Abstract: Many parasites are parasitic in the digestive system of the animal body, plundering host nutrition, seriously damaging the health of the host. This paper mainly focuses on the diagnosis and control of common digestive parasitic diseases in cattle and sheep, and proposes solutions.
Keywords: parasites; Digestive system; Nutrition; immunity
Common parasites can be divided into several categories, such as tapeworms, trematodes, nematodes, etc. The author has summarized the common digestive system parasitic diseases of cattle and sheep represented by four kinds of cryptosporidiosis and flaky trematodiasis by consulting a large number of relevant literature and epidemiological investigations.
1 Cryptosporidiosis
The oocysts excreted by humans and some ruminants are the main source of cryptosporidium infection, and this source of infection has strong resistance to the external environment. Ingestion of feces or other oocysts contaminated with feed and water is the main mode of infection in cattle and sheep. For cryptospores, it is often easy to coexist with other parasites or pathogens, especially young cattle and sheep are more susceptible and harmful. The case fatality rate of cattle and sheep once infected will even be as high as about 40%. Clinical symptoms in sick cattle and sheep in the early stages of infection are generally manifested as mental malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and sometimes excretion of bloody stool. Relevant literature indicates that the diseased sheep after autopsy present with typical enteritis lesions. For cattle and sheep suspected of infection with the above clinical symptoms, take their feces and observe the egg sacs that have been floated by saturated sucrose solution through the microscope, and whether there are eggs can be clearly observed. If possible, fluorescent antibody staining, which is most commonly used in the international diagnosis of Cryptosporidium, can also be used, which is more accurate than the former. Since no specific drugs for the treatment of Cryptosporidium have been found, and there is no particularly effective prevention method, the disease can only be prevented around strengthening the feeding management of cattle and sheep breeding, doing regular disinfection work, and strengthening the immunity of cattle and sheep.
2 pieces of trematodiasis
Flaky trematodes are a more common parasite in cattle and sheep breeding and production, and flaky trematodiasis is also one of the parasitic diseases with greater ability to invade cattle and sheep. The characteristics of the flaky parasite can be directly known from its designation, and cattle and sheep are its main terminal host. From an epidemiological point of view, it is widely distributed in China, and the same is true of the host range. And the epidemic of the disease shows a certain seasonality, and the rainy season will promote its widespread epidemic, which occasionally occurs in winter. When cattle and sheep are infected with flaky parasites and the number of live insects in the body is small, cattle and sheep generally do not have particularly obvious clinical symptoms. When the number of live insects multiplies and develops to a certain extent, animals often have clinical symptoms such as obvious increased body temperature, mental depression, pale mucosa, diarrhea, etc., sheep are most sensitive to it, the sick sheep are extremely emaciated, and infected sick cattle will also have typical symptoms such as anterior gastric delay, rumen bulging, and abdominal edema. Relatively speaking, the liver and digestive system function is the most serious. Because the eggs of flaky trematodes are large and easy to identify, they are generally directly examined by repeated water precipitation. Especially in acute cases, "hard-hit areas" such as the abdominal cavity and liver parenchyma can be examined. For treatment and prevention, we must not only pay attention to the breeding environment, but also pay special attention to the disinfection of cattle and sheep manure and regular deworming. On the market, the books on the market use endozole, Ming shupan, triclobenzole, etc. for deworming, but it should be noted that the former two are only effective for adult worms, and triclobenzole also has a certain deworming effect on larvae.
3 Moniz tapeworm disease
When it comes to cattle and sheep parasites, it is tapeworm that must be mentioned, and Monizylthiasis is a typical representative parasitic disease of cattle and sheep infected with tapeworms. Adults of Monizy tapeworm often parasitize the digestive organs of animals such as cattle and sheep. Its distribution is very extensive, and the most prevalent place in China is located in the north, mainly endangering lambs and calves, adult cattle and sheep with age, the infection rate also shows a certain downward trend. As with the peak of parasite infection in general, The peak period of Moniz tapeworm is in spring and summer. Moniz tapeworm also has a characteristic that its growth rate is extremely fast, sometimes even 10 cm a day and night, it is conceivable that when a large number of parasitisms are in cattle and sheep, it is undoubtedly necessary to plunder a lot of nutrients, which is one of the reasons for the high mortality rate of calves and lambs. When cattle and sheep are infected with this disease, they are prone to the typical clinical symptoms of loss of appetite, mental depression, anemia and increased drinking, and with the continuous intensification of infection, the sick animals will be extremely emaciated in the later stage, and sometimes neurological symptoms will occur, and finally lie down and die of physical exhaustion. Diagnosis can be made by floating in saturated saline water to detect that the feces are sufficient to contain eggs and body segments. At present, the deworming of Moniz tapeworm mainly adopts oral drugs such as thiodichlorophenol, tolubendazole, and praziquantel, but it is necessary to pay attention to oral doses, and prevention is mainly to cut off the connection between cattle, sheep and intermediate host ground mites, and strengthen breeding and environmental management.
4 Esophageal nematode disease
Cattle and sheep often parasitize a typical parasite, its main parasitic position is located in the large intestine, and because its larvae can form nodules in the intestinal wall of the parasite site, it also becomes a nodule disease, this parasite belongs to a kind of nematodes, the official name is esophageal nematodes. One reason cattle and sheep are infected with the disease is the ingestion of grass and water infected with esophageal nematodes, which has some similarities with Cryptosporidium. The strong resistance of esophageal nematodes to the outside world is also an important factor in the susceptibility of cattle and sheep to infection. When the number of insects in the calf or lamb is large, the body will show clinical symptoms of severe infection, and the sick animals generally show continuous diarrhea with dark green feces. In particular cases, a certain amount of blood may also be seen. Chronic or less severe diseased animals experience progressive wasting, but as the infection progresses, they may eventually die of body failure. Tests for esophageal nematodes can be done with reference to moniz or flaky trematodes, as well as for treatment and prevention.
To sum up, calves and lambs are more susceptible to parasites in the common dry digestive system of cattle, and the mortality rate is also higher In the breeding process of cattle and sheep, it is not only necessary to strengthen feeding management, but also to regularly deworm the animal body for different situations. Enhance the immunity of the animal body, so as to better prevent problems before they occur.