On the afternoon of May 12, Hangzhou held a briefing meeting on the case of the excavation of Qian's tomb. The relevant responsible persons of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, the Municipal Garden and Culture Bureau, Lin'an District, and cultural relics experts from Zhejiang Province attended the briefing to introduce the progress of the investigation and handling of the case of the theft and excavation of Qian's tomb and the illegal resale of cultural relics.
According to reports, in March 2020, the Lin'an District Bureau of the Hangzhou Municipal Public Security Bureau found a major clue in its work. The ministry, provincial and municipal public security organs attach great importance to it and have set up a three-level joint task force (code name "3.24" project) in the provincial and municipal districts to carry out special case operation investigation and handling work in accordance with the principle of "keeping a close eye on it at all times, cracking down on it in a timely manner, obtaining all stolen goods, and ensuring that cultural relics are not lost".
On May 23, 2020, after the investigation found that Jiang X and others went to Guangzhou to prepare to sell cultural relics, they immediately organized police forces to rush to Guangzhou, and with the cooperation of the local police, successfully arrested the criminal suspects Jiang X, Li X and Liu X, and seized a number of precious cultural relics such as gold and jade belts and ancient swords on the spot. After review, the criminal suspect confessed that the cultural relics were obtained from the excavation of Qian's tomb since May 2019.
On May 26, 2020, based on the criminal suspects' examination and accounting and the sale of stolen cultural relics discovered in the early stage of in-depth operation, the special case team organized arrests in Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi and other places, arrested 14 suspects who stole, sold and collected cultural relics in one fell swoop, and recovered all the stolen cultural relics. Through the special case of deep excavation and careful investigation, more than 10 clues involving the excavation of ancient tombs in other provinces and cities across the country were found. At present, the Ministry of Public Security has organized public security organs in various localities to still investigate.
Distribution map of wuyue king mausoleums in Lin'an District
After meticulous investigation and a full chain of crackdowns, the public security organs successfully cracked this case of illegal excavation of ancient tombs and illegal resale of cultural relics, and ascertained the criminal facts of Jiang X and other criminal gangs that stole ancient tombs such as qianbao tombs and reselled cultural relics for illegal profits. It was confirmed that all 175 stolen cultural relics of the tomb had been recovered.
The Zhejiang Museum houses the ancestral statue of King Qian of Wuyue
Qian Wei (852-932) is a beautiful character, a native of Lin'an. Wu su wang of the five-generation Wuyue state. Born on February 16, 1666, Tang Dynasty. According to legend, when he was born ugly and wild, his father Qian Kuan thought it was ominous and wanted to abandon the well behind the house, but fortunately Grandma did not allow it to stay, so the milk name was "Po Liu"; also known as this well (this well still exists). When Qian Wei was young, he often played with his group in a large privet tree in front of Shijing Mountain, and his command was quite lawful. He Chang made a living by selling salt because of his family's poverty. Later, because the town of Zhejiang West curbed Wang Ying's rebellion, Shijing Town recruited Dong Chang and Qian Yong joined the army. After pacifying Wang Ying, Qian Wei was promoted to deputy envoy of the Shijing Terracotta Army. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Huangchao rebel army once led tens of thousands of people through Zhejiang, and Dong Chang followed Qian's advice and set up an ambush in the valley, falsely claiming that "bingtun is eight hundred miles", and the rebel army took a detour. Later, Qian Wei successively served as the assassin of Hangzhou and the envoy of the Zhen Navy, and in the first year of Qianning (894), he also added the title of Pingzhangshi under the Tongzhongshu Gate. The following year, Dong Chang, who was trying to claim the title of emperor because of his crusade against him, was promoted to the post of envoy of Zhenhai and Zhendong Jiedushi, added the inspection school lieutenant and Zhongshu Ling, gave iron coupons, and forgave nine deaths.
