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Chapter 1 Motor Systems
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Section 1 Bone
1. The motor system is composed of three parts: bone, bone connection and skeletal muscle
2. Morphology: Bones can be divided into long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones
3. Basic structure: it is composed of three parts: bone, bone marrow and periosteum
4. Most of the bone marrow has hematopoietic function, which is red and called red bone marrow
5. Joint structure: joint surface, joint capsule, joint cavity
6. Auxiliary structure of joints: auxiliary structures such as ligaments, joint discs and meniscus
7. The trunk bone includes vertebrae, ribs and sternum
8. The adult spine has 24 vertebrae, 1 sacral bone, 1 coccyx, intervertebral disc and complex ligament joints
9. The shape of the vertebrae: Each vertebrae is composed of the vertebral body, the vertebral arch, and the protrusions emitted from the vertebral arch
10. The seventh cervical vertebrae, also known as long, long spinous process without bifurcation, is easy to touch on the surface of the body, and is an important sign of counting the vertebrae
11. The four physiological curves of the spine: neck bend, chest bend, waist curve and sacral curvature, neck curvature convex forward, chest convex backward, waist curved convex forward, sacral curvature convex backward
12. Function of the spine: In addition to supporting the body to protect the spinal cord, it can also perform movements such as flexion and extension, lateral flexion and rotation
13. Thoracic cage: it is made up of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and 1 sternum
14. Skull: There are 23 skulls, with different sizes and different forms, which can be divided into two parts: the skull and the facial skull
15. Cranial: located in the posterior upper part of the skull, it is composed of 8 skulls, including 1 piece of frontal bone, sieve bone, sphenoid bone and occipital bone, 2 pieces of parietal bone and temporal bone, which together form a cranial cavity to support and protect the brain. The top of the skull is called the skull cap, and the base of the skull is called the base of the skull
16. Facial skull: located in the anterior lower part of the skull, it is composed of 15 skulls, including pear bone, mandible, hyoid bone, maxilla, nasal bone, tear bone, cheekbones, lower nasal bone, and palate bone
17. The connecting part of the four bones of the forehead, apex, temporal and butterfly is called the wing point
18. Only the mandible is composed of the temporomandibular joint due to the development of chewing movements and the temporal bone
19. The upper limb bones include clavicle, shoulder blade, humerus, ulna, radius and hand bone
20. There is a shallow fossa in the lateral angle of the shoulder blade called the joint pelvis, the second rib of the medial angle flat, and the seventh rib of the lower angle
21. Shoulder joint: composed of the joint pelvis and humerus of the shoulder blade, the shoulder joint is characterized by large humerus head, small joint pelvis, loose and thin joint capsule, so the shoulder joint movement is more flexible, can be flexed, retracted, adducted, abducted, rotated, rotated, rotated, circumferential movement
22. There is biceps long head tendon passage in the joint capsule, muscle and tendon strengthening in the upper, anterior and posterior walls of the capsule, and the anterior and lower parts are relatively weak, so the anterior and lower part of the shoulder joint is more common
23. Elbow joint: it is composed of the lower end of the humerus and the upper end of the ulnar radius
24. Lower limb bones: including hip bone, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, foot bone
25. Hip bone: it is made of the fusion of the skeleton, the ischia and the pubic bone
26. Pelvis: it is made up of the left and right hip bones, sacrum and coccyx
27. The pelvis is divided into large pelvis and small pelvis by boundary. The boundary line is formed by the sacral headland, the arch line, the pubic comb, and the upper border of the pubic bone
28. Hip joint: composed of acetabular and femoral head, which is characterized by a smaller femoral head, deep acetabularity, thick and tough joint capsule
29. The hip joint can be flexed, extended, adducted, abducted, rotated inward, rotated outward, and circumferential
30. Knee joint: it is composed of the medial and lateral condyles at the lower end of the femur and the medial and lateral condylar and patella of the tibia
31. In the knee capsule: there are anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament, medial meniscus and lateral meniscus between the tibia and femur
32. The knee joint can mainly be used for flexion and extension movements, and when the knee joint is in the semi-flex position, the calf can be gently rotated
Section 2 Skeletal muscle
1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle: this muscle contracts on one side, so that the head is tilted to the ipsilateral side, the face is turned to the opposite side, and the bilateral contraction makes the head lean back
2. Pectoral muscles: pectoralis major muscles and intercostal muscles. The pectoralis major muscles make adduction and rotation of the arms, the intercostal muscles are divided into 2 layers, the shallow layer is called the external intercostal muscles to lift the ribs to help inhale, and the deep intercostal muscles can be called the intercostal muscles to lower the ribs to help exhale
