Name: Sima Tan (dān);
Date of birth and death: 343-361. At the age of 18, the emperor of the Sima family lived shorter than the other;
Reigned: 17 years;
Origin: Great-grandson of Sima Yan, eldest son of the previous emperor Sima Yue;
How to ascend to the throne: inherit the throne as a prince;
How to die: Death from illness
Meaning of the emperor number: Emperor Mu of Jin, Mu is a very old number, the "Law of The Truth": Bude Zhiyi Yuemu; such an emperor uses this word, obviously a bit chaotic.
Meaning of the era name: Yonghe, Shengping, these are all words for peace, which shows that the mainstream consciousness of those in power at that time was not the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, but peaceful self-preservation.
Main auxiliary ministers: Huan Wen, Yin Hao, He Chong, Yu Bing, Cai Mo, Sima Yu;
Life:
Sima Tan's life was obscure, with no special achievements or performances. Basically, it is a few celebrities and celebrities who are performing their abilities. The most eye-catching thing is, of course, the Northern Expedition, which is the desire of ordinary people, and this kind of behavior has never stopped in the eastern Jin Dynasty. Later, when the Xie family was in charge of the government, the most important thing was still the Northern Expedition, and even Xie An became famous with the "Battle of Shuishui", which left his name in qing history and led to the collapse of the Former Qin Empire. However, because the strength of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was insufficient, and the local people in Jiangdong were not enthusiastic about the great cause of the Northern Expedition to recover the Central Plains, they could not use the strength of the whole country to complete the reunification. This is also the result of the door valve political system.
The imperial court was a relatively stable and un radicalized institutional structure composed of checks and balances between major families and forces. The Northern Expedition can only be used for talk, and is used to give those so-called celebrities and Talkers the theme of talking materials and poetry.
So this is an off-topic article, writing a brief history of Sima Tan into a brief history of Huan Wen, if you write Huan Wen in the future, you don't know how to write that aspect. An emperor who ascended the throne at the age of one and died just after reaching adulthood really did not know what he could write and what impact he could have on history, so he could only write about the ministers and ministers of the dynasty.
Sima Nie died prematurely, and he succeeded to the throne without children, passing the throne to his cousin Sima Pi. After four years of Sima Pi's reign, because of his pursuit of immortality, he may have been poisoned by the stimulant "Five Stones" that had just been invented at that time, and died at the age of twenty-five.
The throne then passed to his younger brother Sima Yi, who ascended the throne at the age of 23, and six years later, in 371, was deposed by Huan Wen, who had grown into a powerful vassal, becoming the first deposed emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Huan Wen proclaimed Sima Yu as emperor, and Sima Yu was Sima Yu's uncle, who was older and ascended the throne at the age of 52, and died that year, reigning for less than a year.
Sima Yu's sixth son, Sima Yao, who was emperor of the Jin Dynasty, ascended the throne at the age of 10 and reigned for 24 years at the age of 34. In the next article, we will look at the story of this emperor who has a slightly longer life and has reigned for such a long time, and there is a "wu" emperor.
Major policies and influences on the dynasty:
I. HuanWen regains Shu land:
Eastern Jin Dynasty celebrities, grand marshals of both culture and martial arts, Donkey Ma Ye, General Anxi, Assassin shi of Jingzhou, held the military of Jingsi Yongyi Liangning, and led the Southern Manchu Lieutenant- Huan Wen, sitting in the important town of Jingzhou, and trained tens of thousands of elite soldiers.
After Huan Wen saw the corruption and incompetence of the Chenghan regime in Shudi, the absurdity of Emperor Li Shi, and the lack of thought of making progress, Huan Wen had the idea of making a name for himself, making meritorious achievements, and everdating the lintel of the Heng family.
Therefore, in 346, he went to the imperial court and requested to recover the Shu land and recover the homeland for the Eastern Jin court. But at that time, the imperial court never had such crazy ideas, and everyone always thought that it was very good to be able to gain a foothold in Jiangdong, be safe and secure, and not be targeted by those minority regimes in the north and attack again. There is also the luxury of wanting to invade other people's territory. It can be seen that Huan Wen's insight, courage, ability, and strategic awareness are all first-class, and it is no wonder that he can become a historical celebrity and a cattle person.
In this situation, Huan Wen did not wait for the imperial court to reply, and then together with the general Zhou Fu and the auxiliary general Sima Wuji, he led 10,000 elite troops to the west. There were fewer people than when Zhuge Liang Liu Bei entered the river, and Huan Wen's strategy was to advance with light troops and make a quick decision. In February, Huan Wen personally led the troops to charge, three battles and three victories, and in March the army came to Chengdu. Finally, Chengdu was invaded, Chenghan was destroyed, and The emperor of the Chenghan regime, Li Shi, returned to surrender after escaping, and was sent to health for the imperial court to dispose of.