Liang Taizu ascended the throne (907) and was crowned King of Wuyue, died on March 26 of the third year of Later Tang Changxing. On his deathbed, he instructed his descendants to "do good to China (referring to the Central Plains Imperial Court), and not to abolish the great gift of affairs with a change of surname." This guiding ideology laid the foundation for the subsequent return of the land to the Song Dynasty and peaceful reunification. At that time, when the world was in chaos, Qian Wei was able to judge the hour and size up the situation, take the Central Plains as his subject, take "protecting the border and the people" as the national policy, build Haitang, expand Hangcheng, develop Nongsang, dredge Hupu, open up shipping, and expand trade, which played a positive role in the development of Hangzhou and the two Zhejiang Provinces. In his later years, Qian Wei learned calligraphy and was good at calligraphy, and his handwriting includes "Inscription of Qian Mingguan Bridge", "Inscription of Ciyunling", "Ink Post" and so on.
Xiang Ming, deputy director of the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, said that from the appraisal situation, most of these cultural relics are intact and have high historical, artistic and scientific value, among which there are many precious cultural relics such as secret color porcelain and golden jade belts.
Lu Yicheng, deputy mayor of Lin'an District of Hangzhou, introduced that experts at the provincial, municipal and district levels were organized to form a joint assessment working group to assess the damage to the body of qian's tomb. According to the assessment and appraisal of the working group, the structural loss of the Qian gong tomb is small and the stability is good. In December 2020, with the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and under the guidance of experts from provincial and municipal departments, the scientific restoration of the qian's tomb body was completed.
Zhejiang Museum Collects Qian Qian's "Batch Of Volumes"
The tomb of the fifth-generation Wuyue king Qian Wei was built in the third year of Emperor Mingzong of later Tang (932) and is the only well-preserved royal tomb in Zhejiang Province. The tomb sits north facing south, with its back to Taimiao Mountain, the green dragon on the left and the white tiger on the right. The tomb is a large circular sealed mound, 9 meters high, 50 meters long and 50 meters wide, and the cemetery covers an area of about 68,000 square meters. The tomb is well preserved, the original Shinto is 300 meters long and 80 meters wide, and there are Huabiao, Stone Horse, Stone Tiger, Stone Sheep, Shi Weng Zhong, and Xiang Tang. In front of the tomb, there is still a Tombstone of the Qing Dynasty, which is inscribed with the inscription "Tomb of king Wuyue of the Tang Dynasty, The Marshal of the Terracotta Army, Shang Father Shou Shang Shu Ling and Zhongshu Ling Wu Yue King Wu Su Qian". There are still fragments of Huabiao, Stone Horse and Stone Weng Zhong in the tomb road, and the east side is the Qing Dynasty Qianwang Taimiao Temple. In 1997, the cemetery, archway, and Qianwang Ancestral Hall were reset.
Lin'an is the birthplace and place of return of King Qian of Wuyue during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, in order to do a good job in the protection and management of Qian's tomb, in 1988, Lin'an County set up the Qianwangling Park Management Office. The management office is responsible for the protection of cultural relics and environmental protection of the Wuyue King's Mausoleum, and in 1994 and 1997, the external environment of the Qianwang Cemetery was repaired and transformed, and the Shinto, gate gate, archway and other buildings were restored, and the Qianwang Ancestral Hall and other buildings were built. At present, the construction of the comprehensive protection project of the Wuyue King Mausoleum Archaeological Site Park has entered the final stage and strives to open in June this year.
The Shanghai Museum holds the money and silver Jane
Previously, on April 25, the official website of the Ministry of Public Security had published an article entitled "National Special Action to Combat Cultural Relics Crimes With Remarkable Results", in which the public security organs of Zhejiang Province detected the "3.24" series of cases of illegal excavation and resale of cultural relics in Lin'an, Hangzhou, arrested 39 criminal suspects, and successfully recovered a large number of extremely precious cultural relics such as secret color porcelain and gold and jade belts.
