In 16 years and 17 years, shandong university archaeologists in the west of Jiaojia village in Zhangqiu, Shandong Province, carried out two systematic excavations, including 215 tombs, 116 housing sites, 1 pottery kiln and 974 ash pits, according to the carbon 14 dating results of human bones, combined with the relationship between tombs and rammed earth layers, it should be about 5,000 years old, is a typical representative of the middle and late dawenkou culture.
Scholars have studied the relevant remains, and believe that the crops in the area at that time were mainly millet (called millet after shelling), followed by millet (milled into rice called yellow rice, sticky, can be brewed), the average life expectancy of the residents of the site was 27.26 years, the average height of men was about 1.72 meters, and the average height of women was about 1.62 meters. At the excavation site of the Jiaojia site, it was found that the length of the male owner of one tomb reached 1.9 meters, and there were many people who exceeded 1.8 meters. From this point of view, Shandong Han is not a vain name, there are genes handed down from the ancestors.
It also needs to be explained that at that time, the pottery technology was mainly based on mud strips, and the proportion of rotary wheel technology was relatively low, although there was a certain standardization, it was still dominated by family individual workshops, and there was no large-scale production.
This is not the point, this article tries to restore the climate environment at that time through the nearly 17,000 animal remains unearthed, as well as the meat supply at that time, which animals provided meat, how to eat, in addition to eating, as well as the consumption of sacrifices and tombs.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the situation reflected in the remains of aquatic animals</h1>
During the excavation, archaeologists picked out more than 1660 complete or damaged mussel shells and snail shells, including Chinese round field snails, pear-shaped ring snails, dome bead mussels, clams, dorsal tumor clams, etc., weighing more than 5690 grams, of which nearly 1950 grams of mussels and more than 3700 grams of snails. There are also a small number of shells, some perforated, some with abrasion marks, and some with burn marks.
More than 3,590 fish specimens were unearthed, weighing 3,190 grams, including carp, crucian carp, grass carp, bluefish, sea bass and snapper, of which more than 30 had burn marks. There are also 20 Yangtze crocodile bone plates and a pair of crab claws.
Such a large number of mussel shells and fish bones appear in the living area, at least illustrates the following problems:
1. Aquatic animals are an organic part of their meat diet
If calculated according to the ratio of shell meat 1:1, more than 5600 grams of mussel snail shell corresponds to 5.6 kg of meat, and the fish bone-to-meat ratio is calculated according to 1:5, which is close to 16 kg of fish meat. Despite the small weight, there is no doubt that the residents of the Jiaojia site eat these aquatic products. And whether it is shells or fish bones, there are a small amount of blackened or burned marks. As mentioned earlier, there is a pottery site, there are many ash pits, and there are also rough pottery methods, which have the conditions for cooking aquatic products; the appearance of burn marks also shows that in addition to cooking and eating, they also have the habit of grilling and eating.
2. Mussel shells or snail shells have been hollowed out, and some appear in tombs, indicating that they prefer these shells and carry them as jewelry or playthings.
3. It is worth noting that there are remnants of snapper, although there is only 1 specimen, which is the left tooth bone, weighing 3.6 grams. However, seabream belongs to seafood, with Liaoning Dadonggou, Hebei Qinhuangdao, Shandong Yantai, Longkou, Qingdao as the main production areas, from the map to calculate jiaojiazhuang from the sea straight distance of more than 140 kilometers, should be through trade or seaside people gifted treasures. From the 215 tombs excavated, 4 bodies were found to be foreigners, that is to say, there should have been a certain scale of movement of people at that time, although it is inferred that these 4 people came from the south, but it is not denied that the local people also communicate with the eastern seaside people.
4. Although crabs and the above-mentioned mussels, snails, and fish survive in a similar environment, just now all over Shandong, a large number of crabs can be caught in the river by autumn evening. However, only one case remains, indicating that people did not eat crabs at that time. Does it really live up to the legend of the "first crab eater"? By the way, a few words of Rosso, according to legend, when Da Yu ruled the water, the crab eight legs had a chelate wound, known as "clip people worms", a large number of "clip people worms" affected the water control project, a person named Ba Xie thought of an idea, in the dug ditch to add hot water, crabs are scalded red, and emitted a delicious fragrance, the BATU was the first to eat it, people in order to commemorate this person, they added a worm word under the word, forming the word "crab". Regardless of whether the legend is true or not, on the Jiaojia ruins, people are indeed not so fond of crabs.
