Surveying and mapping is an ancient science that has a long history in China and has been described since it has been written down. From now on, the Zhejiang Museum of Surveying, Mapping and Geographic Information Technology has opened a special topic to sort out the development context of ancient Chinese surveying and mapping in the unit of dynasties, let us blow away the dust of history together, and capture the ripples of surveying and mapping wisdom in the vast historical galaxy.
Pei Xiu (224 – April 3, 271), courtesy name Jiyan. A native of Wenxi County, Hedong County (present-day Wenxi County, Shanxi Province). During the Wei and Jin dynasties, he was a famous courtier and cartographer, the grandson of Pei Mao of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the son of Pei Qian, the grand master of Cao Wei Guanglu.
When he was young, he was born into a famous family, intelligent and virtuous; the young Emperor ruled the country and ranked third; in middle age, he mistakenly took cold wine and died suddenly and early. For Pei Xiu, people may know more about the "politicians" and "scholars" in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. As everyone knows, Pei Xiu is also a great geographer, and the "six bodies of cartography" proposed by pei xiu is the beginning of china's cartographic theory, and Pei Xiuqi is the founder of china's cartography.
Pei Xiu was born into a noble family, a member of the Scholar Clan in Hedong, and was the son of Pei Qian, the grand master of Cao Wei Guanglu, so when he was young, he received a good education, and he was intelligent and studious since childhood, had a demeanor, and had good moral character, and it is said that he would write articles when he was eight years old. When he was young, he was famous in the world and was good at talking about Lao Tzu and the I Ching.
Pei Xiu had an uncle named Pei Hui, who was very famous at that time, and there were often people in the family who came to visit as guests, and these guests would also run to Pei Xiu to talk to Pei Xiu after meeting Pei Hui and listen to his thoughts, which was not the most shocking, the most shocking thing was that Pei Xiu at this time was only a teenager.
But Pei Xiu's birth mother's birth mother was from a humble origin, and Pei Xiu's concubine Xuanshi did not take this concubine seriously at all, and was very rude to her, and also asked Pei Xiu's birth mother to serve tea and meals to the guests, and the guests stood up to salute after seeing that it was Pei Xiu's birth mother. Pei Xiu's mother said, "I am so lowly, the guests should be paying tribute for the sake of the children." After Xuan Shi knew about this, he no longer despised her.
Because of Pei Xiu's talent, the General of the Duliao General Wu Qiu Jian recommended him to Cao Shuang, who was in charge of the auxiliary government at that time. Praised him: "Born and intelligent, when he grows up, he advocates nature, is quiet and truthful, has a profound way of sex, is erudite and strong, has no knowledge, is filial piety and respect for his elders, is friendly to his brothers, and is famous in the township, and loudly heard near and far." Indeed, he should be an assistant to the Son of The Holy Tomorrow, ascend to the throne of the Three Dukes, counselor in the great mansion, and merit and merit in the world. Not only characters such as Zi Qi and Ganluo, but also the virtues of Yan Hui, Ran Qiu, Zi You, and Zi Xia. Cao Shuang then appointed Pei Xiu as the Yellow Gate Attendant and attacked his father the Marquis of Qingyang Pavilion, and after gaopingling's change, he was deposed because he was Cao Shuang's former official. After that, he successively served as ting Weizheng, general Andong, and General Sima of Wei, participating in the planning of the government of the military state and participating in the suppression of Zhuge Zhi's rebellion. Because of his merits, he was transferred to Shangshu and was made the Marquis of Luyang Township.
At that time, the emperor of the State of Wei, Cao Huan, had the style of Taizu and loved talents, so Pei Xiu and Wang Shen, as well as a Sima Wang, entered Cao Huan's eyes, and later, Sima Wang, for some reasons, asked for foreign appointments, and withdrew from this small circle, Cao Xi often asked Pei Xiu and Wang Shen to explain and talk about learning, discuss articles, and also called Wang Shen a gentleman of literature and Pei Xiu a Confucian scholar.
Sima Yi attacked Cao Shuang, and the power of the Wei Dynasty fell into the hands of Sima Shi. Pei Xiu was dismissed from his post because he was an official of Cao Shuangren. However, he soon became an official in the DPRK. After Sima Yi's son Sima Zhao (Emperor Wen of Jin) came to power, Pei Xiu was given more opportunities to develop his talents. His military and political advice was often adopted by Sima Zhao, who was appointed as a regular attendant on horseback and an advisor to the emperor.
In the second year of Wei Ganlu in 257 CE, Pei Xiu, at the age of thirty-four, accompanied Sima Zhao in his conquest of Zhuge Shi, a magistrate who did not obey Sima Shi's rule. Pei Xiu participated in the strategy, won the victory and returned, sealed the Marquis of Luyang Township, and gave Yi Qianhu. Later, he agreed on policies for Sima Zhao, reformed the official system, etc., and conferred the title of Marquis of Jichuan and gave Yi qian four hundred households. Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan succeeded him as King of Jin, and Pei Xiu spoke well for him in front of Sima Zhao.
Pei Xiu was the first to explicitly establish the theory of drawing ancient Chinese maps, and put forward the famous epoch-making cartographic theory "Cartographic Six Bodies" in the preface to the "Yugong Geographical Map". Unfortunately, it has been lost. Some Western scholars believe that Pei Xiu can be compared with Ptolemy, that is, the famous astronomer of the ancient Greek period, who proposed the geocentric theory.
The so-called "cartographic six bodies" is the six principles that must be observed when drawing maps, namely: the division rate (scale), the quasi-looking (direction), the road (distance), the high and low (the undulating terrain), the square evil (the angle of inclination), the roundabout (the curvature of the river and the road), the first three are about the scale, the direction and the distance of the road, which are the most important general drawing principles; the last three are the problems that need to be considered due to the fluctuations and changes in the terrain. These six principles are interrelated and mutually restrictive, and they touch on the main problems of cartography. The influence of Pei Xiu's cartographic hexagonal body on later cartographic work was very far-reaching, and it was not until later that the Western map projection method was introduced to China at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and Chinese cartography was once again innovated.
Pei Xiu believes that the six bodies of cartography are interconnected and extremely important in map making. If the map only has a graph and no rate, it is impossible to compare and measure the distance between the field and the map; if it is drawn according to the scale and does not consider the quasi-hope, then the accuracy of the map in this place is OK, and there will be deviations in other places; with the orientation and no road, it is not known the distance between the various residential areas on the map, just as the mountains and seas cannot be connected; with the distance, without measuring the height, without knowing the slope size of the mountain, the number of paths must violate the reality of distance and proximity, and the map is also not high in precision and cannot be applied.
Pei Xiu's life was quite prominent in politics. But what he is deeply praised by posterity is his contribution to cartography in the last years of his life. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, he added Zuo Guanglu Dafu and was enfeoffed as the Duke of Julu County. In 267 A.D., in the third year of the tai dynasty, he was promoted to sikong. In the seventh year of the first tai in 271 AD, Pei Xiu died of cold wine after eating cold food and drinking cold wine, at the age of forty-eight, with the nickname "Yuan". There are three volumes of anthologies.