Huan Wen moved the world with this war name, and for the merits of destroying the country, he was awarded the title of Grand General of Zhengxi, Kaifu Yi Tongsan Division, and Duke of Linhe County. With the strong rise of Huan Wen, it also made the Wang family, Yu family and other big families begin to be jealous. The fear that Huan Wen would take their place in the future was not unreasonable, and it was estimated that people's ambitions were easily seen, and later Huan Wen was indeed Cao Cao, and Huan Wen's son usurped the throne of the Sima family. Sooner or later, it will be returned, and how the Sima family's throne comes from, how to give it out, this history really makes people sigh.
Huan Wen was not from the top family at that time, but just an ordinary bureaucratic family. His father was one of those who followed Sima Rui to Jiangdong to establish power. After arriving in Jiangdong, he deliberately managed and made friends with celebrities, and slowly became famous. To become the so-called "Jiangzuo Bada" at that time was like the Seven Gentlemen of the Bamboo Forest, drinking and playing drunk all day, naked, talking loudly, and shouting every day to recover the angry Youth of the Central Plains. When Sima Rui fought against Wang Dun's rebellion, he had the opportunity to advise Sima Rui and entered the circle of power from then on, and only then did the Huan family rise.
Huan Wen was born in this kind of scholarly family, from a young age, he was very intelligent, had a certain talent, was famous in Jiangdong from an early age, and was able to write and martial arts when he grew up. But there are also times of debauchery, there was a time when gambling addiction and debt was everywhere. His father was killed during the Su Jun Rebellion, and at the age of 15, he personally stabbed his enemies to avenge his success, which was impressive.
It is said that once my mother was seriously ill and had no money to buy medicine, so she had to mortgage her brother in a medicine shop to buy medicine. It was also from this time that Huan Wen really grew. Later, he married Princess Nankangchang and became the uncle of the current emperor Sima Tan, becoming a royal person. Therefore, he had the opportunity to stand out from the monopoly of the Wang family, the Yu family, and the Sima family, defeat many children of the big family, obtain the position of the strategic center of Zhenshou Jingzhou, and master the most important military force of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Huan Wen worked hard in Jingzhou, not only recovering shu Han, but also three times northern expeditions to the Central Plains, once recovering Luoyang, and also asking the imperial court to move the capital back, but no one listened to him. Huan Wen later became a powerful courtier, laying the foundation for his son's usurpation of the throne, and the power in the barrel of the gun was never false.
Second, the Eastern Jin Dynasty made many northern expeditions and once recaptured Luoyang:
1. In 349, Chu Qi (chǔ póu) led the Northern Expedition:
Chu Qi was Sima Nie's grandfather, and the Chu family was also a famous family in the original Central Plains, whose father was wuchang taishou and a prince of the pastoral side. After Sima Tan ascended the throne, Chu Pei, because he tried his best to avoid suspicion, did not want to enter the court as an official, but asked the town to guard the town and go to the local area. Therefore, he was given the title of Governor Xu Yanqing Yangzhou of the Jin Ling Wu State Military, Wei General, Xu Yan Erzhou Assassin History, False Festival, Zhenjingkou, and was also a prince of the party.
In 349, in the north, Shi Le replaced Liu Yuan's "Han Zhao" regime and established a regime called "Later Zhao", at this time the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south did not change the dynasty, and the north was already the second dynasty.
A year later, Zhao's third emperor, Shi Hu, died, and a fierce struggle for power was fought within. Therefore, the Eastern Jin Dynasty decided to take the opportunity of the Northern Expedition to recover the Central Plains. After so many years of shrinking in Jiangdong, he finally had the courage to make the first Northern Expedition. It is estimated that it is also related to seeing Huan Wen easily recover Shuzhong 3 years ago. Therefore, the imperial court granted Chu Qiao the task of supervising the various military affairs of the five prefectures of Xu, Yan, Qing, Yang, and Yu. Led an army of 30,000 and went directly to Pengcheng. I don't know whether Chu Qiao was not good at military or bad luck, and before he could capture any city, he was defeated by Later Zhao's 20,000 cavalry, and the army suffered heavy casualties. It also led to countless deaths and injuries among the hundreds of thousands of displaced people who were preparing to follow Chu Qiao to Jiangdong, and in the end, no emigration was successful.