5. No matter what kind of aquatic products, a large amount of water and grass are needed to provide, especially the sword-like spear mussels and wedge mussels grow in deep water or sediment at the bottom of about 2.5 meters; grass carp and bluefish can weigh up to 35-60 kg, mainly growing in large lakes and rivers. These species need to survive in a warm, watery environment, so there should be a large range of freshwater waters such as deep lakes and rivers near the site, which is also a warm and humid climate feature. In particular, the bluefish and the Yangtze crocodile are now mainly distributed in the Yangtze River Basin, and Zhangqiu is about 400 kilometers away from the Yangtze River, and with the original traffic conditions, crocodiles or their skeletons are unlikely to have trade exchanges.
The large number of these organisms also confirms the research results of Professor Xu Qinghai and others in the Shandong Plain, Yucheng, Xinxian Drilling Profile: 8000-5000 years ago, the average temperature of the Lubei Plain was 2-4 °C higher than now, the annual precipitation was 100-200 mm more than now, and there may be more lakes and swamps; in the period of 5000-2500 years ago, the overall climatic conditions became dry compared with before, but still warmer and wetter than now. Among them, Yucheng is almost 110 kilometers west of the Jiaojia site, and the climatic conditions can be said to be completely consistent. At that time, Zhangqiu and its surroundings should be a picture of Jiangnan with abundant water and grass and beautiful mountains and clear waters.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > two, pigs and dogs are already domestic animals</h1>
Usually the six animals we refer to are pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep, horses, and chickens. Only the bones of pigs, dogs and cows have been found in the Jiaojia site.
1. Pigs
There is conclusive evidence that domestic pigs appeared between 8,500 and 9,000 years ago at the Jia Lake site in Wuyang County, Henan Province, 600 kilometers away. According to the theory of animal archaeology expert Luo Yunbing, there are two important reference indicators to determine whether there are domestic pigs, one is that the average length of the jaw of the pig is less than 39 mm, and the other is that the proportion of juvenile pigs is higher than 55%, which indicates that domestic pigs have appeared in the pig herd.
The average length of 38.03 mm and the longest 44.91 mm in the Jiaojia site were measured and counted, and the average value was lower than the standard value of Luo Yunbing, so it was judged that most of the domestic pigs in the Jiaojia site were raised. As for the 44.91 mm lower jaw, which was significantly above the average, it is not excluded that there was also a wild boar at that time. Even now, in some parts of Shandong, there are merchants specializing in raising wild boars. In addition, through the analysis of 78 high-quality samples, there were 42 juvenile pigs, 36 adult pigs (more than 2 years as pig adults, juvenile pigs with high meat production rate, slaughter is relatively economical), and the juvenile is close to 54%, which is similar to roche's 55% standard. It can be seen that domestic pigs should also have a large scale.
In addition, in 7 sacrificial pits, a roughly complete set of juvenile pig skeletons was found; in the artifact pits, accompanied by a large number of pottery fragments, there were 146 pig trotter bones, some of which could be spliced, at least no less than 11 complete pig trotters. In the pottery in the tomb, a certain amount of pig skulls and pig trotter bones also appeared. People generally in the sacrifice, always think of themselves as good things to the ancestors or gods, which can prove that pork is a long-term food that people eat and think is good, but also prove that the relationship between pigs and people has been quite close, but also indirectly confirm the fact that pigs are domesticated.
By the way, the presence of pig bones in the sacrificial pit indicates that the ancestors and gods were still quite religious at that time, and although the meat was not very rich, it was not recycled after the offering. Unlike now, when people offer offerings: "The heart is known to God, and the offerings are eaten by people after they are made", after the offerings are arranged, they all become human food. Of course, in feudal society, there was also the habit of people sharing offerings. For example, the "Tale of the Awakening Marriage" also describes the story of Zhangqiu County in the Ming Dynasty, which includes the record of the county official sharing food offerings with the squires after presiding over the rain-seeking ceremony.
2. Dogs
According to research, dogs evolved from wolves through the domestication of people. Through the study of dog bones in the Neolithic and Shang Dynasties, it is found that the length of the dentition (mandibular margin) also has a tendency to gradually shorten. In the Nanzhuangtou site in Xushui County, Hebei Province, about 10,000 years ago, the dog tooth column is 79.4 mm long, the average length of Wuyang Jia Lake around 9,000 years is 72.68 mm, and the 8 samples in the Jiaojia site, the longest is 74.39, the shortest is 66.29, the average is 70.5 mm, shorter than both Nanzhuangtou and Jia Lake.
