According to reports, archaeology at the tranquil site of Tangpo, one of the forty scenic spots in the Yuanmingyuan, has made important discoveries. Archaeologists found the main building "Tianzifang" and the ruins of the royal rice field at the site, which aroused the curiosity of the public. Doesn't it mean that the Yuanmingyuan was the "summer palace" for the pleasures of the Qing emperors? How can there still be rice paddies?
Opening up the dusty history, the landscape inside and outside the original Yuanmingyuan and the life of the empress in it are not exactly the same as we imagine.
Tranquility
Yin Chan cultivation chart
Shaonong Chonggu is the family law inheritance of the Qing Emperor
Since ancient times, China has been founded on agriculture, the country is based on the people, and the people take food as the sky. In order to achieve the purpose of long-term peace and stability, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to agriculture and food issues. Before entering the customs, Huang Taiji had already realized that "the five grains are the destiny of all the people" and that "the way of good health is all in the diligent management of farmers and mulberries". After entering the customs, the Qing Emperor deeply felt in the vast ocean of farming culture: the abundance of grain is closely related to the rule of the Qing Dynasty. After the Kangxi Emperor came to power, he not only attached great importance to drought and floods, agricultural production, etc., but also often went to the bottom of Yuquan Mountain to ask farmers to "guanhe". Shi Zai, the Kangxi Emperor cultivated rice in Xiyuan (present-day Zhongnanhai) and Changchun Garden, and personally cultivated rice seeds that were ripe twice a year, naming "Royal Rice" and promoting the world. In July of the 38th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor composed the poem "Changchun Garden GuanDao, when july 11 is also": "In July, purple mango five incense, near the garden left behind Zhu Zhenxiang." YanFang Saibei is called Rui, Jia Huang Tiangong Happy Age. ”
During Yongzheng's reign, he also vigorously advocated the emphasis on agricultural work, and he initiated the promotion of thrifty old farmers in all states and counties, and gave each of them eight pins to wear an honorary body to encourage them. In the Yuanmingyuan, the Yongzheng Emperor opened up rice fields and vegetable gardens, and built many buildings closely related to farming culture, such as "Duojiaxuan", "Daoxiangting", "Cultivating weaving", "Xuepu" and "Guanjiaxuan", etc., in order to flaunt the world. He wrote in the "Records of the Yuanmingyuan": "In the garden, or the field is opened, or the vegetable garden, the plain is thick, the Jiaying is long, and if you even look at it, you will think of the summer in the area, and there will be autumn in the puzhu." If you look at the crops by the fence, when you are strangers to the clouds, and when you look forward to the knowledge of the rain, you must wait for the good seedlings. Then the farmer is diligent, the matter is difficult, and the scene is suddenly in the garden. ”
After Qianlong ascended the throne, he inherited and carried forward the idea of "reclaiming the land and farming for the foundation of government" by his grandfather, and not only increased the agriculture-related landscape when expanding the Yuanmingyuan, such as Fenglexuan in the Zibi Mountain House Scenic Area, The Gengyun Hall in the Ruofan Pavilion, the Water Village Map, the Lesson Nongxuan, the DaoliangLou in the Beiyuan Mountain Village, such as the Guanfeng Pavilion in the Garden, and so on, but also opened up a large amount of farmland inside and outside the Yuanmingyuan as a place to ask farmers and watch crops.
In the fifteenth year of Qianlong, in the name of celebrating the sixtieth birthday of his biological mother, the Qianlong Emperor built the Dabao'en Yanshou Temple on Ongshan (the predecessor of present-day Wanshou Mountain), and at the same time, he dug deep and expanded the Urn Mountain into Kunming Lake, "the outline of the new lake is twice as deep as the old", and added an east embankment to block the waters of Yuquan Mountain to form a large adjustable reservoir. The water of the lake flows into the Beijing Division through the Yangtze River, which not only increases the water supply and the capital, but also facilitates the irrigation of the rice fields around the Royal Garden. At the same time, the Qianlong Emperor also ordered people to transform the Wanquan River system, diverting many springs from the lowlands of Bagou to the north, and opening up the wetlands in this area into large rice fields.
