CCTV's "China in the Classics", the first issue introduced the "Book of Shang", got a high score of 9.4 on Douban, and also appeared on the whole network for more than 20 hot searches.
In the program, the "YuGong" and "Pastoral Oath" in the "Book of Shang" are highlighted, and the "Yao Dian" is not discussed in detail.
Let's talk about the Yao Dian.
"Elaboration" is unlikely. The Yaodian can be called a huge work in the ancient classics, and the commentaries and research works of the past are full of articles, and it can only be said that it is rough.
This "probably"? It is the "Easter egg" in the "Planing" "YaoDian".
Fu Sheng taught the Shang Shu, and the first one was the Yao Dian (尧典). Of the twenty-eight articles of the Book of Present Texts, the YaoDian is at the beginning of the chapter.
Fusheng's disciples, later divided into three families, the Ouyang clan and the great and small Xiahou, when they taught the Shang Shu again, they added the "Tai Oath" found in the Han Dynasty, and the Shang Shu was divided into twenty-nine articles, and the Yao Dian was still ranked first.
In the pre-Qin dynasty, some texts recorded that there was still a Shundian in the Book of Shang, but it should not have been handed down. In the Ancient Literature Shangshu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was dedicated to the pseudo-Kong Anguo biography, there is a "Shundian", which later scholars believe that it was separated from the Yaodian . Therefore, most of them have returned to the YaoDian again.
The YaoDian records the main exploits of "Emperor Yao", recounts the process of Yao's transmission of Shun, and the administrative strategy after Emperor Shun's ascension to the throne.
Di Yao and Di Shun, listed in the "Five Emperors" in ancient China. Shun passed on Yu again, all before "Xia".
Therefore, whether it is the "Book of Present Literature", "Ancient Literature Shangshu", or Mei Zhao's pseudo-Kong biography of "Ancient Literature And Book of Shangshu", all classify the "Yaodian" under the "Book of Yu" or "Book of Yu Xia".
Therefore, when the Yaodian was written, it became a topic of divergent opinions.
From the pre-Qin to the modern era, there are many sayings about the Yaodian (尧典), which is written in "Tang, Yu, Xia, Zhou, Qin, and Han".
The Yaodian begins by saying—
"Yue Ruo Gu Di Yao, Yue Fangxun, Qin, Ming, Wen, Si An'an, Yun Gong Ke Rang, the light is four tables, the upper and lower." Keming Junde, pro-Nine Tribes; Nine Tribes, Pingzhang People; People Zhaoming, Harmony wanbang; Li Min Yu Changshi Yong. ”
This means that, after investigation, the emperor yao in ancient times was named Fang Xun, solemn and serious, sensible, elegant, thoughtful, gentle, and tolerant. The administration is diligent and conscientious, and it can also promote the talents and reuse talents. His moral brilliance filled the seas, as for heaven and earth. He led by example with his shining great virtues, and he was close to the nine tribes; when the nine tribes were harmonious, he distinguished and appointed a hundred officials of the DPRK and The hundred officials of the DPRK and the Chinese people were well coordinated, and then he coordinated and united the princes of all nations. The people of the world are friendly and happy, and the customs of the world are also very pure.
"稽", nuclear also, cha also. The Yao Dian is also "Known as the Ancient Emperor Yao", and it should be certain that it was written in later generations.
The Qing Dynasty was a period of great achievement in the study of the Book of Shang. Liu Fenglu had the "Interpretation of the Collected Works of Shangshu Jingu"; Wei Yuan had "ShuguWei"; and Wang Xianqian had important works such as "Shangshu Kong Chuan", and they put forward a common point of view - the Yaodian was "the words of Zhou Shichen".
This opinion has been further examined and verified by Wang Guowei, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Qian Xuantong, Gu Jiegang, and others in modern times.
Contemporary, the more influential view is that the Yaodian was formed in the Zhou Dynasty, but contains a wealth of ancient and ancient content; it was revised in the Spring and Autumn Period, which combined Confucianism; and it is undeniable that there are also obvious Qin and Han influences in the text.
The "Easter egg" in the "YaoDian" is the rich content that records the ancients.
