<h1>Nitrifying bacteria in detail</h1>
Nitrifyingbacteria: Is an oxygenic bacterium that oxidizes ammonia to nitrite and further oxidizes it to two stages of acting bacteria, including nitrosinous bacteria and nitrifying bacteria. (Professional nitrifying bacteria are divided into ordinary freshwater tanks and aquatic weed tanks)
<h1>Composition of nitrifying bacteria</h1>
1. Nitrosomonas:
Bacteria that eliminate (oxidize) ammonia in aquatic ecosystems and form nitrite; nitrite bacteria are bacteria, generally known as "oxidizers of ammonia", because the food source they sustain is ammonia, and the chemical energy generated by ammonia and oxidation is sufficient to make them survive.
2. Nitrobacter:
Bacteria that can oxidize and convert nitrite molecules into nitric acid molecules. Nitrate bacteria are bacteria, generally known as "nitrite oxidizers", because the source of food they sustain is nitrite (but not necessarily nitrite, other organic matter is also possible), it and oxidation can produce nitric acid, the resulting chemical energy is enough to make it survive. Because these nitrifying bacteria can decompose and remove toxic chemicals (ammonia and nitrite) in water, they have the function of purifying water quality.
When the concentration of ammonia in the water reaches the lethal concentration of aquatic organisms, the result may all be death. If the water contains a sufficient number of nitrifying bacteria to continuously release the ammonia in the water, then the entire aquarium ecological balance system will be guaranteed, and the aquarium organisms can live safely in the aquarium.
note:
Nitrifying bacteria play the best role in the environment of neutral pH and weak alkaline water quality, and the worst effect in acidic water quality.
Fish, shrimp and other aquatic organisms live in water, raw, old, sick, dead and eating, excretion are carried out in the water, so nitrification bacteria is the most important factor constituting the nitrification system, the entire nitrification system is for the cultivation of nitrifying bacteria services.
<h1>Methods to increase the number of nitrifying bacteria</h1>
1. Regular artificial addition of nitrifying bacteria. Try to choose nitrifying bacteria with quality assurance from large brands.
2, try to increase the volume and quality of the filter media, to nitrifying bacteria to provide more habitat. The larger the volume of the filter cotton (filter cotton, water goblin cotton), the micropores of the filter media. The more (ceramic rings, biochemical balls), the better the effect.
3, to ensure the strong power of the water flow of the filtration system, increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, and ensure the needs of nitrifying bacteria.
<h1>Several major misunderstandings about the understanding of nitrifying bacteria</h1>
Myth 1: Nitrifying bacteria are afraid of light
Many people have heard that nitrifying bacteria are afraid of light, and after adding nitrifying bacteria, they directly turn off the lights, and even paste the filter box on black paper. In fact, light does have a certain impact on nitrifying bacteria, but nitrifying bacteria are definitely not light deaths, and can grow and reproduce well in places with light. Nitrifying bacteria are mainly sensitive to the near ultraviolet band, and the lighting fixtures in the aquarium are glass lampshades, although there is ultraviolet light, but the vast majority are blocked, so the impact on nitrifying bacteria is not large, and the light in the filter media is not very strong. It should be noted that if you use ultraviolet sterilization lamps (UV lamps), because of its use of quartz glass, ultraviolet rays can penetrate to play a bactericidal role, so do not use UV lamps in the case that the nitrifying bacteria have not been completely attached to the filter media within one week of adding nitrifying bacteria.
Myth 2: Nitrifying bacteria can be used in freshwater and seawater tanks
Many nitrifying bacteria are advertised as "general purposes of light seawater", which is not rigorous. Freshwater and seawater have great differences in PH, hardness, conductivity, density and specific gravity, so although there are bacteria that nitrify, the composition of their flora is not the same. Some strains can exist in both desalination and seawater, and some strains are only found in seawater. Freshwater nitrifying bacterial preparations can not be said to be useless in seawater, but from the production process, freshwater nitrifying bacteria preparations must be based on the culture liquid of freshwater nitrifying bacteria, seawater nitrification bacteria preparations must be made of seawater nitrifying bacteria culture liquid, the two production processes are different, the so-called "light seawater universal" is only the manufacturer's promotional means, which are generally filled with freshwater nitrifying bacteria. Friends who play in the sea tank recommend buying nitrated bacteria for seawater when purchasing nitrifying bacteria (of course, the premise is that the manufacturer does produce seawater nitrifying bacteria, rather than using freshwater nitrifying bacteria to impersonate seawater.) Because now some products on the market use the same fungus powder, not only to make freshwater, seawater type, but also parrots, dragon fish, Luohan and other special types, it seems that professional in fact, sell the same thing, but the packaging is different).
Myth three: it is a three-point poison of the drug, and the nitrifying bacteria are not added until the last resort
Some aquarists buy nitrifying bacteria in order to "be prepared", usually do not use, in case there is a problem with the water one day, add a grain. They believe that "it is a three-point poison of medicine", and the long-term addition of nitrifying bacteria will accumulate various toxic substances in the tank.
On this statement, first of all, nitrifying bacteria are not antidotes, it is only used to help improve and maintain the efficacy of the nitrification system, especially dry powder dormant bacteria, which need a certain amount of time to activate before they can play a role, so usually irregular maintenance, water quality deteriorates sharply when the addition of nitrifying bacteria, may not be able to play a very good effect. Secondly, nitrifying bacteria are not "medicines", because they are not chemicals, they are biological agents, and the main ingredient is dormant bacteria powder, so there is no toxicity, and more will not accumulate toxic substances or cause a certain chemical substance to exceed the standard.
Therefore, do not regard nitrifying bacteria as something magical, but should be regarded and tried as a daily water quality maintenance agent.
Myth four: photosynthetic bacteria are better than nitrifying bacteria
Recently, photosynthetic bacteria, EM bacteria, etc. are more popular, and the publicity of merchants also claims that photosynthetic bacteria can also complete the work of nitrifying bacteria in addition to decomposing fecal dirt, and reduce the content of ammonia and nitrite. Therefore, with the addition of photosynthetic bacteria, there is no need to add nitrifying bacteria.
First of all, this statement itself is correct. Photosynthetic bacteria are microbiota that use light as energy and work under low oxygen conditions, and use photosynthesis to decompose organic matter, ammonia, sulfur and other substances, and can also perform denitrification to remove ammonia. From a functional point of view, photosynthetic bacteria can not only complete the deamination function of nitrifying bacteria, but also complete the function of other heterogeneous bacteria, which is really a generalist and can indeed replace the role of nitrifying bacteria. But are photosynthetic bacteria suitable for aquarium use?
The problem is that this light + low-oxygen environment is difficult to exist in the aquarium. The most likely hypoxic area in the aquarium is the bottom of the thick bottom sand, but there is a lack of light here, and photosynthetic bacteria cannot photosynthesize. Therefore, the aquarium is not suitable for photosynthetic bacteria to survive.
In fact, the most widely used photosynthetic bacteria is in aquaculture, which is used to "change the bottom". Fish ponds, shrimp ponds and aquariums are different, due to high-density feeding, a large amount of feed, low ponds will accumulate a lot of excrement and organic matter, and fish ponds are not like aquariums can often change water, clean up sediment, so the bottom of the fish pond will be due to a large number of accumulation and decomposition of organic matter caused by a low oxygen zone, there are a variety of harmful sulfides and other substances, endangering the health of fish and shrimp. This hypoxic zone has visible light, which is suitable for the growth of photosynthetic bacteria. The release of photosynthetic bacteria in fish ponds is conducive to improving the water quality at the bottom of the pond and reducing the accumulation of harmful substances.
Therefore, although photosynthetic bacteria are powerful, they are not suitable for aquariums for ornamental fish, so it is more reasonable for aquariums to use nitrifying bacteria. Some people say that photosynthetic bacteria contain nitrifying bacteria, which is also wrong. Photosynthetic bacteria can achieve the function of deamination, but it and nitrifying bacteria are completely two types of bacteria, the working principle is completely different, and the growth environment requirements are opposite, in the same environment, photosynthetic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria can not coexist, or even inhibit each other.
