Application analysis of high-quality and productive cultivation technology of citrus in Enshi area
_Yang Shengzhen
Enshi region of Hubei Province belongs to the subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate, which is characterized by less severe cold in winter, no severe heat in summer, more fog and more light, humid all year round, abundant precipitation, rain and heat at the same time. The average annual temperature in enshi low mountain area is 16.3 °C, and it has a long history of citrus cultivation, and has become one of the important citrus producing areas in Hubei Province. In recent years, Enshi region has made use of location and geographical advantages to vigorously develop citrus planting, with large-scale production as the goal, the implementation of multi-variety development and fine management, citrus yield and quality have improved significantly, and achieved good economic benefits.
1 Problems in citrus production
In the process of planting citrus, orange farmers are affected by traditional cultivation management habits, the understanding of new science and technology and new technologies is not in place, the application of modern cultivation technology is not standardized and reasonable, and the corresponding guidance is lacking, so the yield of citrus is slow to increase, especially the quality is not ideal.
1.1 Fruit harvesting fertilizer supplement is not timely
Spraying of fruit-picking fertilizer can promote flower bud differentiation in citrus fruit trees. Spraying fruit manure 2 to 3 days after fruit picking or 1 week before picking can play a role in restoring tree posture, storing nutrients, and preparing for the differentiation of flower buds in the coming year. However, in actual production, many fruit farmers did not do this, but waited for the beginning of summer to fertilize, and some orange orchards even hung on the trees until the spring of the following year, which led to the growth of fruit trees, the imbalance of fruit proportions and nutrient deficiencies, the poor differentiation of flower buds, affecting the spring shoots, thereby reducing the yield and quality of citrus fruits.
1.2 Citrus branches are not properly pruned
In the process of citrus cultivation, branch pruning is an indispensable link, and the pruning time and method should be determined according to the citrus variety, fruit tree growth, fruit volume and other factors. However, at present, fruit farmers often pick fruits at the same time as branch pruning, do not pay attention to pruning some large branches and branches, completely ignore the pruning of branches in winter and summer, especially for diseased trees, dense trees are not cut down and shortened in time, forming the overall upward movement of fruit tree fruit parts, resulting in the destruction of the tree shape of fruit trees, and the growth of a single plant is excessively weakened, thus affecting citrus yield and causing a serious impact on the sustainable development of citrus.
1.3 Single method of flower preservation and fruit preservation
The fruit preservation link of citrus is very important, and it needs to be effectively combined with other links to achieve the goal of flower preservation and fruit preservation. However, at present, many fruit farmers have not fully understood, and neglect to protect leaves and fruits, thin flowers and fruits, topdress micro-fertilizer and other operations, but only a single spray of gibberellin or 2.4-D butyl ester. If abnormal high temperature and drought weather are often encountered during the flowering period or young fruit stage, if the prevention work is not in place, the phenomenon of falling flowers and fruits will occur, resulting in a reduction in citrus production.
1.4 Unreasonable application of pesticides
Changes in the ecological environment have led to a trend of increasing pests and diseases year by year, which has brought challenges to the prevention and control work. Citrus anthrax, brown spot disease, scab disease, soot disease, citrus fruit fly, leafminer moth, leaf-penetrating beetle, malignant leaf beetle, mites, whiteflies, mites, bud maggots, aphids, wax cicadas, butterflies, celestial cows, gilding insects, etc. have a huge impact on citrus production, especially citrus yellow dragon disease, canker disease is a huge threat to citrus production, and many orange farmers have not done the annual prevention and control plan, early prevention, often see disease treatment, see insects to kill insects, resulting in unsatisfactory control effect. In addition, the application of pesticides is not scientific and reasonable, there are problems such as arbitrarily increasing concentration, insufficient water consumption, and excessive dependence on herbicides in the field, resulting in a decrease in the natural enemy group of orange orchards, the rise of secondary diseases and insects as major diseases and insects, and the occurrence of drug pests.
1.5 Neglect the prevention and control of physiological diseases
Citrus is a potassium-sparing chlorine-friendly crop that is sensitive to a variety of trace element needs. Insufficient potash fertilizer, calcium deficiency, zinc deficiency, magnesium deficiency, boron deficiency, etc. will produce corresponding physiological disease manifestations, hinder the normal growth and development of citrus, affect yield, reduce quality, and seriously make the product lose its commodity value.
2 High-quality citrus high-yield cultivation technical measures
2.1 Cultivation methods
According to the climatic characteristics, the type of seedlings and the old maturity of the branches of the seedlings, the cultivation time is determined, and the two periods of spring and autumn can generally be selected. The use of "wide row dense plant" planting, density of 2.5 m × 4 m, planting 66 plants / mu, seedlings to choose 2 ~ 3 a container of large seedlings, so as to shorten the growth cycle, early to get benefits.