In the chapter, after speaking the above paragraph, it goes on to say-
"It is the destiny of Xi and He, and the heavens of Qin Ruohao, like the sun, the moon, and the stars, and the time of honoring people." Divided into Xi Zhong, Zhao Shengyi, Yue YangGu. Yin Bin out of the sun, Ping Rank Dong Zuo. In the middle of the day, the star bird, to Yin Zhongchun. The people are analyzed, and the birds and beasts are tailed. Uncle Shen Mingyi, the southern suburb of the house. Ping rank Nan Zhen. Sincerely. Day eternal, spark, to the middle of summer. Minyin, Bird Beast Hig. Fen Ming and Zhong, Otaku Nishi, Yue Migu. Yin Rao Na Ri, Ping Rank Xi Cheng. In the middle of the night, the stars are empty, and the mid-autumn is like that. 厥民夷, bird and beast mao 毨 (xiǎn). Shen Ming and Uncle, House Shuo Fang, Yue Yu Du. Ping in Shuoyi. The days are short, the stars are rising, and it is midwinter. Róng hair. Emperor Yue: "Consultation! Ru Xi Ji He, the three hundred have six days, and the leap month is set at four o'clock to become old. Yun Gong Bai Gong, Shu Ji Xian Xi. ”
Translated into the vernacular, the gist of it is—
Emperor Yao ordered Xi and Erguan, Qin Shun Haotian, to observe and calculate the laws of the movement of the sun, moon, and stars, and to remember the heavens and the time, so as to give them to the people.
Xi Zhong, the god of the Spring Equinox, let him live in the far east of the sunrise land of Shengyi, whose name is Yanggu, respectfully greets the sunrise of the spring equinox, and discerns the stars rising from the eastern horizon in turn. On the day of the vernal equinox, the length of day and night is equal, and after dusk the birds are in the sky, this celestial sign is a sign of correction of the vernal equinox. The ancient name of the "Spring Equinox God" is "Analysis", which means that the day and night are divided equally, and the tail of birds and beasts is a phenological sign at this time.
He ordered the "summer solstice god" Uncle Xi to live in the far reaches of the south. On the day of the summer solstice, the sun rises, at the point of the eastern pole, and then it will move south, and the "summer solstice god" wants to discern the change of the sun rising from north to south. At noon on the summer solstice, a table should be set up to determine and correct the shortest day of the year. On the day of the summer solstice, the days are extremely long, and after dusk, Mars is in the middle of the sky, and this celestial sign is a sign of correcting the summer solstice. The ancient name of the "summer solstice god" is "cause", which means that the day is extremely long, and the hair removal of birds and animals is a phenological sign at this time.
He divided the orders of the "Autumn Equinox God" and Zhong, and let him live in the far reaches of the Western Sun, whose name was Minggu, respectfully sent off for the autumn equinox sunset, and discerned the stars that descended from the western horizon in turn. The autumn equinox day, day and night are the same length, after dusk the virtual star in the sky, this celestial sign is the sign of correcting the autumn equinox. The ancient name of the "Autumn Equinox God" is "Yi", which means that the day and night are evenly divided, and the rebirth of bird and beast feathers is a phenological sign at this time.
He ordered the "Winter Solstice God" and his uncle to live in a faraway place in the north, and his name was Youdu. On the winter solstice, the sun rises at a point in the south of the eastern pole, and then moves north, and the "winter solstice god" wants to discern the change of the sun rising from south to north. On the winter solstice day, the days are extremely short, and the Pleiades are in the sky after dusk, and this celestial sign is a sign of correcting the winter solstice. The ancient name of the "Winter Solstice God" is "隩", which means that the days are extremely short, and the small hairs of birds and beasts that are cold are the phenological signs at this time.
Di Yao said: Alas! Xi and Heya, three hundred and sixty-six days are the basis of the solar year, with twelve lunar months, to set the inter-month to adjust the relationship between the "division to the four qi" and the calendar months of the calendar year. According to this calendar, hundreds of officials were ruled, and all kinds of deeds were accomplished.
Undoubtedly, this passage records the astronomical observations, observation and timing, meteorological phenology, primitive calendars, and myths and legends of the more ancient ancestors.
Interestingly, the above records in the YaoDian have long attracted the attention of many famous foreign sinologists.
For example, Medhostel, Legg, Zhan John, Needham, Bjord, Saussure, Chelegal, Nohda, Shinzo, and so on.
To be precise, they were amazed by these accounts of China's ancient astronomical achievements in the Yaodian, and thus became extremely interested and conducted considerable research.
Earlier, it was Medhoste, who published the commentary on the Yaodian in 1846, and specifically examined the astronomical age of the "four stars" mentioned in the article, "bird", "fire", "virtual", and "Pleiades".
The one who wrote the most and studied the most was Joseph Needham.
The "Easter egg" in the Yaodian is a very valuable record of the primitive astronomical achievements and theories of the ancient ancestors of China, and also shows the influence of these astronomical achievements and ideas on ancient politics.
Moreover, there is more than one "Easter egg" in it.
The first one, "Xi Ji He".
The Yaodian Yun: "It is the fate of Xi, he, Qin Ruohao heaven, the calendar is like the sun, the moon and the stars, and the time of honoring people." ”
Emperor Yao ordered the Xi clan and the He clan to know and understand the sun, moon, and stars according to the celestial alcalita, and to pass on the qi seasons on the earth obtained from this to the people.
