Camellia oleifera has a long history of cultivation in China, but in general, the cultivation of camellia oleifera in China is not extensive, and the planting technology also has certain limitations. Camellia oleifera has certain requirements for the growth environment, and it is necessary to pay attention to some details during the planting process, such as choosing a suitable planting environment and choosing the correct planting technology, so as to bring a good impact on the growth of camellia oleifera. When planting oil tea, it is necessary to plant according to the climate of the planting place, soil acidity and alkalinity, etc., the most important thing in the cultivation process is fertilization and pest control, and do a good job in all aspects of cultivation management, which will improve the yield of oil tea.
1.1 Yield is low, and growers lack correct understanding of camellia oleifera cultivation
One of the reasons for the low yield of Camellia oleifera in China is that the planting area of Camellia oleifera is small, and the growers in many areas do not have enough awareness of Camellia oleifera, which is mainly reflected in: (1) insufficient understanding of the economic value of Camellia oleifera, and many growers are unwilling to invest in the cultivation of Camellia oleifera; (2) The planting technology of Camellia oleifera is not enough, and the lack of experience and technical guidance in the planting process leads to a decrease in the yield of Camellia oleifera. Many growers have not figured out the planting conditions and environment of camellia oleifera, they have begun to follow the trend, thinking that camellia oleifera is a very good plant and does not need too much control over planting. In fact, in the planting process, camellia oleifera needs to manage part of the planting environment in order to obtain better planting results. Encountering problems in the planting process or ignoring the planting details will adversely affect the planting, such as the failure to reasonably plan the planting density during the planting process, which may cause a humidity imbalance in the field; poor ventilation between the roots of the plants in the field, and the oil tea is prone to soft rot. Growers should make reasonable planning before planting, investigate and study the oil tea, and avoid unnecessary losses.
1.2 The basic equipment for the cultivation of Camellia oleifera is not perfect
Camellia oleifera planting is generally distributed in the high mountains and hills in the south of China, the undulating planting area is not conducive to the use of machinery and equipment, and camellia oleifera in the preparation of the land before planting, the cultivation process of weeding and fertilization and other links need to use mechanical equipment. At present, China's camellia oleifera planting has not yet achieved mechanical automation, coupled with most of the camellia oleifera growers for self-employed, lack of professional planting equipment, from fertilization to weeding and other links are carried out by manpower, planting efficiency is not satisfactory. In addition to the lack of professional planting machinery and equipment, growers also lack of harvesting machinery, shelling machinery, in October-November picking, picking fruit will directly affect the yield and quality of camellia oleifera that year. Camellia oleifera needs to be picked before and after the frost falls, some individual growers are difficult to collect and dry in a short period of time, if the picked tea fruit is not properly handled, it is easy to produce mildew and other situations, which will greatly reduce the quality of camellia oleifera.
1.3 The cultivation system of Camellia oleifera is not perfect
From the scale of growers, it is not difficult to see that China's camellia oleifera planting lacks a perfect planting system, from cultivation planting to production management, growers are in a single closed planting environment, most growers can not grow camellia oleifera management into a complete cultivation system, exposing the scarcity of technology and management resources. Camellia oleifera planting industry needs high-end management and technical personnel to promote the development of planting, once the lack of planting-related talents, the industrial chain and cultivation system of camellia oleifera will be at the disadvantage of the planting industry, so as not to attract more growers. In addition, insufficient investment in planting funds will also affect planting technology and planting benefits, resulting in the cultivation and production management system of Camellia oleifera planting is not perfect, and Camellia oleifera growers are "difficult to move" in the planting process, and can only rely on the original planting technology and low-cost planting management to maintain development. The single planting system is mainly manifested in the lack of professional management technology of growers, the lack of measures and guarantees to deal with planting risks in the process of processing camellia oleifera, and growers are prone to problems in the planting process, and it is difficult to get timely treatment and help.
2.1 Sowing seedlings and cuttings
Camellia oleifera is suitable for sowing in winter and Spring Festival, generally using strip sowing. The acidity and alkalinity of the soil should be tested before the official strip sowing, and the soil with a general pH value of 3 to 5 is suitable for camellia oleifera, and the alkaline soil is not suitable for growing camellia oleifera. When choosing a planting site, it is necessary to choose a flat, sunny and ventilated position, and at the same time, a base fertilizer should be applied, which can be a natural fertilizer or a compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. After sowing, a thin layer of grass or plastic film needs to be covered with a thin layer of grass or plastic film on the upper layer of the soil to keep the land moist. Every 1 day, pay attention to the germination of seeds in the soil, and if they have germinated, they need to remove the film in time. Camellia oleifera is generally carried out in the early morning of summer, cuttings need to pay attention to the selection of branches that have been lignified, good health, the branches are cut short to about 4 cm long, the branches should be left with a leaf and a bud, in the cuttings need to be treated with rooting powder, and keep the leaf surface on the branches in a natural upward state. The spacing between the rows of cuttings should be maintained at 15 cm×5 cm, and the cuttings should be watered and shaded in time.