Myth 5: Turning off the filter nitrifying bacteria will die
Nitrifying bacteria are aerobic bacteria, especially when they need to consume a lot of oxygen when working. Therefore, we recommend that the filtration system be turned on 24 hours a day to provide sufficient oxygen for the nitrification system to work. Nitrifying bacteria do not produce spores, can survive in very low-oxygen environments, and the demand for oxygen is much lower than that of heterogeneous bacteria, so even if the filtration is turned off, it is generally fine. In particular, open filtration systems, such as drip filtration, overflow filtration, etc., because of contact with the air, even if the filtration is stopped, nitrifying bacteria can still grow normally; but for the closed filtration system is much more dangerous, such as the filter barrel, if you stop working, because of no contact with the air, the internal oxygen will be exhausted because of the large number of aerobic alien bacteria, and the foreign bacteria with large oxygen demand die first, the water quality deteriorates, because the nitrification system is almost dormant, so the accumulation of toxins will eventually lead to a large number of deaths of nitrifying bacteria, Therefore, if the filter barrel is stopped for too long, it will have a huge impact on the internal nitrification system.
In addition, the filtration system must operate stably. Some aquarists like to turn off the filter at night and turn it on again in the morning in order to save electricity, or do not like the noise of filtering, which is wrong. During the day, due to the cycle of filtration, the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is high, and the heterotrophic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria are multiplied in large quantities, and the filtration is stopped at night, the dissolved oxygen amount is reduced, and the heterogeneous bacteria with high oxygen demand will die in large numbers and corrupt the water quality. So often in the morning the water becomes white. Such water quality is good and bad, just like the weather is hot and cold, which is not conducive to the health of the fish. Therefore, stable filtration will bring stable water quality, which must be run uninterrupted.
<h1>Aquatic Landscape and Aesthetics Focus</h1>
Aquatic landscape is actually a very personal thing, and it is an excellent way to show personality. However, for thousands of years, human beings have accumulated a lot of aesthetic knowledge, and it is important to highlight the personality, but if it can be combined with aesthetics, the scenery created must be a unique product! To sum up, there are two kinds of aesthetics that are of great help to landscaping.
Focus ——-
It is important elements that can be used in any design. The focus is also the focus of the Creator's expression. A good design has only one interestpoint, and the rest is just a foil. More than one focal point can make people's eyes can not concentrate and do not reflect the characteristics of the theme. In landscaping, in addition to wood and stone, the focus can also be expressed as the focus of color, the shape of the landscaping, the shape and size of aquatic plants.
So before I design the landscape, I figure out what to use as a theme. The theme is decided first, and then the materials that make the theme will be started. If you build on one side, think on the other, and find materials on the other, the final effect will not be ideal. Experienced landscape architects, the structure of the landscaping and the effect after the scene have long been conceived in the brain, and some like to draw sketches before the landscaping to set the theme and center of gravity. Don't look at some landscapers who seem to be carelessly going to the landscape, but in fact, they already have a belly draft in their hearts, and their talent and experience are enough to make them feel free to make the landscape.
Many people will unconsciously put all the elaborate masterpieces in the same cylinder without priority and make the landscape chaotic.
<h1>Aquatic landscape and aesthetics Golden Section</h1>
Goldenratio: The golden section is an ancient mathematical method. It has all sorts of magical effects and magic that have not yet been clearly explained mathematically. The simple meaning of the golden section is to pursue the most perfect ratio.
In aquatic landscape architecture, composition is the main factor affecting the entire shape. The term composition is a term for plastic arts. In order to express the theme of the work and the aesthetic effect, in a certain space, arrange and deal with the relationship and position of wood, stone and grass, and form individual or partial images into an artistic whole.
The golden section is a kind of division law in the plastic arts. Its method of segmentation is: divide the straight line segment into two parts, that is, split the straight line segment AB with C points, so that AC:AB = CB:AC (interval diagram). The result ratio is approximately 1.618 : 1 or 1 : 0.618. In practice, the golden ratio mostly uses only approximate values, that is, 2:3, 3:5, 5:8, 8:13, 13:21 and other ratios as approximate values.
As early as a long time ago, a compositional touch style has been found in China- the nine-square grid, and the most coincidental thing is that it has a surprising theoretical connection with the golden section. Everyone uses the golden section (approximate value) of the picture to make 4 lines, which is what the ancients called the nine square grids. It has been found that the 4 points where the 4 lines of the nine-square grid intersect are the most sensitive places for people's vision, and these 4 points are called the center of fun in photography theory - interesting points.
When we were creating the landscape, we could try to focus on one of the 4 fun centers. Or pull the horizon to the first dividing line. There are many people who have not considered any dividing line at all when making landscaping, but they can create a perfect landscape. This is because of the abilities given to him by nature and nurture. When he thought it looked good to put in that position, that point was already the golden section. unbelief? You can try it. On the contrary, some people build left and right, and after the building, they always feel that something is wrong, and it turns out that they are not placed on the golden section. unbelief? You can draw a nine-square grid to see it.
<h1>Aquatic landscape and aesthetics Leave blank</h1>
Blank space: As the name suggests, blank space is to leave a corresponding blank space in the work, which is a kind of layout and wisdom of Chinese painting. If the painting is too full and too realistic, it will lose its agility and elegance in the composition, appearing lifeless; and with the blank space, it will give the viewer room for reverie and play. Only when we look at the shrimp of Baishi can we feel the clarity of the water; only by appreciating Xu Beihong's horse can we appreciate the speed of the wind. The most unforgettable Southern Song Dynasty Ma Yuan's "Hanjiang Solo Fishing Map", in a painting, a small boat, a fisherman fishing, the whole painting does not have a trace of water, and people feel that the smoke waves are vast, full of water. Giving people room for imagination, such a blank art with invincible existence is called "here nothing is better than something". Calligraphy also often pays attention to leaving blank space, which needs to be interspersed between virtual and real, can not be full, full is chaotic. It should not be too small, otherwise it is too empty, and only by placing the square words in the grid can it show its beauty and charm. Water and grass landscaping can also be more meaningful than making a painting or a calligraphy, and the appropriate blank space will appear more meaningful. Calligraphy and painting works can be seen as the blank space of two-dimensional space, and the water and grass landscaping is equivalent to the blank space of three-dimensional space.
In aquatic landscape, the beauty of "white" is generated through a series of combinations of rhythm, change and unity, movement and stillness between the shape, area, color, etc. of "staying" and "white". So what matters here is not what "white" is, but rather. White" role. The "whiteness" between the various images and images makes our brain produce aesthetic experiences, expresses the ethereal realm, and gives people the feeling and experience of beauty.
<h1>The laws between aquatic landscape and nature</h1>
We know that the flat ground of tall buildings is inseparable from the solid reinforced concrete, as well as the hard work of designers and construction workers. The same beautiful natural water landscape, inseparable from trees and rocks, water grass, fish and like water features of you and me, carefully taken care of. How we build a water view tank step by step, we need to look through the "glass" a little bit to observe the beautiful scenery around us. Using the existing materials in my hand, I will arrange the layout of the scenery I like to yearn for.
When I first came into contact with aquatic landscape architecture, I often heard friends talk about "nature". Everyone's interpretation of nature is different, Wang Chao said that "nature is all around us, and the more we observe, we will find nature." And Zhang Jianfeng's understanding of nature, he said, "What is nature? Nature is that you see it very "pleasing to the eye". So, nature is all around us, everywhere, we watch all the time, it is so familiar, but we can't express them clearly. Here we will go into "nature", to summarize, to summarize the laws that can be followed.
