancients well and seeks truth from facts." If you get a good book from the people, you will write it for the sake of it, and leave it true. ...... The books obtained by the king are all belonging to the ancient pre-Qin books "Zhou Guan", "Shang Shu", "Li", "Li Ji", "Mencius", and "Lao Tzu", all of which are discussed by the Seventy Sons. ”
At the end of the Han Dynasty, this "Book of Shang" was called "Hejian Dedication King Ben".
The fourth, the Book of Han. The Biography of King Chu Yuan is accompanied by the Biography of Liu Xin, which says: "When Han Xing was seventy or eighty years old, he was far away from the Quanjinggu. And King Lu Gong bad Confucius's house, want to think of it as a palace, and get the ancient text in the bad wall, Yi "Li" has thirty-nine articles, "Book" sixteen articles. After the Tianhan Dynasty, Kong Anguo sacrificed it, but it was difficult for the witch to be killed, and it was not carried out in time. And "Spring and Autumn" Zuo Shi Qiu Ming's cultivation, are ancient texts. ”
This is to say that King Lu Gong badly destroyed Confucius's house and obtained ancient documents in the wall, and from then on there was the saying "Confucius Wall Book"; after Kong Anguo presented the Confucius Wall Book, he happened to encounter the change of the Witch Demon before he could establish a scholar.
During the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han, He hired Liu Xiang as an imperial teacher. His son Liu Xin, who studied ancient Chinese, was quite successful and often stumped his father.
As for the Han Dynasty Emperor, Liu Xin was valued by the emperor, so he played and asked the "Zuo Shi Chunqiu", "Mao Shi", "Yi Li", and "Ancient Wen Shangshu" to be set up in the scholar's office, which was strongly opposed by the Five Classics Doctor -
All Confucians resent,...... Xin Yu was a ruling minister, who was praised by the Confucians, feared and cursed, and asked for a supplementary official,...... Three counties kept. For several years, to be spared from illness.
Liu Xin, who was full of economy, "flipped the film".
However, Liu Xin pioneered the study of the Ancient Literature and Shangshu. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were already three schools of thought that governed the Ancient Literature and Shangshu—the ancient text system of Liu Xin and Tu Yun's disciples named after Kong An Guoshicheng; the ancient texts of Gai Yu and Zhou Fang of unknown origin; and the dulin lacquer book ancient text system.
In these three systems, there are many talents. Such as Jia Kui, Xu Shen, Ma Rong, Lu Zhi, Zheng Xuan, etc., are all for everyone.
Since then, more than a thousand years of controversy between ancient and modern classics have begun.
What is the difference between the Ancient Wen Shangshu and the Present Wen Shangshu?
First, there are differences in the content of the text.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the Five Classics, marking the formal establishment of "classics". Different scriptures naturally interpret differently—this is a great thing for Confucian officials and Confucian students.
Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty was a student of Jia Kui, and was the second generation of ancient chinese classics from Liu Xin and Du Lin, and wrote the Five Classics of Different Meanings. In the text controversy between the Ancient Wen Shangshu and the Present Wen Shangshu, he spent more than 20 years compiling the Shuowen Jiezi, using XiaoHuan as an important basis for interpreting the Ancient Wen Shangshu. Xu Shen's uncle Ma Rong was equally impressed by this achievement.
"If you have the heart to plant flowers and flowers, you don't live, and you don't have the heart to plant willows into the shade", Xu Shen's important "Five Classics Objection", which died during the Tang and Song dynasties, while "Explaining Words and Sayings" has become a famous work throughout the ages.
Second, explain the differences in scripture.
Wei Hong, Jia Kui, and others, who were the earlier members of the Guwen Shangshu school, were still struggling with the "Jingyi" of the Jinwen Shangshu school. In Ma Rong, the Guwen Shangshu school gradually became an advantage.
Zheng Xuan mainly used ancient texts, and also adopted the theories of modern literature and even the theories of Wei wei, in order to continue to strengthen the influence of the ancient chinese school. Zheng Xuanzhi's study, known as the "collection of great achievements" of Han Dynasty classics, shows the great achievements of it.
In the fourth year of the founding of the Han Zhang Emperor, that is, in 79 AD, the "White Tiger View" conference was held, forming a conference document, the White Tiger Discussion, which was a complete rejection of ancient literature and scriptures, including the Ancient Literature and Shangshu.
Unexpectedly, at this meeting, the study of The Ancient Literature School, which was promoted by the Study of The Classics of Modern Literature, let the Ancient Literature School seize the handle, and Jia Kui took the lead in eliminating the Wei Wei, and when Zheng Xuan came, the Modern Literature School and the "Book of Present Literature and Shangshu" declined.
Generally speaking, the modern literary school advocates theology, with the five elements of disaster and heterogeneity as the guide, which is too vague and cumbersome; the ancient literature school of the Eastern Han Dynasty, advocating the Sacred Dao Wang Gong, attaches importance to the system of written exhortations and several names and canons. This is probably the key to the late dominance of the ancient literary school.
In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the "Yongjia Rebellion" occurred. Classic Interpretations. Narrator Yun: "Yongjia was wounded and chaotic, and the book of all families died together." These also include the Book of Present Literature and the Book of Ancient Literature.
Emperor Yuan of Jin fled south to establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After that, there was the matter of Yu Zhangnei Shi Mei Zhan presenting Kong Anguo to pass on the Ancient Wen Shang Shu.
This "Ancient Literature and Shangshu" consists of fifty-eight articles, and in addition to splitting the original articles, it also includes several "Yi zhou shu", accompanied by a biography written by Kong Anguo.
This book, which has no shortage of forgeries, is novel and clear in explanation, and is highly in line with the needs of the rulers at that time to unify the thinking of their subjects, so it is highly valued, and it is soon established as a scholar and has always been valued by successive feudal rulers.
Kong Yingda's "Shang Shu Zhengyi" of the Tang Dynasty is a collection of commentaries on this book, and it is also very famous.
Regarding this Kong An Guo biography "Ancient Wen Shangshu", I once wrote a "Pseudo-Kong Chuan< Shangshu > Birth and Great Changes in Eastern Jin Dynasty Classics", interested friends are welcome to search out to see, here will not be repeated.
Regarding the shang shu chapters, it is said that Confucius deleted more than 3,000 articles. This is a false statement of the Han Dynasty's Book of Shangshu Xuanjie, which is not credible at all. Confucius can be called the first person in ancient times in preserving and inheriting classical texts, and he has made great contributions.