3. Diaphragm: it is a dome-shaped flat muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavity.
4. There are 3 lobes in the septum, aortic lobes, esophageal fissures, and vena cava hiatus
5. Abdominal muscles: including rectus abdominis, external oblique muscles, abdominal oblique muscles, transverse abdominal muscles
6. Rectus abdominis: located on both sides of the midline of the anterior wall of the abdomen, wrapped in the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle
7. Abdominal oblique muscle: located in the superficial layer of the anterior outer wall of the abdomen, the muscle bundle is obliquely forward and downward
8. Intra-abdominal oblique muscle: located on the deep side of the ventral external oblique muscle
9. Transverse abdominal muscle: located on the deep surface of the intra-abdominal oblique muscle
10. Inguinal canal: above the medial half of the inguinal ligament, males have spermatic cords through, and females have uterine round ligaments passing through
11. Cephalic muscles: including facial muscles and masticatory muscles
12. Facial muscles: mainly include: orbicularis orbicularis muscles, orbicularis orbicularis muscles and occipital frontal muscles
13. Masticatory muscles: mainly include: temporal muscles and masseter muscles
14. Upper limb muscles: divided into shoulder muscles, arm muscles, forearm muscles and hand muscles
15. Deltoid muscles: located on the shoulder, anterior, external and posterior bread around the shoulder joint
16. The arm muscles are divided into two groups: front and rear. The anterior group consists mainly of biceps: located in the shallow layer of the front of the arm, with elbow flexion when contracted. The posterior group consists mainly of triceps: located at the back of the arm, with the elbow joint extended when contracted
17. Gluteus major muscle: hip joint can be extended posteriorly
18. Quadriceps: knee extension, hip flexion
19. Biceps femoris: knee joint can be flexed
20. Calf triceps: can lift the heel
Chapter 2: The Digestive System
1. The digestive system is composed of two parts: the digestive tube and the digestive gland
2. Clinically, the digestive tube above the duodenum is often understood as the upper gastrointestinal tract, and the following is the lower gastrointestinal tract
Section 1 Digestion tube
1. The palate drooping, the palatal tongue arch and the base of the tongue on both sides together form a pharyngeal isthmus
2. Each tooth can be divided into three parts: crown, neck and root
3. Periodontal tissue includes three parts: gum, alveolar bone and periodontal membrane
4. Parotid gland: located in the anterior and lower part of the external auditory canal, open on the buccal mucosa of the second molar of the upper jaw
5. Pharynx: located in front of the cervical vertebra, the upper end is attached to the base of the skull, and the lower end is connected with the esophagus in the lower edge plane of the sixth cervical vertebra. It is a common passage between the digestive tract and the respiratory tract
6. Nasopharynx: located behind the posterior nostril, through the nasal cavity, borrowing the Eustachian tube to communicate with the tympanic chamber of the middle ear
7. Oropharynx: anterior through the pharynx through the oral cavity
8. Laryngeal pharynx: downward through the larynx and the esophagus continuum
9. Three stenosis of the esophagus: the first is at the beginning, about 15 cm from the incisor; the second is at the intersection of the esophagus and the left main bronchi, 25 cm from the incisor; the third is at the esophageal perceptual diaphragm, 40 cm from the incisor
10. Stomach: there are two walls, two edges, two mouths. The two walls are the anterior and posterior walls; the two edges are the large bend of the stomach and the small bend of the stomach; and the two mouths are cardia and pylorus
11. The stomach can be divided into four parts: cardia, pyloric part, gastric base, and gastric body
12. Small intestine: it can be divided into three parts: duodenum, jejunum and ileum
13. Duodenum: divided into: upper part, lower part (with large duodenal nipple), horizontal part, and ascending part
14. Large intestine: it can be divided into three parts: cecum, colon and rectum. Features: (1) There are three parallel colonic bands on the surface of the intestinal wall (2) there are colon bags (3) there are intestinal fat prolapse
15. Cecum: the starting section of the large intestine, at the junction of the cecum and the ileum, the end of the ileum protrudes into the cecum, forming two lip-like mucosal folds in the upper and lower lips, called the back blind valve
16. Appendix: body surface projection: the middle and outer 1/3 intersection of the umbilicus and the right anterior superior spine of the right iliac, called The Mysite point
17. Colon: According to the position, it can be divided into four parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon
18. Rectum: located in the small pelvic cavity. Two bends: sacral curl and perineal curl
Section 2: Digestive glands