When we create a water landscape, we will use a lot of materials, such as mountain stones, trees, water plants and so on. How to arrange the combination of trees, mountains, stones, aquatic plants and other objects in the aquarium tank, both reasonable and harmonious and beautiful, here we peep leopard from the composition form of art to talk about this problem. We first introduce the compositional point of view of fine arts, and then explore the mysteries of using this knowledge in waterscape design. In fine arts, the composition form generally follows the following rules:
Guests and hosts
The ancients said that "the guest and the host are in the dynasty", which is reflected in painting is to deal with the primary and secondary relationship of the picture. Whether the subject is large or small, it must occupy a prominent position in the picture. The main object should not be arranged in the center of the picture, which is too dull; it should not be arranged too biased, so that it is not eye-catching. Generally speaking, painting should first draw the main body, and then draw the secondary object, that is, the object. The object plays a foil role in the picture, so it is necessary to consciously weaken its status and not to dominate the guest. When processing the picture, it is necessary to draw the main body, but also not too monotonous. There should be a "main" point in the painting, that is, the "eye" in the painting, such as houses, figures, etc. The "main" point in the painting, although small in size, can point to the subject.
Echo
In a painting, whether it is a mountain stone, a forest, or a house or a figure, it should echo and look forward to each other. The mountain peaks should have the intention of the guests and the hosts, the trees should have a posture of tilting each other, the smoke clouds should have a flowing and roundabout trend, and the characters, animals and other scenery should also have a certain echo relationship. The echoes of the picture also include the relationship between big and small, light and heavy, black and white. In short, the various objects on the screen should be interdependent and influence each other.
Although the water feature is small, it is a small environment, with a complete ecological chain, and a scenic environment. If we make a moss tree alone and put it in a tank, without creating an environment in which a tree grows, it is only a tree, not a scene. Therefore, we need a secondary scene after the main body is determined, please pay attention to this passage : "The mountain peaks must have the meaning of the guest and the host, the trees must have a mutual oblique posture, the smoke clouds must have a flowing and roundabout trend, and the characters, animals and other scenery must also have a certain echo relationship." In a water feature, we incorporate a lot of elements in it, how we need to echo, the basic composition principles tell us that the nine-square grid and the golden section point are our very strong arms. Here we must pay attention to the stability of the ecological chain system, some stones and trees can not be placed in the fish tank, is not conducive to the establishment of the ecosystem. We use reasonable and appropriate materials for the fish to create a suitable environment for survival.
<h1>The law between aquatic and grass landscaping and nature (Part 2</h1>).
Distance
In Chinese painting, objects are generally expressed as near large and far small, near real and far virtual, near heavy and far light, of course, there are also near small and far large. If the main scene is large and far away, it is necessary to use the thickness and virtual reality of the ink color to deal with the spatial relationship of the picture. A painting generally has three levels: near, medium and far. Even if a painting does not have three levels, then at least there must be two levels: near, far, or medium and far.
The long-term relationship in the waterscape is already familiar to every good friend of the waterscape, and it is also known to many friends to reflect it with a perspective relationship (near, large, far and small). In the water scene, unlike the picture, we can flexibly shape the sense of space in the three-dimensional stereoscopic, look at the fish tank from different angles, and give people different visual enjoyment. So the near and far small here is only a single reference method when creating the landscape, don't bind our magical brain.
Actual situation
The virtual is vague, the real is clear and unambiguous, and the two are relative. The objects in the painting are too real, which will lead to the blank and lifeless picture, and if it is too virtual, it will appear empty and empty, so it is necessary to have reality in the virtual and the virtual in the virtual. If it is too real, it should be broken by falsehood, and if it is too virtual, it should be broken by reality. Generally speaking, in landscape painting, there is form and reality, and the invisible is virtual; black is real, and white is virtual. The relationship between virtual and real in landscape painting is often reflected in objects such as flowing water, clouds, and smoke, or is handled by the thickness, dryness, wetness, and density of brush and ink.
The handling of the virtual-real relationship gives many landscape-making friends a feeling that they can't start, so why not let us open our minds and abandon the literal description to think. The virtual reality in the picture is a kind of brushwork for painting. In the water landscape, why don't we use the water weeds in our hands to depict the virtual reality, and use a part of the water weeds to weaken the environment. For example, the Pink Court, who is in the post-jingcao, has a weakening effect. There are also redtail pines and so on, and more need friends to continue to explore in the world of water features.
Density
The method of mountain stones pays attention to density, the interspersing of trees pays attention to density, and the layout of the whole painting also pays attention to density. A painting must first have a large dense change, and then there must be a small dense change in the big dense, so it is necessary to achieve "dense in the dense, dense in the sparse". In the picture, it is extremely important to express the beauty of form in a way that combines denseness and gathering and dispersion. Denseness and dispersion reflect a tight relationship, but dispersion contains a dynamic. Fine things such as one tree and one tree, one grass and one leaf should pay attention to density. The ancients said: "Loose can go, tight and airtight." "Loose can go" does not mean not to paint any scenery, but also to paint the scene; "airtight" does not mean that the objects in the picture are full, so that people feel suffocated, but to leave a gap, to achieve "sparse scenery, secret place has rhyme."
In the process of water feature design and maintenance, we often encounter that the placement of mountain stone trees is disorganized, the planting and growth of water plants are unfamiliar, the pruning is not in place, and the scenery is messy. These problems are all us, the overall layout of the water feature and the water plant planting process, the dense relationship is not handled well. When laying out, the combination of large and small stones and the combination of thick and thin trees allows us to bring a sense of balance into it. If the main scene is a separate larger stone, the placement of the small stones in the secondary scene can be denser, etc., and vice versa. The most direct and clear reference object, we take the placement of trees in the woods as a reference.
Closing
Opening and closing is a common compositional rule in landscape painting. Opening refers to spreading out the various scenes in the painting, and closing refers to the convergence of the posture of the picture. The composition of a painting must have both a large opening and closing of the whole and a small opening and closing of the part. The common opening and closing styles in landscape painting are near and medium scene opening, long-range combination, near and far view opening, medium scene combination, and far and medium scenery opening, close scene combination and so on.
Opening and closing, even if the composition form of the main and secondary scenes in the water scene, is also a kind of "potential" expression in the landscape. This feeling is most obvious when I see Zhang Jianfeng's "Amazon" and Wang Chao's "Sky". I think there are a lot of friends who often learn to observe. Taking this as an example, "Amazon" expresses the relationship between the Amazon River and the dense forests on both sides, and the opening and closing is to use the "river" as a medium to highlight the dense forests on both sides of the strait. "Sky" is from the perspective of looking up, and the opening and closing is based on the medium of "heaven", highlighting that after looking up, it comes into view, and the trees change from thick to thin. There is the medium of "heaven", with the height and distance of towering trees, and the opening and closing of trees. Friends can use a small game to understand, the palm and finger are flat, the palm of the hand is contracted, the bar hand is placed in front of the eyes, watch the palm of the hand drive the finger to close, and the fingertip is separated. I understand this composition opening and closing.
Hidden dew
Properly handling the hidden relationship of the picture can make the picture more subtle. If you explain it clearly everywhere, there is no fun to speak of. The scenery painting must be hidden and exposed, in order to trigger people's reverie. "Hiding" is handled well, and the effect of "there is a scene without a view" can be achieved.
Subtly "hiding" means, covering, covering. For example, we block the middle part of a line of text with our fingers, but we still know that there is text behind the finger. The other meaning is an artistic conception. Remember, in a Chinese painting of "Deep Mountain Ancient Temple", I only saw a tall mountain and a dense forest, birds flying from tree branches and a small monk carrying water, along the mountain road, what is in the mountain? There must be temples, and bells can be faintly heard. Because the painter Bar ancient temple "hidden".
In the water landscape, there are now many trees and dense forest landscaping, and the author only expresses the trunk part, and there are no treetops or tree heads in the jar. However, we will all know that the author is expressing a forest, and in our minds, we can all image the dense tree head on the trunk, and there are birds nesting and singing happily. Its expression is that only the trunk part of the tree is in the cylinder, and the part of the canopy is "hidden" outside the cylinder.
equilibrium
Chinese painting avoids the equivalent composition of "four flat and eight stable", and mostly uses "scale hammer pressing thousand pounds" to achieve the balance of the picture. Pan Tianshou said: "The materials are arranged on the canvas, and they must be balanced, but they must pay attention to the flexible balance. Flexible balance must first seek its imbalance, and then seek its balance. It can be seen that landscape painting pursues a balanced beauty. Symmetry in pattern design can give people a sense of beauty, while landscape paintings will feel monotonous if symmetry is used, and of course, it is not beautiful.