The First Northern Expedition of the Eastern Jin Dynasty failed miserably.
2. In 352, Yin Hao's first Northern Expedition:
Yin Hao was the second generation official, and his father was Yuzhang Taishou (豫章太守). Since childhood, he has been smart and eloquent, and he is a famous scholar for Jiangdong. Known as the Qing tanner of the time, he was very eloquent. It is estimated that just like the current stand-up comedians or debaters, they can argue with people everywhere without falling behind. Because he especially likes Lao Tzu and is eloquent, the world thinks that he is a great talent, and is known as the only talent who can compete with Huan Wen. As a result, it has received special attention and special training from Sima Yu and other high-ranking officials. However, Yin Hao liked Lao Tzu's doctrine of inaction and was unwilling to be an official, and the imperial court thought that he was a great talent, and he was summoned by many edicts, but he was unwilling to obey the edict, and finally Sima Yu persuaded him to come out for several months.
Just such a qing tanner, who has no experience in politics, is known as a great talent because he makes remarks everywhere, behaves differently, and is high-minded, and once he goes out of the mountain, he is the history of Yangzhou, and he is in charge of the political side. At this time, the concept of talent and the method of selecting materials are really backward enough, and in the era of no examination system, talent selection is really not very good. Huan Wen was well aware of the ability of such a person, so he knew that the imperial court supported him to deal with himself, but Huan Wen did not pay attention to it.
In 350, "Later Zhao" was destroyed by Jian Jian and established Former Qin, the main rival of the later Eastern Jin Dynasty. Jian Jian's throne was later taken by his nephew Jian Jian, the same one who fought the "Battle of Shuishui" with Xie An.
Huan Wen saw that the change of dynasty in the north was a good time to recover the north and Luoyang, so he repeatedly asked for the Northern Expedition, and the imperial court was afraid that Huan Wen would make military merits again, and his power would swell and become even more uncontrollable, so he did not agree, and later Huan Wen even led troops into Wuchang to threaten the imperial court. It is estimated that it is also half public and half selfish. Gongxin is the Northern Expedition to recover the Central Plains, the greatest wish of all the talented people in Jiangdong at that time, remember Lu You's poems? "Wang Shi Bei Ding Zhongyuan Day, the family sacrifice does not forget to tell Nai Weng", although this is a poem written only in later generations, but at this time to describe the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it is also most appropriate. Yin Hao and their most talked about were when the imperial court would recover the Central Plains, why they did not act, and so on.
Under such circumstances, the so-called opponent of Huan Wen, Yin Hao, could only ask for the Northern Expedition. However, as a talker rather than a doer, it is easy to lead soldiers to fight wars, which is simply a play in the major affairs of the military state. There is no way, the situation is forced, and if it does not work, it must be on the road. Yin Hao could only appoint Chen Kui (陈逵) the Taishou of Huainan and Shi Cai (蔡) of Yanzhou as forwards, and the Anxi general Xie Shang (襓尚) and Beizhonglang (北中郎) to be the overseers of the Northern Expedition, specifically responsible for the military operations of the Northern Expedition. When the army marched to Xuchang, this Xie was not strong enough to appease Zhang Yu, the general of Later Zhao who had already surrendered, causing Zhang Yu to rebel and go back. It also occupied Xuchang and Cangyuan, threatening the safety of the entire army. Xie Shang's attempt to attack Zhang Yu was defeated, so he could only retreat and return to no avail. Yin Hao's first Northern Expedition failed, but fortunately did not cause major losses.
3. In the winter of 353, Yin Hao's Second Northern Expedition:
Since the first time it was due to a problem of luck that led to failure, it doesn't matter, just do it again. Therefore, in the winter of the following year, that is, in 353, Yin Hao once again led the 70,000-strong army in the Northern Expedition. This time, it was Xie Shang, Zhang Yu, and Yao Xiang (Zhang Yu and Yao Xiang all rebelled from Later Zhao, and the last time Zhang Yu rebelled, this time it was still in the Eastern Jin Camp) to carry out specific military operations, or use the last route to Xuchang first. However, after arriving in Xuchang, Zhang Yu rebelled again for some reason, and it is estimated that Yin Hao gave full play to the true colors of the Qing tanner, full of idealism, chaotic command everywhere, and harsh people. Still Xie Shang was loyal, seeing that Zhang Yu had rebelled and sent troops to attack again, or returned with a big defeat, Yin Hao had to retreat again. Then Yao Xiang rebelled again, which was really hell, except for Xie Shang, who rebelled against Yin Hao. At this time, Yin Hao was afraid of being killed, so he left his body and fled, and under Yao Xiang's attack, most of the soldiers suffered casualties. The Second Northern Expedition was a complete failure, the battle had not yet been fought, the enemy had not yet seen it, and he had lost most of his army, and this Yin Hao was really not suitable for leading the army to fight.