The tomb of Qian Biao in the Lin'an County Chronicle
The staff of the relevant department of the Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau mentioned that there was no concealment of the theft of Qian's tomb, the situation involved was complicated, the relevant departments intervened at the first time, and the Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, as the cultural relics supervisory unit, was also involved in guiding the relevant work.
Since the beginning of 2017, the Lin'an District Committee and District Government have been planning to build the Wuyue King Mausoleum Archaeological Site Park. First, the two sides of the Qianwang Cemetery and the north of Taimiao Mountain were demolished to make room for the implementation of the project. In January 2018, Lin'an began to plan the construction of the Wuyue King Mausoleum Archaeological Site Park project, according to the plan, the planning area of the project is 84.76 hectares, divided into three blocks along the Taimiao Mountain Block, the Gongchen Mountain Block and the Tashan Road, and the entire project is expected to be completed by 2025.
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Lin'an City Cultural Relics Museum: Qian Wei Tomb Shinto Tomb Table, Stone Statue And Tomb Burial System Examination
Lin'an was the hometown of Qian Wei, the founder of the Wuyue State during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Qian Wei was born in Si and is destined to be in Si, and it is precisely because of this that Lin'an still preserves many precious and profound cultural relics of the Wu YueGuo period.
Qian's tomb is the Largest Royal Tomb in wuyue Kingdom Qian family tomb, the largest scale, the highest burial specifications, the most well-preserved royal tomb, the current cemetery covers an area of 120 acres, the tomb site is in Lin'an City, Jincheng Street Taimiao Mountain south slope, the tomb is built according to the mountain, sitting north to south, with Taimiao Mountain as the back, left and right dragon, tiger two mountains hugging, with Shijing Mountain as the predecessor, Shinto width of 100 meters, length of 300 meters. The surface of the ground is a large sealed mound, 9 meters high and 50 meters in diameter. The large stele in front of the tomb reads "Tomb of King Shang Shu Ling of The Former Tang Dynasty Terracotta Warriors and Horses Marshal Shang Shu Ling and Zhongshu Ling Wu Yue King Wu Su Qian Wang".
Panoramic view of King Qian's Mausoleum
In order to strengthen the protection of qian's tomb, the Lin'an municipal government implemented the environmental improvement project of the qian'an tomb in 1997, demolished a large number of modern buildings within the tomb area, restored the original style pattern, and when demolishing the cinema occupying the southern end of the Shinto, from the basic layer of the east wall of the courtyard, the three stone fragments of the war horse, Weng Zhong, and tomb table arranged from north to south on the left side of the original Shinto were found.
On March 12, 2010, the 32nd Arbor Day, the Qianwang Tomb Conservation and Management Institute organized the staff to plant grass and green in the cemetery, and accidentally found the partially exposed stone components of the surface layer on the right side of the Shinto Road and the west side of the Qianwang Ancestral Hall, so excavation and exploration were carried out to clean up the remnants of the supine stone statue and the overturned complete stone tomb table, which is another important discovery of the relics of the Shinto relics of the Qianwang Tomb.
The fragments of the stone statue are tall and strong, holding a wat sword, wearing a literary submission, the carving style of the stone statue is rough and vigorous, the lines are bright, and the artistic relics of Han and Tang Dynasty stone carvings can be vaguely analyzed and read as the solemn demeanor when he stands intact, the sincere expression and the artistic technique of infinite loyalty to the owner of the tomb.
The tomb is located on the west side of the Qianwang Ancestral Hall on the west side of the trail, taihu lake stone, the overall integrity, the shape is grand, the carving is simple. It is composed of two parts, the seat and the column, and the table column are docked with mortise and tenon.
The tomb table is a large column set in front of the mausoleum in ancient times as a symbol and decoration, "a great repair of the tomb, the opening of Shinto, and the construction of pillars as a standard". It is often made of stone, and the pillars are often carved with dragon ornaments, and the top is a cloud plate or a squat beast. Stone statues are decorations placed next to Shinto, often in the form of civilian warriors and stone beasts symmetrically placed on both sides of the Shinto tomb, arranged in a sequence to symbolize the honor of the pilgrimage, there are palace women, military attaches, horses and sheep and tigers that are said to be able to ward off evil spirits, with the concept of seeing death as life. The setting of Shinto, stone statues and tomb watches creates a solemn atmosphere of the mausoleum, which is an indispensable part of the imperial mausoleum, representing the power, status and supreme respect of the tomb owner before his death.