Here, we refer to the equilibrium, we have to mention the center of gravity, there is a center of gravity to have balance, there is a balanced beauty. In the process of landscaping, I often use the principle of leverage to feel the balance. As the saying goes, give me a long enough lever, I can pry the earth, in the interpretation of Tai Chi there are also four or two thousand pounds of truth, this is the principle of balance. How do we express balance in a water landscape? We need to observe, in the overall layout, where the center of gravity is, combined with far-reaching and dense relationships, to create a center of gravity, balanced composition layout. You also need to deal with the balance in the context you want to express. Here I recommend friends to observe the compositional layout of the three stones.
black and white
Black and white generally refers to the relationship between the weight of the ink color in the picture, the thick ink is heavy, and the light ink is light. The black and white of the upper and lower left and right of the picture should be balanced, not left black and right white, nor black and white. If the mountain on the left side of the picture is painted in heavy ink, then the river on the right can be represented by blank space. In landscape painting, usually black is real and white is virtual. In some cases, white can also be real. Painting water often adopts the method of "counting white as black".
In the process of water feature design, the relationship between black and white is the relationship between light and shadow, and it is also the relationship between color collocation in the layout of water and grass. The suitable lighting system is not only the basis of aquatic grass farming, but also the conditions under which we often appreciate the water features of the fish tank. The dark curtains, fine-leaf iron, water banyan trees, etc. fixed on the sunken wood, after turning on the lights, the looming light and shadow effect and the psychedelic beauty of the ripples on the water surface swaying under the light fascinated me. Secondly, the layout of water plants of various colors in the water feature. Some are full of greenery and some are colorful, making people feel like they are in the garden.
size
When arranging the picture, the scenery should have changes in size and fragmentation, which can not only avoid uniformity, but also make the subject prominent. In the painting, it is generally the main guest and the small guest, and sometimes the main guest can also be the small guest. However, the main body must be obvious, the pen and ink should be solid, and the color should be bright.
The size relationship mentioned here is also a headache for many friends when the waterscape is landscaped, including me, and the size proportional relationship between the size of the cylinder and the material. For example, Teacher Cao Hong often uses turquoise for landscaping, and the most direct tool he uses is the cutting machine to cut the turquoise into an ideal state. But for many friends, conditions do not allow. Even, Yingde stone, tortoiseshell stone, etc., are easy to break when handled, in this regard. We need to decide on the size of the cylinder, and choose materials such as moderately sized mountain stones, sunken wood and water weeds when purchasing. On the other hand, in the waterscape, the size relationship between the materials needs to be handled by combining the above nine composition rules and combining them with each other.
After we have decided on a theme to express in the landscape, let's place the largest and best shaped stone or wood in a conspicuous position to highlight the subject. Then with the support of the secondary scene, adjust the opening and closing between the main and the auxiliary, adjust the overall sense of balance, and at the same time observe far-reaching, adjust the size relationship of the material, and tighten the relationship to seek the ideal state. When the overall layout is adjusted, let's take a break, have a cup of tea, and open the slides on the computer to see some classic water features, or some beautiful landscape maps. Rest well and then see if the results of the adjustment are achieved. Finally, let's spray some water to play a role in fixing the hard landscape. On the one hand, the foreground grass is small and the most troublesome and difficult to deal with, and on the other hand, it reserves space for the planting of medium landscape grass and conceives the layout of water grass. Think about the leaf type, color and growth rate of the water grass you are familiar with. The use of leaf size, plant density and different colors of aquatic plants to achieve a reasonable arrangement. Achieve the most beautiful effect of conceiving the theme in your mind.
<h1>Detailed classification of aquatic plants</h1>
In the aquarium industry, aquatic weed refers to a type of herbaceous plant that can grow in water, and here we are talking about ornamental aquatic weeds. It is mainly used in the landscaping of aquariums to express the natural beauty and ecological beauty of aquariums. There are many varieties of ornamental aquatic plants, and at present, there are more than 500 kinds of aquatic plants that can be applied to aquarium cultivation in the world. It can be simply classified from four aspects: landscaping layout, morphological characteristics, relationship between growth morphology and water, and affinity relationship of aquatic plants. Let's describe it in detail.
1. According to the landscaping layout, it can be divided into foreground grass, medium landscape grass and rear scene grass.
Foreground grass refers to the aquatic grass suitable for dense planting in the front of the aquarium, generally small grass, lower and shorter. Most often
The foreground grasses seen in the aquatic weed tank are: mini dwarf pearl, cow felt, mini cow felt, ear grass, staghorn moss, various types of moss, golden leaf crown grass, small valley grass, small water orchid, mini pepper grass, linglong crown grass, conifer crown, shiitake mushroom grass, Japanese algae, emerald pearl, butterfly ping, deer horn dwarf pearl, South American turf and so on.
Midview grass refers to the grass planted in the middle of the aquarium, between the front and rear scenery grass. Such as iron crown, lotus root, tiger ear grass and so on.
Houjing grass refers to the grass planted in the back of the aquarium, generally large, tall grass. Such as small round leaves, snapdragon, chrysanthemum grass, small roland and so on.
Due to the slow maturity of aquatic grass landscaping in recent years, the difference between the front, middle and back landscape grass has slowly begun to fade, and the difference has become less obvious. WeChat search autumn water fish Yue culture spread, aquarium must-have. For example, dwarf pearls are also commonly used in post-landscape grasses. The most common middle and back grasses are: pink court, large redberry, green sun, Cuban leaf bottom red, purple triangle, Vietnamese louver, big dragon whip, Japanese louver, green lilac, red butterfly, leopard red butterfly and so on.
2. According to the different morphological characteristics
It can be divided into eight categories: stem aquatic weeds, clump aquatic weeds, pepper grass aquatic weeds, crown aquatic weeds, water banyan aquatic weeds, rhizome aquatic weeds, fern aquatic weeds, and moss aquatic weeds.
3, according to the relationship between growth pattern and water
It can be divided into submerged aquatic grass, floating leaf aquatic grass, floating aquatic grass, aquatic aquatic grass and intermediate aquatic grass.
Submerged aquatic grass refers to aquatic grasses that grow in water throughout the plant body, such as snapdragon;
Floating leaf aquatic grass refers to aquatic grasses whose roots grow on the bottom of the water and whose leaves float on the surface of the water, such as banana grass;
Floating aquatic weed refers to aquatic grass that does not take root under the water and has a root perpendicular to the water, such as locust leaf ping;
Water-based aquatic weed refers to aquatic weeds whose roots are born at the bottom of the water, whose leaves protrude from the surface of the water, and whose flowers bloom in the air, such as large willows;
Intermediate aquatic weed refers to aquatic weeds that do not have fixed roots, stems, and leaves, and grow in water, such as deer horn moss.
4. According to the biological classification of the affinity relationship of aquatic plants,
It can be divided into shrubs, bryophytes, ferns, dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
There is only 1 species of algae; bryophytes contain 4 families; ferns contain 5 families; dicotyledons contain 37 families; and monocotyledons contain 25 families.
<h1>Watch the fish talk</h1>
Generally a lonely grass tank is difficult for friends to satisfy, everyone will more or less put some fish in it, but what kind of fish can the grass tank be? What kind of fish is better in general? In the fish tank, whether it is aquatic grass or ornamental fish, it needs a stable environment to grow and survive healthily, and the stable environment is nothing more than light, water quality, temperature, etc., so as long as a good living space is created, you can have a beautiful and moving aquatic grass fish tank. So what fish is better to raise in the grass tank? How to choose? Let's talk about it.