2.2 Precautions for camellia oleifera in grafting
There are two main grafting methods of camellia oleifera, the grafting method of broken anvil and the continuous anvil method. The anvil peeling method is mainly to select 24 branches on each camellia oleifera tree, saw off at 50 to 80 cm from the ground, retain 23 as nutrient branches, and remove the rest all; after cleaning, clean the branches at the interface of 5 to 7 cm with clean water, this step is called anvil washing; and then the interface is cut into a plane with a horizontal plane of 30 ° with the horizontal plane, the same cut the spike to be joined, leaving 1/2 of the leaves and buds, after the interface is flattened and spliced, it is bandaged from bottom to top with a plastic film strip to prevent displacement. The continuous anvil grafting method is mainly through cutting the ear, not cutting the bark, inserting the ear into the skin groove, and then using plastic film for bandaging and fixing, the basic method and precautions are also similar to the peeling method.
3.1 Soft rot
Soft rot is a common disease in camellia oleifera, mainly due to the root system long-term moist, air circulation caused, this disease can cause the disease leaves to completely fall off within 2 to 3 days. At the beginning of the disease, you can see that there are protruding purple lines on the edge of the outer edge of the oil tea leaves, at this time, if you ventilate in time and get the sun, the condition will be improved. If you do not do a good job of drying and ventilation in time, the disease will gradually develop, and the leaves and roots of camellia oleifera will appear water stains locally, and turn yellow and soft, which will cause the rot of camellia oleifera trees in serious cases. In order to prevent this situation, it is generally planted reasonably densely when planting, maintaining the distance between branches and roots, and cleaning up fallen leaves, wild grasses and water in the field in time.
3.2 Camellia oleifera anthrax
Camellia oleifera anthrax mainly causes diseases such as tea fruit shedding and yellowing of treetops, and when severe, it will also affect the health of the entire tree. When the camellia oleifera plant first becomes ill, there will be cloud-like edge protrusions on the leaves, and later there will be grayish white in the center of the diseased area, and many small black spots will appear on the upper wheel. If not controlled in time, the disease will spread to the seeds. If the new treetops are infected with anthrax, there will be abnormal spots at the base of the treetops, and the treetops will completely die after 7 days, which will also seriously affect the fruit of the tea tree, generally causing 20% to 50% of the tree fruits to fall. In order to treat camellia oleifera anthrax, you can choose to spray Bordeaux liquid 1 to 2 times in early July in sunny weather. When the disease occurs, it can be sprayed with another 500 times the solution of 50% Fomei double wettable powder, and applied every 7 days for a total of 1 to 2 sprays.
3.3 Common pests and their control
Common pests of camellia oleifera trees are tea moths, this pest mainly feeds on new young shoots, hatched eggs will attach to the back of the leaves, slowly invading the leaves, when the number of pests increases will bring irreversible harm to the growth of tea trees, leaves and treetops will be infested by pests, which will eventually lead to plant death. The main way to deal with this pest is to manually remove the pest, remove the leaves and treetops that have been infested by the larvae, spray Bacillus thuringiensis for control, and use solar insecticidal lamps to trap adult insects in April and July. In addition, the blue-winged celestial bull will also feed on the leaves, and the part of the plant that is infested by this pest will produce circular protruding tumors, and the most serious case is that the leaves are infested and the roots are withered, and the egg laying marks can be prevented and resisted by using 50 to 200 times the liquid of organophosphorus or permethrin drugs to prevent and resist this pest.
In recent years, the scale of planting and development of tea plants is gradually expanding, Camellia oleifera also encounters various problems in the planting process, the cultivation technology and management of Camellia oleifera has become the main factor affecting the cultivation of Camellia oleifera, and improving the cultivation and management technology will improve the yield and quality of Camellia oleifera. Growers and related practitioners should increase the research and attention to the planting of camellia oleifera, through continuous exploration of planting techniques, to solve the problems in actual cultivation, so as to obtain more effective planting experience, but also need to strengthen the management of tea plantation, and constantly summarize the field management experience of camellia oleifera planting.