Similar to pigs, in the sacrificial pit, tomb, and even in the living area, the whole dog skeleton was also found, although the proportion of dog bones in the entire animal remains was much lower than that of pigs, but the number of whole dogs appeared was more than pigs, 9 bodies were found in the sacrificial pit, one body was found in the tomb, and 2 bodies were found in the place of residence.
Whether inferred from the dog's teeth or from the close relationship with people, the conclusion that dogs are domesticated by people should be unmistakable.
3. Cattle
Although there are data showing that 4,000 years ago, in the ruins of Shantai Temple in Zhecheng County, Henan Province, 9 whole cow skeletons were found. However, only 12 cattle bones have been excavated in Jiaojia, but they are all incomplete and there are no traces of processing on them, so it can be basically concluded that cattle do not exist as domestic animals in the Jiaojia site. Given that one of the 12 bones is significantly oversized in size, it is possible that it is a buffalo bone. This shows that cattle did not exist as domestic animals at that time, which may be the result of the spread of cattle from west to east, which was not yet developed to the east of Shandong.
As for the three domestic animals of sheep, horses and chickens, no remains have been found, which may also be related to the direction of transmission from west to east, and did not spread to the eastern region at that time. Of course, there is also a possibility, at that time only 2117 square meters were excavated twice, and the entire site is expected to be between 400,000 and 1 million square meters, perhaps in future excavations, there will be new discoveries, it is not known.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > three mammals, pigs, deer, dogs are the main source of meat for the local population</h1>
Of the 17,000 animal remains, 7,382 were identifiable specimens (others of poor quality, not representative) with a total weight of 62,746.5 grams. Among them, there are more than 6200 mammals, weighing 58317 grams; both in terms of quantity and weight, mammals account for a relatively high proportion, so as mentioned earlier, fish and shell mollusks are only an organic supplement to the source of meat.
Among mammals, there are 3736 identifiable specimens of pig bones weighing 38.072 kg, dog bones 1585 pieces weighing 12.281 kg, sika deer bones 121 pieces, 6.828 kg, and other 758 pieces with a weight of 1.136 kg. Compared with the number of pieces, the proportion of pig bones accounts for more than 60%, dog bones account for about 25%, deer bones account for only 2%, and others account for 12%.
Because the bones are divided into size and weight, the number of pieces alone is not enough to describe the total, so there is a concept of the smallest number of individuals in zooarchaeology, taking the pig bones, in the case of 3736 pieces, the largest number of bones in one part is 119 pieces, that is, these pig bones are at least from the bones of 119 pigs. In addition, the smallest number of dogs, deer and other individuals is 25, 27, and 24, respectively.
In general, the meat yield of short-legged animals is 70%, long-legged animals are 50%, pigs belong to short-legged animals, and dogs and deer belong to long-legged animals, if their average weight is calculated according to 70 kg, 20 kg, 120 kg, 119 pigs out of meat 70 * 70% * 119 = 5831 kg, it can also be calculated that 250 kg of dog meat, 1620 kg of deer, the total amount of meat is 7701 kg, pork accounts for 76%, dog meat accounts for 3%, venison accounts for 21%.
Another method of estimation is to calculate the amount of meat by the weight of the bone. If the mammalian skeleton is compared with the whole, the total weight of the animal is calculated according to the standard of 7.5%, and then calculated according to the meat production rate of 70% of the short legs and 50% of the long legs, the pork is 38.072 kg / 0.75 * 0.7 = 355.3 kg, the dog meat is 81.8 kg, the venison is 45.5 kg, the total meat is 482.6 kg, and the amount of pigs, dogs and venison is 73.6%, 9.4% and 16.9%, respectively.
From the above calculations, it can be seen that if only from the number of identifiable specimens, pigs, dogs, and deer are ranked as one, two, and three, but if you add weight to compare, pork is still the first, but the amount of meat of dogs is less than the weight of deer. Therefore, the largest supply of meat in pigs is no problem. It is reasonable to say that dogs are breeding animals and should be more reliable than wild deer, which can only mean that the purpose of feeding dogs at that time was not for the purpose of eating, but for hunting or nursing homes, and the function of companionship with people was greater. At the same time, in the case of abundant water and grass, wild resources such as sika deer and shredded deer are also relatively rich, and the fishing and hunting behavior of the residents of jiaojia site also provides a certain source for meat.