<h1>How to choose ornamental fish in a grass tank? </h1>
One. Problems with fish populations:
As the name suggests, the grass tank is dominated by scenery, the fish is to match the grass tank and do a beneficial collocation, too much fish, too mixed will reduce the overall coordination and ornamentality. Many new friends, including me, will look at it with curiosity, and when I see a favorite fish, I add more than 100 fish to the tank, but this weakens the attention to the aquatic landscape. Whether it is a stone scene or a wood scene, the theme of the construction should be able to maintain the unity and naturalness of everything underwater, so from this point of view, we must control ourselves and reasonably allocate the number of fish.
In addition, the filtration system in the general grass tank is mostly an external filter barrel, considering the co2 dissolution problem, it is basically not equipped with air pumps, waterfalls and other equipment that destroys the calm and oxygenation of the water surface, so too much fish excrement will also increase the burden of the microbial system, as well as the burden of water oxygen content. There is a fish tank calculator on the elephant plate, and the resulting number is a bare tank number, or a non-grass tank number, which is not enough as a standard for the grass tank to put fish. Therefore, the number of fish should be small and not too much, and it is always a good thing to have a wealth in the amount of filtration.
When it comes to fish stocks, it is also important to mention the question of species. Generally speaking, it is best to choose an ornamental fish species in the grass tank, too many fish species will be eye-catching, covering the scenery, and there is also the problem of polyculture, we also have to find out which fish can coexist peacefully, which is also a troublesome thing.
Finally, we must also consider the adult size of the fish, some fish we bought are juvenile fish, the volume is not large, but it will not cause a burden on the water body. Medium-sized fish aside, take Pauline lamp for example, the market sells mostly small fish, about 2CM, but it can grow to about 5CM, and this growth time of half a year to a year, the properly controlled grass tank may not have reached the time to turn over the tank but the fish has grown.
Specifically, straw cylinders are mostly standard sizes, and 60, 90 (100), 120 cylinders are more. I personally think that 60 tanks of small light fish (flame size) 15 pieces. 90 tank medium lamp fish (Pauline lamp size) 20 pieces. 120 tank medium lamp fish (Pauline lamp size 30). Other larger fish, such as pulling flags, are proportional to one eyebrow. This number believes that many friends think that it is very small, because what I am talking about is only ornamental fish species, and there will be a number of tools in the grass tank, so these additions are enough for the relevant grass tank load, and it is a good thing to leave a margin.
A master in the photography world once put forward a sentence for the most common composition problem: "Composition, then take a step forward, and then press the shutter." "This is because the average photographer always does not highlight the subject matter, and I think the number of fish in the grass tank also applies this principle."
Second, the choice of appearance on the impact of scenery:
When it comes to the influence of appearance, the first is the problem of group swimming, which is the most important indicator of our selection of fish species in the grass tank. We saw many award-winning photos of small fish are swimming in groups, very beautiful. As far as I feel in contact, the small fish of the group swim class, only the red nose, Pauline lamp, one eyebrow, Egypt, penguins, triangles, etc., and these fish, group swimming is only a relative concept, of which the red nose is the best group swimmerism. The reality of small fish swimming in groups is a kind of self-protection, in the natural environment, the probability of a single individual swimming small fish being eaten by a large fish is one in the whole group, the most typical representative is the sardines in the ocean. However, in our grass tanks, ferocious fish are not allowed, and at most a number of fish with territorial awareness will be raised as a driving force, which is very ineffective. After a period of breeding, the fish are familiar with the environment, and they are safe and will not show the swamism so obviously. Most of the ADA pictures we see are posed, that is, the pioneers catch fish and then shoot again, which is only a temporary phenomenon, and if you want to see the group swimming every day, it should be unlikely. If you are very concerned about group swimming, then you still choose fish species with strong group swimming, but the room for choice is much smaller, in fact, if you let go of this principle, it is not a bad thing. We are also able to get a variety of fish and grass symbiosis. We can look at the ADA landscape over the years, and there are many fish species that we usually think we will give up without swimming in groups, such as all kinds of flag pulling and all kinds of light fish.
The second mention is the collocation of colors. The water weed tank is mostly green, but there are also red aquatic grasses, and the dark yellow of the sunken wood, the color of the rock and the vignette angle must be taken into account. The general principle is to form color contrasts but not to deviate too much. For example, the pure green grass tank is matched with warm fish, and the red grass mostly grass tank is matched with cool fish. Pauline lamps are rich in color and are the easiest fish species to match. Here, I think it is best to use flying foxes or elves for tool fish, because black and white colors are natural and easy to blend into the scenery, and yellow like beards is too eye-catching.
In addition, the form of the scene should also be considered. For example, the grass tank composed of sunken wood and yin grass gives people a feeling of rough and grand, and it is better to match some large fish, such as yimei or Egypt; and the grass tank with rich and delicate water grass layers is best paired with some small lamp fish.
The above is a general principle, the key is to look at the theme of the grass tank, and all elements should be unified and coordinated for the purpose. Some grass tanks need "hidden fish", so it is not a good thing to embellish the cool color of fish species in the cool color of aquatic weeds, and vice versa. For example, the first place of 2012ADA, aquatic grass is pure green, the author's choice of fish is also cool color, but when taking pictures, the fish is placed in the "sky" part, which naturally forms the effect of flying birds, which is very close to the theme, if you choose red fish species, I am afraid that you will not be able to achieve such an effect. From this point of view, this kind of choice is the most effective, and it is also a situation in which each flower enters the eyes of each person, and there is no need to be rigid.
Third, the influence of fish habits on grass tanks:
This problem is actually the earliest concern of everyone, too fierce fish we certainly will not choose, simple water tiger tank is not the mainstream; the choice of fish to be docile, do not fight with each other, nor to the tool fish shrimp are harmful, like the Peruvian fairy estrus period is very intense, it is not suitable to put into the grass tank; other aspects of whether the fish are harmful to the grass, such as some fish grazing; our set will be harmful to fish, such as sunken wood and rock edges, like Egyptian gods should not be placed in the environment with sharp rocks; ratfish and earth-eating seabream love to turn the sand It is also not suitable to be placed in the grass tank; there is also a point that if there is a grass tank with a prospect grass such as a mini dwarf, it is not appropriate to put shrimp in the early stage, then you will replant many times. Finally, the impact of water quality, South American fish should live in a weak acid environment, which is the ideal state, but the vast majority of lamp fish can survive in alkaline hard water, some fish will affect the color, but most will not, the biggest impact is fish reproduction, but the grass tank is not necessary, do not pay too much attention to water quality problems. Of course, if conditions permit, it is better to create a native environment as much as possible, after all, sour water soft water can choose more fish and aquatic grass species. The last thing to pay attention to is the range of life of the fish, the light fish activity is divided into upper, middle and lower water layers, to understand in which water layer to operate, for the landscaping is a matter of half the work.
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<h1>What are the fish in the grass tank that are suitable for raising? </h1>
First, the lamp family
Galacinko (fat carp): such as Pauline lamp, black light, red-nosed scissors, crutches, flag pulling, etc.
This is the most favored group of aquatic weed tanks, most of them can be raised in aquatic weed tanks, pH is neutral to weak acid, soft water, like to breed in aquatic weeds, breeding generally at the turn of the seasons, their eggs are mostly sticky, it is not difficult to lay eggs, but juvenile fish are small and difficult to grow.
Aquatic weed tank should pay attention to the stability of the environment, excessive changes, prone to white spot disease and sporangia, because the fish body is often ignored, this point should be paid more attention to. White spot disease is detected and immediately warmed to 30 ° C. Heat-intolerant ones such as Moss should be taken out in time.
Second, the beauty family
Beauty family (rainbow fish): such as stone beauty, red beauty, electric light beauty, etc. Swallow beauty, neon swallow too. This series of fish is distributed in Australia, with a gentle temperament, lively and fast movement, a love of neutral water quality, and is a breed of fish that is beautiful and easy to raise.
3. Carp family
Carp family: such as blue triangle, cherry lamp, baiyun mountain, zebrafish and so on.
This series of fish is very widely distributed, but to Southeast Asian species are more popular, they are like the lamp fish, most of them can be raised in aquatic grass tanks, water quality and disease problems are roughly the same, suitable for neutral to weak acid soft water, only in the disease is more prone to pepper point disease, just pay more attention to the frequency of water change, you can get good control.