In the 32nd year of Qianlong, after the Xichun Garden (located in present-day Tsinghua University) was annexed to the Imperial Garden, the Qianlong Emperor surrounded the northern part of the garden with more than 100 acres of experimental fields for him to observe the wheat conditions, and built the Guan Domain Building (now Tsinghua Garden from the Qing Pavilion). He visited this place many times, and guanhe chanted, one of which was a poem called "Xichun Garden Guan Mai": "In the middle of the gap, planting wheat has been planted all over the years." By practicing agricultural exercises, the funds are stopped. The row pulp seems to be quite strong, and the joints are almost healthy. After that, the blessing is good, and the cake bait can be eaten. ”
The Qianlong Emperor once boasted that his viewing of grass was better than flower viewing, and he often compared with the nearby "farmers and fathers" to rain and sometimes went to the field to cultivate it himself. He wrote in the poem "Cultivating the Imperial Garden": "It is no better to sow the seeds of the fields and to be close to the subordinates than to the pro-cultivation and the rank of the sect." Cuckoo has sound spring twilight, look at the flowers without interest grass full mushrooms. Labor is said to be diligent and urgent, and it is sad to look forward to the rain. Toyosawa Tada will be the Imperial Garden, and the end of the year is a heavy three farmers. ”
In the third year of Jiaqing, the Qianlong Emperor, who was already in his old age, still remembered the rain and farming. Just after the First Yuan Festival of that year, he went to the Dragon Shrine of Yuquan Mountain to pray for snow; with insufficient spring rain, on the fifth day of the first month of March, he returned to the Dragon Shrine of Yuquan Mountain to pray for rain; on March 11, he prayed for rain at the Black Dragon Pond; on March 13, he went to the Guangrun Ancestral Hall in Qingyi Garden (the predecessor of the present-day Summer Palace) to pray for rain, and gave a poem: "The five grains originally relied on heavenly blessings, and their hearts were only to read the people's labor." Although zeng xia was not a xia foot, he was worried about the worries. "In a society where imperial power is supreme, for an 88-year-old emperor, it is admirable to be able to do this step.
To this end, the Jiaqing Emperor summed it up in the commentary on the poem "Duo Jia Xuan": "My emperor's ancestors read the people and placed this Xuan according to it, and my emperor was able to obtain only diligence and often save time." To Xi Wen Yixun, shigu is thinking, can not be the source of grain food, The house of the heavy valley of the qi shaonong Fahu! ”
Tianzi room with yellow coat
There are many halls and attics reflecting the idea of nongben in the Yuanmingyuan, the most eye-catching of which is the "Tianzifang". The Tianzifang in the Yuanmingyuan is perhaps one of the most peculiar architectural forms in ancient and modern China and abroad. It is located next to the central axis of the Omiya Gate, the Zhengda Guangming Hall, and the Kyushu Kiyoyan to Tsubaki Tranquil Scenic Spot, and was completed in the fifth year of Yongzheng. The main hall is surrounded by four sides of the corridor, each side has a gate, the middle well is cross-shaped, and there are 33 rooms. When the Qianlong Emperor was a prince, he once wrote "Tian Zi Fang Record": "It is the land, the western mountains are far away, the blue swamp flows forward, and whenever it is midsummer, the window is opened on all sides, and the summer is no longer known." To the north is a few acres of rice paddies, jiahe is fragrant, smelling in the room... When the Confucian courtiers sat down and discussed, or led the children of the princes and princes to cultivate family gifts, and talked about the joy of Yan good. Those who are touched and know the heart, my Emperor Father's sorrow and happiness, rest in Si, deeper than the Lingtai Scroll Ah Yi! It can be seen that the Yongzheng Emperor was very fond of living in this garden and asking farmers to watch the crops.
According to historical records, due to the flat terrain and abundant springs around Yuquan Mountain and Urn Mountain, there have been many rice farmers cultivating here since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. During the Kangxi Dynasty, he "dispatched outstanding farmers from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to Beijing to apply for posts" and planted rice here. These rice farmers who came by order "wore yellow cloth coats, and their assistants to the peasants in the north were not allowed to wear them." At the same time, "it is ordered to set up a rice field factory, an imperial rice warehouse, and (in) the north of Qinglongqiao South Road to manage all rice field affairs." Subsequently, the Qianlong Emperor obtained excellent rice seeds from the south, purple and gold hoops, and again requisitioned 13 rice farmers to plant rice in the area of Liulangzhuang in Haidian.