Therefore, Huan Wen reprimanded Yin Hao on the table, saying that he was incompetent, irresponsible, timid and afraid of things, that even the generals who had surrendered would not be appeased, and that he flee before the battle, and demanded that Yin Hao be killed to show the law of the imperial court, and that even if he did not kill, he should be exiled. Later, under pressure, the imperial court could only depose Yin Hao as a shuren and exile him. Once the talker does something big, that's often the end.
4. In February 354, Huanwen's first Northern Expedition:
Since Huan Wen's opponents have fallen, it is naturally Huan Wen's turn to show his strength. In 354, Huan Wen personally led 40,000 horses from Jiangling to Wuguan via Xiangyang, experienced many bloody battles, successfully attacked Guanzhong, and approached Chang'an City. Because the rear was too far away and there was a serious shortage of grain, Huan Wen originally planned to harvest wheat on the spot as a supplement while the wheat was ripe. However, it was recognized by Jian Jian, who ordered the strategy of clearing the field by burning or harvesting wheat in advance, resulting in Huan Wen being unable to obtain food replenishment and having to retreat back to Jiangling. Because the Han people surrendered, when they retreated, they took thousands of families of people who moved south, and could not retreat quickly. As a result, he was attacked by the cavalry of the Jianjian faction on the way back, and suffered many casualties. Huan Wen's first Northern Expedition also failed.
5. In July 356, Huanwen's Second Northern Expedition:
In this year, Huan Wen repeatedly asked the imperial court to move the capital to Luoyang, but no one in the imperial court replied to him. Later, the imperial court paid homage to Huan Wen as the governor of Dadu, the governor of the capital, and the military of Ji Erzhou, and was fully responsible for the Northern Expedition. In July, Huan Wen again led troops on the Northern Expedition, sending troops from Jiangling to Xuchang and Luoyang. In August, they reached southern Luoyang and encountered Yao Xiang who was besieging Luoyang. When Yao Xiang knew that Huan Wen was coming, he withdrew from the siege and turned to confront Huan Wen. Huan Wen personally put on armor to supervise the battle, destroyed Yao Xiang, and Huan Wen then invaded Luoyang, completing the historical mission of recovering the old capital.
But at this time, Luoyang was actually a symbolic place, and the prosperous Luoyang had declined in so many years of war, and it was impossible to provide support for Huan Wen's army, let alone establish a base here and develop its forces. Because in addition to no one running out of food, but also facing the attacks of various ethnic minority forces, the most powerful is the Former Qin Empire established by the Qiang clan of Jianjian, so Huan Wen returned to the dynasty after repairing and worshipping the tomb of the former emperor, although he did not get any practical benefits, but still brought Huan Wen super popularity and prestige.
6. In April 369, Huan Wen's Third Northern Expedition: This year, 13 years after the last Northern Expedition, although the internal stability of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was relatively stable, the forces of all sides did not change much. But the emperor Sima Nie had been dead for several years, and the emperor had changed two, and the emperor at this time was Sima Yi, Sima Nie's cousin.
This time, Huan Wen still personally led the infantry to ride 50,000 horses, and together with Jiangzhou Thorn Shi Huan Chong and Yuzhou Thorn Shi Yuan Zhen, he went north to Former Yan. This time, a different object was changed, not to cut down Former Qin Luoyang, but to cut down Former Yan's capital Yecheng, that is, the imperial court of the Murong family. This time, Huan Wen was defeated by Murong Chui in a place called Fangtou, and after losing 30,000 people, he was defeated and returned home. This Murong Chui was not simple, and after Former Yan was defeated by Jian Jian, he defected to Jian Jian to gain heavy use, and later established a Later Yan state after the Battle of Shuishui, which can also be regarded as a founding prince.
Impact on history:
Since the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, the northern land has been a combination of heroes and heroes, and various forces have appeared, from Liu Yuan's Han Zhao to Shi Le's Later Zhao, then Former Qin and Former Yan, and later Former Qin destroyed Former Yan, Former Qin coexisted with Later Yan, and then northern Yan southern Yan, Later Qin Western Qin, Southern Liang and Northern Liang and other regimes of different sizes and durations of existence. On the contrary, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, under the protection of the Yangtze River natural danger, the internal forces were relatively balanced, and it was probably peaceful for several decades. Until later, it was usurped by the Heng family and established Heng chu.