4. Ratfish and Aliens
Ratfish and Aliens: Elves, White Rats, Golden-winged Pearl Rats, Red-headed Rats, Panda Aliens, etc.
This is a very important group of aquatic grass tanks, but also the most aggrieved, because many people call it "garbage fish" When the fish look closely, they can find their cuteness, especially the flexible eyes, often actively looking for the bait in the tank (mostly ratfish), or looking for algae and moss in the water weed tank (such as elves), is a good helper for cleaning in the water weed tank, also known as the scavenger, they prefer clean neutral new water, but there are some special-shaped exceptions, which are essential fish in the water weed tank. (Pipa rats must not be put into the grass tank, it will make a mess)
<h1>Aquatic weeds and shrimp</h1>
Ornamental shrimp is not a species, but a general term for a type of shrimp with ornamental value in this animal, with a total of 38 species. Ornamental shrimp are popular with aquarium lovers because of their beautiful appearance, and have become a popular pet breed in China, especially in aquarium shops in large and medium-sized cities. Ornamental shrimp are basically small in size, with a body length of about 2.5 to 75 cm.
In addition to the beautiful appearance of ornamental shrimp, some of them are also good at algae removal, and their ability to remove algae is highly affirmed by aquatic plant players. Ornamental shrimp is not strict on the living environment, but in order to raise shrimp out of the state, raising the ultimate requires more patience and care.
Now in the process of raising grass, most grass friends like to put some fish or ornamental shrimp into it, increase the vitality of the grass tank or ornamental, I also have such a habit, the fish do not know how much has been changed, but the shrimp into my tank is always dead, can not keep ah, this is a blow to me ah, but the more frustrated and courageous there is, now successful, found that there are several points to pay attention to in the water weed tank shrimp farming.
1. Water quality
In the aquatic weed tank shrimp water quality maintenance is very important, because the aquatic weed on the water requirements are not very high, generally is several weeks to change once, some in order to save trouble, but also a large number of less times to change the water, aquatic weed tank raised shrimp or so, resulting in shrimp can not adapt, a large number of deaths, in the aquatic weed tank shrimp, it is best to change the water a small number of times, pay attention to the combination with the habits of the shrimp, after all, there is still a difference between different shrimp. At the same time, because there are fish in the tank, it is easy to damage the water quality, which needs to be paid attention to.
2. Temperature
Different shrimp have different requirements for temperature, while aquatic grass also has requirements for temperature, in the shrimp should pay attention to the fit between the two, can not feel that you want to raise what shrimp on the line, but in general, the adaptability of shrimp is still good, in the summer especially pay attention to, shrimp afraid of high temperature.
3. Bait
Shrimp farming in the aquatic grass tank is indispensable to feed, in the feeding can not be fed too much, if you can not eat, sink into the water, not easy to clean, damage the water quality, a long time, shrimp can not stand it, maybe some people will say, you can use tool fish, but do not know, do not consider in advance, the problem has been temporarily solved, to the end has deviated from the direction, to the end, found that your grass tank is a mess.
4. Polyculture
When raising shrimp in the aquatic weed tank, the choice of fish should be cautious, the shrimp is relatively small and mild, some fish have an aggressive type, if you accidentally enter the grass tank, in a few days you will find that the shrimp in the grass tank are gone, and then cry and go.
<h1>What shrimp is suitable for raising in the grass tank? </h1>
Black shell shrimp are the most elementary, down is the cherry blossom shrimp, these are suitable as tools shrimp to remove algae. What are the better yellow rice shrimp, Yamato algae shrimp, and tiger striped shrimp. There are also a variety of crystal shrimp, this goods are more expensive, depending on the personal situation to choose it, it is best to raise fish alone, to give the fish to eat painfully. The above shrimp do not eat grass, only algae and rotten aquatic grass leaves. Do not raise big-eyed thieves, eat fish, eat shrimp and eat aquatic grass, characterized by large pincers.
<h1>Straw tank photography</h1>
We spent a lot of time and effort to make the aquatic landscape look as we expected it to be.
When the day finally comes,
Always want to use photos to capture the beauty of the moment,
At the same time, it conveys our efforts, creativity and technology.
Regardless of the quality of your own camera,
In fact, as long as through a few tips,
We can easily improve our photography skills.
Brushing the walls of the cylinder, removing the obstructive equipment, fishing out the water surface debris, etc. – these are not explained.
1. Preparation:
Fish tank is best to choose a plane, the bay tank is easy to lose focus,
Remember to scrape the moss off the glass before shooting,
If you can remember to turn off the indoor lights, leave the lights of the fish tank,
You can reduce the chance of taking your own reflections.
If the upper space permits, you can consider an extra lamp for shooting.
The more lights in the fish tank, the more uniform the better.
When shooting panoramas, many times in order to lengthen the depth of field, the aperture will be shrunk very small,
Therefore, you can consider putting on a tripod and reducing the hand vibration.
Unless you're going to flash off the machine, or you have to, try not to flash the light from the front.
If you have to hit it from the front, it is best to be close to the fish tank, which can reduce the reflection.
When shooting, the sensor and the fish tank glass are parallel as much as possible, and there will be a clear image.
2. Panoramic shooting:
When taking panoramic documentary photos,
Usually my aperture will shrink to about 6, ISO is about 200 (D50 can only be as low as 200),
Pair it with the right shutter.
The lens is mainly matched with the nicon60mm Micro,
If there is excess lamps and energy, you can consider also lighting on the left and right,
Can reduce the bottom of the water weed tank is too dark.
As for myself.... Usually not so industrious, at best only on the tripod.
When shooting, if time permits, it is best to shoot RAW files,
You can slowly correct the color afterwards, and you can even adjust the water color.
If the camera does not support RAW or lazy,
There's a little trick to find a white plastic,
Throw it into the water, and then customize the white balance for the white object,
The fish tank that is photographed naturally does not have a water color
When shooting a panorama, you can take a few more pictures, the fish will move,
Take a few more shots to pick out your favorite fish arrangement.
The composition does not have to be shot from the front, shooting from the bottom up can make the small cylinder look more imposing.
It is not necessary to use a deep depth of field, and the shallow depth of field also has a different flavor.
3. Aquatic weed shooting:
Shooting aquatic weeds I think is a little easier than shooting fish, at least aquatic weeds will not run to you to chase,
The more difficult thing is how to compose the picture.
Many times will be limited by the initial landscaping,
In addition to considering the overall beauty, you can also consider the appearance of the part.
Technical aspects of shooting.... In fact, it is multi-angle multi-shot,
There are also many observations, and the aquatic weeds are also moving,
Different time points affect the degree of stretch and color of the leaves,
The condition of aquatic plants will also be different every day,
How to photograph the best condition of aquatic plants depends on your own observation.
4. Fish Shooting:
Fish shooting is relatively difficult,
The first thing to do to shoot a good fish is to first raise the fish, raise it well, raise it beautifully...
Taking more is an important condition for taking good photos.
Fish are not like cats and dogs, and will not obediently stay there for you to shoot.
Therefore, shooting birds indiscriminately can increase the success rate.
The next thing to know is the variety of fish habits you want to photograph.
Do you want to shoot if you prefer to stay at the upper or lower levels?
Is the tour fast or slow?
When is it most beautiful?
It is also an important subject for photographing fish.
In terms of camera settings, usually I would pull the ISO up in exchange for the shutter.
The aperture is determined by the size of the fish and the shooting distance.
Many times the fish will not just be parallel to the sensor,
If the aperture is too large, it will make the fish's head clear and the body blurred,
So it's important to choose the right aperture, unless you're deliberately trying to create this effect.
Usually I would set it around F4.
After buying a flashing light extension line a while ago, I began to have a new way of playing,
How to use flashing lights to increase depth of field, speed up shutters, and finally share.
Shooting fish many times there is no extra time to compose,
Therefore, when shooting, you can ask for it first and then ask for good.