Who is Xi and He?
"Easy. "The king of the ancient Bao Clan, Tianxiaye, looked up at the heavens, and looked down at the law on the earth."
Xi shi, that is, Bao Xi clan, that is, Fu Xi, also known as Fu Xi, Mi Xi, also known as Tai Hao.
And, in contrast to the Book of Chu, there is no doubt that it is Nuwa, but the name is complicated and simple.
In the Classic of Mountains and Seas, it is repeatedly said that "Di Jun" is the supreme god born with the sun and the moon, which coincides with Di Yao- his status is higher than that of Xi Andhe.
The second, "divided into four gods."
In the "Yao Dian", it is said that Emperor Yao ordered "Xi Zhong", "Xi Uncle", "He Zhong" and "He Shu" to live in the four directions and be in charge of the four hours.
These four imperial officials, known in ancient times as the "four gods of division", were in charge of the "spring equinox", "autumn equinox", "summer solstice" and "winter solstice".
This is the creation myth of the ancient ancestors, Chu Shuyun, the "four gods" were born of Nuwa, they set up the heavens and the earth, incarnated all things, respectively, four hours, discern the square position, great achievements.
The Yaodian says that the ancient name of "Xi Zhong" is "Analysis"; the ancient name of "Xi Uncle" is "Yin"; the ancient name of "He Zhong" is "Yi"; and the ancient name of "He Shu" is "隩".
This can be confirmed by the name of the "Four Square God" of the Oracle Bone. This also proves that the YaoDian was written in the Zhou Dynasty or later.
The determination of "points" is a great astronomical achievement made by the ancient ancestors of China.
The Neolithic Lingjiatan site, 7,000 years ago, proves that people at that time had mastered the "two-rope" method for measuring the southeast, southwest, and northwest, which was achieved through "vertical meter measurement".
It is precisely because of the method of "vertical meter measurement" that the ancients were able to accurately grasp the sunrise and sunset points and changes of "two points" and "two to". The Yaodian is clear enough about this.
This is also one of the reasons why foreign sinologists are fascinated.
The third one, "Kai Sun, Rush Sun".
The Yaodian says "two points" and "two to", using four sentences, namely "Ping Rank Dong Zuo", "Ping Rank Nan Zhen", "Ping Rank Xi Cheng", and "Ping Zai Shuo Yi".
The ancients thought that these four sentences were related to farming. In fact, it should be misread.
The ancients observed the stars, and there were two methods: "kai sun" and "rush sun".
The "kai-sun" method is to observe the sunrise and the sun of the star. Such observations do not require more knowledge and necessary equipment, and can be completed by relying solely on long-term observations of people, so it should be the earliest visualization method mastered and used by ancient ancestors.
The above four sentences, as recorded, are the results of the ancestors' visualization by relying on the "Kai Ri" method, that is, the meaning of translating into the vernacular.
The Yaodian also says that the spring equinox is "in the middle of the day, the star bird"; the summer solstice is "the sun is eternal, the star is spark"; the autumn equinox is "in the night, the stars are empty"; and the winter solstice is "the day is short, the stars are pleiades".
This reflects the results of the ancients' use of the "sun-rushing" method of visualization. The so-called "opposition" method is to observe the southern middle sky of the star.
The Yaodian records the celestial astrological signs in the "four o'clock" of "two points" and "two to" after dusk.
This is also the "four middle stars" mentioned earlier.
Fourth, the original calendar.
According to the Yao Dian, Di Yao said: Alas! Xi and Heya, three hundred and sixty-six days are the basis of the solar year, with twelve lunar months, to set the inter-month to adjust the relationship between the "division to the four qi" and the calendar months of the calendar year.
The ancient Chinese calendar is the "yin-yang calendar", which is clearly stated in the YaoDian .
"Year" is determined according to the solar cycle, and the "month" is divided according to synodic, so there will be "precession", and it is necessary to use "leap month" to "set the age of four".
The excavations of many Neolithic sites prove that the ancients of China very early had a fine observation of the "sun" of "day" and the "yin" of the moon, not only with their timing, day, month, and year, but also summarized and found that the "precession" was made up for by the adjustment of "leap", and believed that "according to this calendar, the hundred officials were ruled, and the achievements of various deeds were remarkable."
In the oracle bones, there are many records of "placing leaps", and more than 3,000 years ago, during the Yin Shang period, there was already an impressive calendar.
In the "Yao Dian", there are still many wonderful contents, which are limited in space and cannot be listed one by one.
The discovery of the oracle bone provides a good frame of reference, and it can be seen that many of the accounts in the YaoDian are in the same line as the Yin Shang Bu Ci.