Repaired and re-erected qian gong tomb table, stone statue sheng
Judging from the location, carving process and morphological characteristics of the stone statues found on both sides of the Shinto of the Tomb of Qian, the five stone relics were set up in strict accordance with the burial ceremony of the king's tomb at that time. Except for the newly discovered stone statues that were moved to the original site after being damaged, the remaining four pieces are still on the original site, and although the tomb surface is marked by human intrusion and the cylinder overturning, it has not been moved.
The historical records detail the concerns and continuous response mechanisms of the Later Tang Dynasty to Qian Baoshou's bed, first the emperor abolished the dynasty, the imperial sacrifice, and the edict, and then ordered Dr. Taichang, who was in charge of the temple sacrifice in the imperial court, to discuss the ceremony, and the servant of the Ministry of Works, who was in charge of the civil engineering work program of the city, wrote the inscription of Qian's merit, and ordered the general who specialized in the operation of the imperial palace, the temple, and the cemetery to be the overseer of the master, and the Guanglu Temple, who was guarding the imperial diet, announced the ceremony system of the imperial funeral, and allowed the dragon to return to his hometown and give the Temple. The procedure was orderly, complicated but not chaotic, and qian was awarded by the emperor himself or only by the emperor's own military and horse marshal, and the emperor was honored by the father. It shows that the death and funeral of the Wuyue king Qian Wei was quite important to the Central Plains Imperial Dynasty, and the affairs after his death were all handled by the Later Tang court, rather than the small imperial court of the Wuyue State. The edict uses the imperial tomb ceremony system to select sites and customize, and the tomb repair takes nearly two years, according to the mountain as a mausoleum, the opening of Shinto, the placement of Shinto monuments, the standing stone statue tomb table, and the construction of the temple sacrifice. This shows that Qian Wei was supremely noble and powerful before his death and the honor and favor of the Central Plains Royal Family.
King Qian
Wu Yueguo from the first year of Later Liang Kaiping (907) Qian Wei founded the state to the Northern Song Dynasty Taiping Xingguo three years (978) guozuo 72 years, because of the Qian III five kings to the Central Plains Imperial Dynasty and finally the two rich lands of the land of the Song dynasty to return to the Song dynasty and the song dynasty emperors praised, Qian's tomb was also protected by the official governments of the previous dynasties, "Zhejiang Tongzhi", "Hangzhou Fuzhi", "Lin'an County Chronicle" and other local historical records have Song Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China period of the government, prefecture, county offices of the temple, zhengshen monument, Zengsong cypress, demarcation stone, The record of punishing and occupying and protecting people and strictly prohibiting abuse has made the original style and pattern protection of the cemetery continue for thousands of years, and it has become the best-preserved imperial mausoleum in Jiangsu and Zhejiang and even the entire Jiangnan region.
From the literature and the investigation of insiders, it can be concluded that the destruction, overturning and overall change of the original pattern of stone statues, tomb tables, and stone beasts on both sides of Shinto are less than 50 years old, roughly in the 1950s and 1960s.
The successive discoveries of Shinto stone statues and tomb tables in qian's tomb convey the information of the funeral system of the Wuyue king's tomb for more than a thousand years, and examining the site, scale, pattern and characteristics of the Qian's tomb has positive significance for the study of the imperial tomb system of the five dynasties of the Sui and Tang dynasties.