Most fish have the habit of display,
The so-called dishplay is to open all the fins and put on the freshest body color,
Usually this is only done when it is to show favor to the opposite sex or to demonstrate with the same sex.
When fish are displayed, it is the time when fish are most beautiful.
The most difficult fish in the fish should be the lamp fish, lively and active, almost no moment to stop,
Especially the petite size, even the focus has to be lucky,
Usually when shooting this, I will take the ISO to change the shutter, and the shutter can be as fast as it can be.
However, those with external flashes can have different shooting methods.
5. Off-camera flash:
Can't shooting fast-moving fish only shoot birds?
Of course not, there are ways to improve the hit rate,
The most troublesome thing about the fish tank is that the amount of light entering the camera is actually not enough in many corners.
The most effective and direct way is to flash a flashing light on the top of the fish tank,
Once I saw hong Kong netizens on the Internet sharing with double flashing lights converted into light boxes,
Installed on the fish tank, so that the light is more uniform, but the DIY project is a bit huge,
For the average amateur player, it can be a bit difficult to complete.
Most amateur players, like me, have only one flash at best.
At this time, how to get out of the machine to shoot the fish?
One way is to hold the flash in the left hand and the camera in the right hand.
But this can only autofocus, to chase the light fish may still be a little hard,
Another way is to find a way to fix the external flash on the lamp,
, two groups of lamps, the gap between the lamps and lanterns can just fix the flashing lights,
How to fix it depends on netizens to play creative according to their own fish tanks.
In my current experience, there is the blessing of the external flash
Aperture 8, shutter 1/80 can easily fill the light,
Off-camera flashing should pay attention to when the shooting object is small,
Metering modeIn some cases, spot metering must be selected,
So that the flashing light is filled for the main body, the impact of the background can be reduced.
Postscript: There should be many netizens who play the water weed tank, I hope that this entry-level graphic can attract more netizens to share their experience, if there is not enough detail and in-depth writing, welcome to reply to the discussion, so that this article can benefit more netizens who like to shoot aquatic people.
<h1>Analysis and treatment of common algae in grass tanks (part 1</h1>).
Algae can rapidly multiply and grow in water, algae will consume carbon dioxide dissolved in water, resulting in a rapid rise in the PH value of the water quality environment, a large number of dead algae will consume a lot of oxygen in the grass tank water environment, thereby destroying the water quality environment of the grass tank and affecting the growth of organisms. Elimination and control are therefore imperative.
In the process of my actual cultivation of aquatic weeds, I think that the process of aquatic weed farming is the process of constantly encountering various algae, and one by one fighting, fighting, and defeating. Therefore, understanding the reasons for the formation of various algae, the time period of growth, the characteristics of growth and the countermeasures to overcome them have become a compulsory course for every one of us who cultivate aquatic plants. Below, take some common algae to explain one by one: brown algae, filamentous algae, cyanobacteria, green water, green spot algae, steel hair algae, black hair algae, staghorn algae.
1. Brown algae
The phylum Brown Algae is a higher group of algae plants. The brown algae plant bodies are multicellular. Simple branches of filaments composed of a single row of cells; evolutionary species, similar to the differentiation of roots, stems, and leaves, have internal structures such as differentiation of epidermis, cortex, and medulla tissues, and even have structures similar to sieve tubes. The cell wall is divided into two layers, the inner layer is composed of cellulose and the outer layer is composed of fucoidan. Chromosomes 1 to most, granular or disc-shaped, containing chlorophyll a and c, carotene, and several luteins (mainly fucoxanthin). Because the lutein content exceeds other pigments, the algae are yellowish brown or dark brown.
Growth time: Brown algae mainly appear at the beginning of the tank construction stage. It usually occurs in the first three months of the new tank and often dies of fish and shrimp for no reason at this stage, resulting in many novices being overwhelmed.
Frequently seen locations: tank walls and surfaces of sunken wood, stones, slow-growing water grass blades, etc.
Causes: Personally feel that the main reason is that the nitrification system of the water body is not established and perfected, plus the water change is not regular enough or does not change the water or changes the water less. After countless observations after opening the cylinder, once the water nitrification system is established and perfected, this algae will gradually disappear without a trace.
Treatment method: accelerate the establishment of nitrification system, the cylinder opening stage can be selected to buy high-quality nitrification bacteria in accordance with the instructions to add into the grass tank, or more time-saving method is to ask familiar grass friends to use a filter cotton for a long time, do not clean after taking it back, put it into their own filtration system as soon as possible, of course, regular cleaning of the cylinder wall, regular water replacement is also a must.
In addition, regular water exchange (preferably over-gas water), adding new water to the water body, will effectively dilute the nutrients in the water body, on the one hand, to provide a good growth environment for aquatic plants, on the other hand, to maintain the freshness of water quality, accelerate the establishment and growth of nitrifying bacteria.
The establishment of nitrifying bacteria is generally related to the bottom sand. In the absence of powdered or liquid nitrifying bacteria, there are two cases. Mud: there is a water diversion effect, can reduce the PH value, but too low PH value, is not conducive to the establishment of nitrifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria are generally basically established in about 45 days. Neutral sand: does not have the function of water transfer, after normal and effective management, nitrifying bacteria are generally basically established in about 30 days. During this period, try not to clean the filter media of the filter system, and even if it is cleaned, only one-third or one-half of it is washed.
Second, filamentous algae
Algae are single-column, unbranched filaments connected by cylindrical cells. A colorless cell at the base of the filamentous body, called a retainer, is thus fixed to a flowing stone. The cell contains a nucleus, and the chloroplasts form a transverse, unconnected ring, arranged along one side of the cell, larger than half a circle of the cell, and there are one or more pollinatory nuclei on it. Filamentous cells, except for the fixator, can divide and have the dual role of nutrition and reproduction. When asexual reproduction occurs, each cell produces 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 zoospores with four or two flagellar hairs. Sexual reproduction is homogeneous reproduction. Gamete pear-shaped, with two flagellar, filaments can be produced by any cell, usually 8, 16, 32 or 64. Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction can occur simultaneously on a filamentous body.
Generally after the brown algae, that is, about two months after the establishment of the tank, and sometimes after the growth of other algae, such as the black hairy algae. The brown algae has just disappeared, and the grass friends have not had time to be happy, and many times the silk algae will unconsciously take root and sprout on the water weeds such as MOSS, bottom sand, and slow growth. I often hear people say that the disappearance of so-and-so algae is that the filament algae is too powerful, in fact, it is also reasonable... In some data, if there is filamentous algae in the tank, it should be said that it is a gratifying thing - the water quality in your tank has been stabilized, the water quality is good, and the fish and shrimp will not die for no reason. What follows is how to control and clear it.
Frequently occurring locations: coniferous aquatic weeds such as the foliage of MOSS, above the bottom sand, on the roots of slow-growing aquatic weeds, and on sunken wood.
Causes:
1, the lighting is too strong, the lighting time is too long and the water weeds are too little
2, fertilizer added in excess
3. Too much fish and too much feeding
Treatment:
1. Appropriately reduce the lighting intensity and time
2. Reduce the amount of fertilizer added in an appropriate amount
3. Roll up the filament algae that is too long and throw it away with an discarded toothbrush
4, a large number of grass shrimp, grass shrimp is the best means of controlling silk algae, but rely on the large army to fight.
5. Control the number of fish and feed the appropriate amount of feed
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Third, cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes, and most cyanobacteria have a gel coat on the outside of the cell wall, hence the name sticky algae. In some nutrient-rich water bodies, some cyanobacteria often multiply in large quantities in the summer and form a layer of blue-green and fishy foam on the surface of the water. Green tides cause water quality to deteriorate, and in severe cases deplete the oxygen in the water, resulting in the death of fish. More seriously, some species of cyanobacteria also produce toxins (MCs), and about 50% of green tides contain a lot of MCs. MC directly poisons fish Of all algae organisms, cyanobacteria is the simplest and most primitive. Cyanobacteria are single-celled plants that do not have nuclei, but contain nuclear material in the center of the cell, usually granular or reticulated, with chromatin and pigment evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. All cyanobacteria contain a special blue pigment, hence the name cyanobacteria. But cyanobacteria are not all blue, different cyanobacteria contain some different pigments, some contain chlorophyll, some contain cyanobacterial lutein, some contain carotene, some contain cyanobacterial cyanocybin, and some contain cyanobacterial erythematin.