Through the above analysis, we can also see that the source of meat supply for the residents of the Jiaojia site is mainly domestic animal pigs. That is, the source is relatively stable, and people can be fed and slaughtered according to the amount of people they need, rather than relying on unstable wild resources. It is already a relatively advanced way of survival.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > four, through the skeleton to analyze several characteristics of people's animal feeding</h1>
1. If you further analyze the number of various types of bones, you will find that whether it is pig bones or deer bones, in addition to the most found in the upper and lower jaw bones, the number of humerus, radius, femur, tibia and shoulder blades is much more than that of wrist bones, tarsal bones, phalanges, etc. On the one hand, this is the jawbone, limb bone and other types of large, hard bone, is conducive to natural reasons such as legacy, on the other hand, it is mainly because the bones that remain are often parts with more meat, and the parts with less meat may be abandoned by people.
In terms of the probability of the discovery of the whole body bone of an animal, although there are differences in the number of bones in pig bones, whether it is jaw bone or limb bone, compared with the total amount, it is below 50%; and the above bone detection rate of deer bones is much higher than that of bones in other parts. This may be related to the slaughter site, the deer are wild animals, but also relatively large, between 70-100 kg, the whole deer back to the place of residence, obviously not small. Then the hunter must first treat and divide the deer in the hunting ground, abandon the part with less meat, and then carry the part with more meat back and then fine process. In addition, the degree of destruction of pig bones is also quite large, because people are more adequate when eating, such as knocking bone suction, etc., trying to dig out the edible parts.
2. Like the bone shell of aquatic animals, there are also a small number of burn marks or black burns on the bones of animals, which should be related to people's food processing in addition to fire incineration. On the one hand, there is the practice of grilling animal bone meat, setting up a fire to cook the meat to eat, on the other hand, it is not all burned, because although there was no iron pot copper pot at that time, there was pottery, if the pottery was added to the appropriate amount of water, cooking meat, is also an inevitable choice.
3. There is also a certain amount of carnivores and rodent bite marks on the bones, which may be due to the dog's credit. After people have eaten the meat, the dog bites it, leaving the canine tooth mark, or thrown in the wild, and the mouse and hare share it for the last round.
4. On deer bones, pig bones and mussel shells, there are also obvious abrasions and drill holes. In particular, deer bones, on the bones near the antlers and on the limb bones, the number is the most, this is because the antlers are hard in texture and the limb bones are slender, which is a good raw material for making bone tools. Mussel shells are also often used to make tools or as decorations. Of the 215 tombs excavated, 25 have found bone tools, including bone combs, hair bunches, bone cones, bone carving cylinders, etc. In the 4 large tombs, well-made and beautifully shaped bone carving cylinders have been found, the bone walls are thin, and there are various patterns of carvings on all sides. In another 34 tombs, mussel shell utensils or ornaments were found, either worn by the owner of the tomb or placed next to the owner.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >5, Jiaojia ruins life scene restoration</h1>
In the humid and warm climate, the mountains are green and the sky is blue, there lives a strong ethnic group, on the one hand, they grow millet, harvested as home food, on the other hand, they also raise pigs and dogs.
In their spare time, there may be special men, bring dogs, wooden guns, sticks, stones, and chase wild deer, hares, and birds in groups of three or five to the surrounding dense woods and grass (there are also rabbit bones and bird bones, but the amount is small, not mentioned above); or come to the edge of the river and lake to catch all kinds of fish and mussels. In many cases, wild game is not so abundant, you can pull a pig out of the pigsty, you can still eat it very heartily.
At night, people set up bonfires, hoisted pottery utensils, boiled rice porridge and cooked meat at the same time, or forked pieces of meat with branches and roasted and eaten. The dogs, who had been running with their owners for a day, also walked under the feet of the people, holding the bones that people threw down and licking them. The beginning of the article mentioned that the average height of men is 1.72 meters, and according to relevant data, the average height of modern Chinese men is only 1.7 meters, about 1.65 meters in the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, and there may be many factors affecting people's height, there are genetic reasons, there are reasons for survival pressure, and there are nutritional reasons. Relevant scholars have also done research on the human remains of the Jiaojia family, and people at that time, in addition to genetic factors, most of them could obtain the necessary nutrients of the human body.
When people of higher rank die, people do not forget to place a certain amount of meat or a whole pig or dog in their tombs for them to continue to enjoy in another world. Within a certain period of time, in the process of sacrifice, a whole set of animals or pig heads and pig trotters will be placed to commemorate them.
Of course, because a large number of organic matter has disappeared in the long-term changes, the author has limited information, so it can only be a rough inference and description, there are errors, but also ask the experts to correct.
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