2.2 Reasonable fertilization
The types of fertilizers applied in different periods are different, which can be divided into several different fertilization stages of germination fertilizer, flower-oriented fertilizer, strong fruit fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer, and it is necessary to take into account the reasonable proportion of a large number of elements, medium elements and trace elements. Germination fertilizer is applied to the orchard in proportion to around the sting to the spring equinox; the stuttering fertilizer is applied to the orchard in proportion; the xiehua fertilizer is applied with magnesium sulfate or potassium sulfate after the flowering; the strong fruit fertilizer is applied from June to July, and the potassium fertilizer can improve the quality of the fruit; the fruit picking fertilizer is applied after the fruit is picked, which helps to improve the yield in the next year.
2.3 Preservation of flowers and fruits
At the bud stage and the flowering period, different foliar fertilizers and regulators should be sprayed to achieve the purpose of flower preservation and fruit preservation. Boron fertilizer, amino oligosaccharide, etc. can be applied when buds first appear; in the flowering period, in order to effectively ensure the stability of citrus yield, different foliar fertilizers can be selected according to the condition of the fruit, such as when the temperature before and after flowering is high, the effect of high temperature can be reduced by red, indigo, brassica and multi-element foliar fertilizers to reduce the impact of high temperature; after the end of physiological fruit fall, it is necessary to deal with deformed fruits, diseased fruits, small fruits, and save autumn shoots to make the citrus fruits evenly sized, thereby promoting the stability of citrus yield.
2.4 Pruning of branches
The summer and autumn shoots need to be scientifically treated, otherwise, it is difficult to achieve stable fruit preservation. Poor control of summer shoots will cause a large number of fruit drops, therefore, the need to control the growth of summer shoots, you can take manual erasure, you can also control by drugs; autumn shoots are generally more robust, old, to manage the autumn shoots in a timely manner, to ensure the quality of the branches, to grasp the time of putting autumn shoots, can be improved by the spraying of foliar fertilizer.
2.5 Control of cracked fruit
Citrus split fruit mainly occurs in the expansion stage of citrus fruit, mainly due to the imbalance of nutrients such as boron fertilizer and calcium fertilizer in fruit trees, and the imbalance of soil moisture. During this period, it is necessary to apply boron fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, calcium magnesium fertilizer, etc. from the foliage, and do a good job in water management of citrus orchards.
2.6 Flower bud differentiation
The rational differentiation of flower buds depends on the timely release of autumn shoots, which can promote the increase of flowers in the coming year. In autumn and winter, soil fertilizer should be guaranteed, because sufficient fertilizer can promote the differentiation of flower buds and the expansion of fruits, while ensuring the adequate moisture of fruit trees [4]. During the coloring period of the fruit, brassicalide or oligosaccharide plus multi-element foliar fertilizer can be sprayed to promote coloring, while focusing on water control to create a favorable environment for the increase in flowering in the following year.
2.7 Fruit bagging
Bagging is one of the key measures to improve the quality of fruit, which can control pests and diseases, promote the redness of the peel, and improve the quality of the fruit. Bagging is generally carried out after the second physiological fruit drop in June and July, and it is necessary to screen the diseased insect fruits, deformed fruits and over-dense fruits before bagging, and spray the citrus orchard, especially the fruit surface, and carry out a comprehensive spray after the liquid is dried. Bagging should be done within 3 d after spraying.
2.8 Soil improvement
To make the necessary improvement of the orange grove soil, generally every 2 to 3 a deep soil change once, the time is carried out in October to November, the improvement method is mainly to use the mechanical drip line along the canopy for deep 50 to 60 cm deep turning, width of more than 40 cm deep turn. Green manure plants such as clover, thistle, herb thistle, herb, etc. can be planted between the rows, and when it grows to 30 to 50 cm, the green manure is pressed into the soil in combination with deep turning to achieve the purpose of improving the soil organic matter content and soil improvement.
2.9 Effective prevention of pests and diseases
With the basic plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control" as the overall principle, the green prevention and control integrated technology combining agricultural control, biological control, physical control, ecological control, chemical prevention and control is adopted, and the annual pest control plan is formulated, and the number of disease and pest groups and the degree of harm are controlled below the allowable level of economic loss.
2.10 Rational use of herbicides
Due to the transfer of rural young and middle-aged labor force to employment in recent years, the elderly and women are mainly engaged in citrus production, resulting in excessive dependence on herbicides in the field. The use of exterminating herbicides has caused damage to the ecological environment of orange orchards, not only leading to soil erosion, but also destroying the place where natural enemies of pests live and reproduce, resulting in a large reduction or even extinction of natural enemies of pests, resulting in an increase in insect pests. Therefore, orangery advocates artificial mechanical weeding, protecting grasses such as spotted ground, baixi grass, clover, thistle and so on, which can play a role in retaining water and fertilizer to increase soil organic matter, enrich field biodiversity to provide a place for the habitat and proliferation of natural enemies of pests, and improve the microclimate in the field to reduce the occurrence of fruit burning disease.
3 Conclusion
Scientific cultivation technology is the key to improving the yield and quality of citrus, can bring good benefits to growers, so we should continue to optimize planting technology, strengthen planting management, timely solve the problems in cultivation and production, and strive to achieve stable and high yield of citrus, to meet the needs of citrus marketization. At the same time, the relevant agricultural technology departments in citrus-producing areas should continue to explore and practice, accumulate experience and strengthen technology promotion at the same time, in order to ensure the sustainable development of citrus production.