Site selection customization. In order to reflect the supreme dignity and power of the emperor before his death, the main feature of the Tang Dynasty imperial mausoleum system that distinguishes it from the previous dynasty system is the use of terrain, because of the mountain and the tomb, the tomb of the five generations of kings obviously inherits the Tang Dynasty tomb system. The site selection of the tomb of Wu Yueguo Qian gong strictly follows this ritual system and incorporates obvious Kanyu characteristics. The cemetery kanyushu believes that the choice of a cemetery has a lot to do with the prosperity and decline of future generations, the prosperity and stupidity, the wealth and the poor. Maoshan (Taimiao Mountain) is the only hill in the center of Lin'an County, which is protruding and rising, opposite Qianwu Ridge, the former residence of Qian Wei, and Shijing Mountain, where Qian Wei used to play. The mountain slopes steeply to the north and south, and there are residual veins on the east and west sides of the south slope, such as natural gates. In the north of the mountain, there is the Winding Creek winding to the east, and the South Jinxi Circulation, which is a very prominent feng shui shape, "Tianmu Qi, Dragon Flying Phoenix Dance, Lingshu Qi, Zhong Yu An Guo Shan" (Taimiao Mountain). Choosing this auspicious land and camping the tomb, burying Qian Gong here, highlighting the supremacy of the king's power, is not only a heavenly creation, but also a favor of the Central Plains Imperial Dynasty, and it is also the result of Qian's meritorious deeds.
Panoramic view of Qian's tomb
Scale patterns. Qian's tomb is built in accordance with the imperial ceremonial system, the Shinto is built, the stone statue is placed, the pine cypress is planted, and the temple is built, etc. Strictly follows the Tang system, the height, shape and square range of the tomb seal are in line with the imperial mausoleum regulations, the Shinto extends south along the mountain, the two sides of the Shinto are divided into stone statues and stone tomb tables, the central axis is set up with the xiangtang, the quemen, etc., the tomb is surrounded by pines and cypresses around the tomb and the outside of the Shinto, and the five trees are built according to the system, for the wusu king, with the king of Wenmu, the king of Zhongxian, the king of Zhongxun, the king of Zhongyi, and the temple of dongfu to worship the true image of qian, to the double sacrifice, and so on. It embodies the clear and strict hierarchy of mausoleums in the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Qian Yue, Emperor Mingzong immediately decreed that he should be buried with the royal ceremony and instructed Zhang Kai to supervise the construction of the gong, and his intention was nothing more than to express the grace of the imperial court, comfort Wu Yueguo, show the world, and envelop small countries everywhere to submit; second, to prevent Wu Yueguo from overstepping the funeral rite system of the imperial court when he buried Qian Wei, and to arbitrarily violate the etiquette. The complete system and pattern scale reflect the solemn, spectacular and broad momentum of the royal tomb. According to the tomb stele, the Tomb of Qian Wei had two acres and forty-five acres, two corners and fifty steps during the Song Dynasty, and its scope should include the entire Taimiao Mountain and the east and west mountains and the complete area that extends to Yijin Street, which is double the current protected land.
The discovery of the stone statues and tomb tables of Qian Mu Tomb can make the imprint of Qian Wei Tomb clearer, the positioning more conclusive, and the cultural elements of Qian Wang's tomb more abundant. There are four sites recorded in the Qian'an Tomb Document: one is said to be under the lobby of the Lin'an County Bureau, and it is rumored that Qianlongjian was discovered by Li Yuan of ZhiXian County, and then sealed; the second series of "Records of Chinese Emperors" says that he was buried in Xiaoshan; third, the "Qian Family Ride" records that there is a tomb and a shrine in Hui she Jinzhu; and the fourth is that it is said to be on the southern slope of present-day Taimiao Mountain. The discovery of tomb tables and stone statues has made our judgment of the tomb site more accurate and powerful, and the concept of the site selection camp tomb clearer and more integrated. As an open national key cultural relics protection unit, the discovery of Shinto stone statues and tomb tables will undoubtedly further enrich the remains of the tomb, and its thick cultural accumulation will also have a positive effect on expanding the influence of the Qianwang Tomb and the centripetal force of the Qian descendants to worship their ancestors.