The cyanobacteria in the farmed aquatic weed tanks are green, black and brown in color, and there is also a white one (the white is uncertain, the shape is very similar), etc., like a snot covering the surface of the bottom sand, which has a special taste.
Frequently occurring locations: bottom sand, contact surface of bottom sand and cylinder wall.
1, the water quality is too hard
2, the bottom sand is too fine (this article is controversial, there is an explanation later, you can not do it as a reference)
3. The use of inferior base fertilizer leads to the corruption of the bottom bed
4. Too much fish and shrimp, too much feeding.
Treatment: Use a sand washer to aspirate it and appropriately increase the number of water changes. It is best not to use tools to fish shrimp, it is easy to cause discomfort of fish and shrimp, and the phenomenon of dead fish and dead shrimp will occur.
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Fourth, green water
Green water is generally experienced veterans will not be encountered after opening the cylinder, but no experienced novices, will often encounter, in fact, many grass friends may have had this experience: the original clear and transparent water body, suddenly feel foggy can not see through, and gradually become foggy green, this is the emergence of green water.
1, the light intensity and time is too strong, too long, direct sunlight.
2. Insufficient filtration strength
3, do not change the water diligently
Processing method:
1. Reduce light
2. Strengthen filtration
3. Strengthen water exchange
4, the use of ultraviolet lamps to kill the spores caused by green water, but pay attention to ultraviolet rays do not leak out to cause harm to the person (this method is said to be very effective, but I have not used it).
5. Green spotted algae
Green spotted algae (GSA) are green spotted algae smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter that prefer strong illumination and are usually attached to the glass surface of a more well-lit aquarium or a slow-growing aquatic plant. When the concentration of CO2 or phosphoric acid (PO4) in the aquarium is low, the green spotted algae appears. The texture of the green spotted algae is very hard, and the common algae-eating fish has limited efficacy in removing the green spotted algae. Green spot algae is a lot of grass friends need to face often, even the master does not dare to say that he has not encountered the green spot algae This problem often appears in the place: the tank wall, the broad-leaved negative water grass leaf surface such as the big banyan tree, the small banyan and so on.
Causes:
1, the light intensity is too high
2, the light reflection effect is not good
1, the use of moss rats, snails and other biological treatment. At present, the only organism that can effectively scrape the green spot algae is the zebra snail (also known as the Easter egg snail).
2. Improve the reflective effect of the lampshade
3. Regularly scrub the cylinder wall, which can be scraped off by credit card and other tools.
4. Cut off the old leaves with green spots, and adjust the layout of aquatic weeds appropriately, so as to eliminate the aquatic weeds that are prone to green spots.
<h1>Analysis and treatment of common algae in grass tanks (Part 2</h1>).
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Sixth, steel hair algae
I have always thought that steel hair algae and filamentous algae are filamentous, mistakenly think that it is filamentous algae, after consulting and learning relevant materials, I know that this is steel hair algae. I began to use the method of curing filament algae to treat it, which not only had no effect, but also had a great tendency to flood.
Frequently seen locations:
Unlike filamentous algae, which often appear on the edges of aquatic weeds such as Moss, it often appears in moss bushes and at a certain point in the root of cattle hair, becoming a clump
The reason for this: So far I am not very clear.
Treatment method: less place, roll out with a toothbrush, this algae grass shrimp is powerless, more places, remove the grass together.
7. Black hair algae
I think this is the most difficult of all kinds of algae to deal with, and once the black hair algae floods, it will be very obstructive and should be eradicated as soon as possible
Frequently occurring locations: sunken wood, filter inlet and outlet, bottom sand, aquatic weed blades, etc.
1, the PH and hardness of the water body are too high
2. There is too much residual bait entering the water body
3, too many fish
4. The composition of the liquid fertilizer added to the grass tank is unreasonable, resulting in an imbalance of elements
5. Use inferior base fertilizer
6. Do not change the water for a long time, resulting in nutrient accumulation
7. Insufficient filtration capacity
Treatment: Once traces of black hair algae are found, they should be addressed at the stage of initiation:
1, biological treatment: buy black line flying fox into the cylinder, to each 1 / 200-300mm cylinder as a unit, such as your cylinder length is 400mm, put in 1-2, to the body round, beautiful, smaller for the good appearance, too large black line does not like to work.
2, improve water quality: black hair is more likely to occur in PH and high hardness of water, in order to improve the CO2 dissolution efficiency, softening water to reduce PH and GH is a must, generally believed that PH is about 6.5, GH is better at about 8.
3, to the aquarium market do not be eclectic: see what fish like, put everything into the tank, always remember, the protagonist of the grass tank is grass, fish is just embellishment.
4, stop using inferior fertilizers: some inferior fertilizers are the cause of black hair outbreaks due to poor nutrient distribution ratios.
5, improve water quality: strengthen filtration, strengthen regular water exchange.
6, the use of glutaraldehyde: but this method belongs to the chemical treatment method, I have not used, many people in the jar are using, the dosage is different, are because the cylinder is suitable for people, here do not comment. The following is the aquarist's own practice, you can refer to it: treat with 2% glutaraldehyde, 10 to 15 ml / day / 100 liters of water, for a week (buy back the liquid do not add the additives of distribution. When taking the drug, add up from a small dose to prevent dead fish,) (My 1.2-meter tank is about 200 liters of water, 20 ml on the 1st day, 25 ml on the 2nd day, the fish grass is normal, the brother is 3 days 35 ml, it was found that the swallow fish has decreased appetite, the 4th to 7th day is reduced to 30 ml per day, the fish grass is normal, and the black hair slowly turns red and dies. So 10 ~ 15 ml / day / 100 liters of water for a safe dose) Remarks: 1 glutaraldehyde may have an impact on the growth of rootless plants, there are staghorn moss and other plants of aquatic grass tank with caution: 2 In order to avoid lack of oxygen in fish, daytime medicine is good, the following drug dose is larger, should be gasified in the grass tank oxygenation.
7, there is another method, friends use carefully: that is, according to the 1:100 of the 84 disinfectant, put the grass or sunken wood with black hair into it, take it out for about 15 minutes and rinse it with clean water, and then put it back in the tank, and the black hair turns red, white, and disappears in four days. This method is only suitable for thick-leaved aquatic plants such as figs.
8. Staghorn algae
Because this kind of algae is also black, the appearance is very similar to the black hairy algae, so many grass friends mistake it for the black hairy algae, and the biggest difference in appearance from the black hairy algae is that the black hairy algae is often like a black chrysanthemum, and the appearance of the staghorn algae is carefully observed like the antlers of the male deer.
Frequently occurring locations: edges of aquatic grass leaves, bottom sand, surface of sunken wood.
1. Excessive ammonia nitrogen in the water body.
2. Alkaline of water
1. Reduce the amount of fish and shrimp fed, and reduce the number of fish and shrimp when necessary
2. Improve water quality, such as softening the water body and increasing the amount of CO2 added
3, directly clean the water weed leaves by hand, which is a very meticulous and boring work, if necessary, the leaves with staghorn algae are removed.
4. There are data showing that the white jade flying fox will eat staghorn algae, which is quite helpful for cleaning up the staghorn algae. I haven't used this method, just for reference.
Postscript: In aquatic weed farming, aquatic grass and algae are always the support points at both ends of the spring. When the water weeds are in good condition, the algae will naturally be contained; when the algae are developed, the water weeds will not be in the best condition. Therefore, to curb the flood of algae, healthy aquatic weeds are the most advantageous weapons, the reasons for the occurrence of various algae described above are actually caused by problems in one or more of the main factors such as water quality, light, fertilizer, CO2, fish and shrimp numbers and feeding. Therefore, raising healthy aquatic plants is the best killer of all algae.