Therefore, at that time, there were rice fields around Yuquan Mountain, Qingyi Garden, Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden, and on both sides of the Yangtze River, with a radius of tens of miles, and the scenery of the Royal Garden was integrated with the pastoral scenery. Among them, the southern farmers wearing "yellow overalls" and the busy figure in the green rice fields are a beautiful scenery. Opening the imperial poems of the Qianlong Emperor, you can read a number of poems related to agriculture. "Kunming Lake On the Work": "The newly opened paddy fields are thousands of acres of green, and I like to see the three farmers of Huizeli." "Qinglong Bridge Xiaoxing": "Ten miles of rice are precocious in autumn, and the small Jiangnan in the clear paintings." One of the "Four Songs on the Dyke": "In the eastern rice paddies of Ming Lake in the west, the new seedling rate has been thriving." "Wanquan Suburban Trip is a Matter": "It is suspected that the mountain village is a water town, and the grass seedlings are low and the rice seedlings are yellow." The cicadas of the green poplar are boiling, and the porridge is fragrant in the cool wind. "Gengyun Hall" (Gengyun Hall is located in the northern Ruofan Pavilion Scenic Area of the Yuanmingyuan): "The mountain hall is near the north wall, and the view is beyond the wall. Outside the wall, paddy fields across the area. ”
Mita Song was born on the ridge bank
In the idyllic scenery inside and outside the Three Mountains and Five Gardens, there is also a picture worth writing, that is, the great rice song born on the banks of the Tiantou Ridge. It is reported that this folk art form began in Kangxi and Yongzheng, flourished in Qianlong, and sang songs for rice paddies, and songs for interpolation, there were single songs, duets, and group songs. Jin Xun's "Chronicle of Chengfu Village" wrote: "When these farmers in the southern province were eating and resting, in the middle of the big willow forest, they laid out a table, and after everyone had a meal, they used bamboo chopsticks to beat the bottom of the copper incense (inlaid) plate and used it as a copper gong. The farmer also raised his spirits and beat the bottom of the bucket with a rice spoon of wood, beating it as a flower drum, and slowly he could play a set of scores. The masses sing, the group song (tends) and it. ”
At first, "its words are vulgar, and the tone is done in tone", but it was later modified by people who were rough and inky, and more than twenty tunes were compiled. Later, it developed into two main types of ground songs and stilt songs, as well as make-up songs with the images of field animals, insects, monks, and arhats. By the Guangxu period, this famous song in the northwest of the capital had become a reserved program for Empress Dowager Cixi to watch the imperial meeting.
Since ancient times, the contradiction between a large population and limited cultivated land has always been the basic national condition of our country. In the 18th century, when Kangqian was in his heyday, the population of the Qing Dynasty rapidly increased from more than 100 million to nearly 300 million in the last years of Qianlong. In order to feed such a large number of people and to achieve long-term peace and stability, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty took heavy agriculture as the family law, which was passed down through the generations, "only the soil is loved, the crops are difficult", and even "pro-royal", and at the same time took a series of measures such as encouraging reclamation, lightly allocating thin endowments, managing river work, and promoting high-yield crops. By the end of the Qianlong Period, the country's arable land had increased by about 150 million mu compared with a hundred years ago. The Qianlong Dynasty, adhering to the Kangxi policy, has been exempted from the world's Qiangu five times, and three times free of grain, with a total of 200 million taels of silver, creating the best state of national strength of the Qing Dynasty.
Taking the ancient as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall. As a populous country, agricultural affairs have always been the top priority of our country, and in today's world of great changes, protecting cultivated land, saving grain, and putting rice bowls in our own hands is the "family law inheritance" that each of us should keep in mind. (Author Affilications:Institute of Qing History, Chinese Min University)
(Original title: Qing Emperor Heavy Farming Guan He Sheng Flower Appreciation)
Source: Beijing Daily Author: He Yu
Process Edit: l021