1. Liver: most of them are located in the right quaternal rib area and the supra-ventral region, a small part is located in the left quectral rib area, and its highest point on the right side is equivalent to the right centrum of the clavicle and the fifth rib intersection, and its highest point on the left is equivalent to the intersection of the left collarbone midline and the fifth intercostal space, and the right side is about consistent with the right rib arch, and the supra-ventral area can reach 3 to 5 cm under the sword process
2. The liver is reddish brown, soft and brittle, and the dirty surface has two sagittal longitudinal grooves and a transverse groove. The transverse groove, called the hepatic portal, is the part of the liver that enters and exits the liver such as the intrinsic arteries, hepatic portal veins, hepatic tubes, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
3. Gallbladder: located in the gallbladder fossa under the right lobe of the liver, it has the function of storing and concentrating bile
4. The gallbladder can be divided into four parts: the bottom of the gallbladder, the body, the neck and the tube
5. The surface of the gallbladder is projected slightly below the intersection of the right collarbone midline and the right rib arch
6. Bile duct: the pipe that sends bile to the duodenum. The intrahepatic part includes the bile ducts and interlobar bile ducts. The extrahepatic part consists of the left hepatic duct, the right hepatic duct, the common hepatic duct, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct
7. The common hepatic duct and the cholecystic duct are synthesized into the common bile duct
8. The way of bile discharge: hepatocytes secrete bile→ bile ducts→ interlobular bile ducts→ the left and right ducts→ of the liver, the common ducts of the liver (→← the →← gallbladder) → the common bile duct → duodenum
9. Pancreas: located at the back of the stomach, about the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae
10. Pancreatic duct: after the pancreatic head, it is opened with the common bile duct in the large nipple of the duodenum
Section 3: Peritoneum
1. The peritoneum is a thin and smooth serous membrane
2. The potential gap formed by the intercourse between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum is called the peritoneal cavity
3, the large omentum: in the shape of an apron, from the front and back wall of the visceral peritoneum from the stomach bend and sag, sagging to the lower part of the abdomen after the reverse fold upwards, connected to the transverse colon, the large omentum has the effect of protecting the organs, surrounding inflammatory diseases, and limiting the spread of inflammation
4. The small omentum is a double-layered peritoneal fold between the hepatic hilar and the small bend of the stomach and the upper part of the duodenum. Divisions: (1) Hepatic and gastric ligaments (2) Hepatic duodenal ligaments
5. Depression is the formation of peritoneal depressions of varying shades between the peritoneal cavity and the pelvic organs
6. Rectal uterine depression: located at the lowest point of the peritoneal cavity, when there is a peritoneal cavity effusion or blood, this depression is one of the important puncture sites
Chapter Three: The Respiratory System
1. The respiratory system includes two parts: the respiratory tract and the lungs
Section 1 Respiratory Tract
1. The respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi and other organs, and is often bounded by the larynx clinically, and the nose, pharynx and larynx are called the upper respiratory tract, and the trachea and main bronchi are called the lower respiratory tract
2. Paranasal sinuses: air-containing hollows around the nasal cavity. Includes maxillary sinuses, frontal sinuses, sieve sinuses, and sphenoid sinuses. Each sinus is opened in the nasal cavity, of which the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and the anterior median group of the sieve sinus are all opened in the middle nasal passage, the posterior group of the sieve sinuses is opened in the upper nasal passage, and the sphenoid sinus is opened in the butterfly sieve crypt
3. Larynx: located in the middle of the anterior part of the neck, in front of the throat of the pharyngeal cavity
4. Composition of the larynx: thyroid cartilage, annular cartilage, epiglottal cartilage, oleander cartilage
5. Laryngeal cavity: a symmetrical vestibule fold above and a symmetrical voice fold below
6. The laryngeal cavity is divided into three parts by vestibular fissure and glottis fissure: (1) the part located between the laryngeal opening and the vestibular fissure is called the laryngeal vestibule (2) the part between the vestibular fissure and the glottis cleft is called the inter-laryngeal cavity, where the volume is the smallest. The slightly concave gap to the two lateral sides is called the laryngeal chamber (3) located below the glottis fissure, which is called the subglottic cavity
7. The left main bronchi is slender, the walking direction is relatively horizontal, the right main bronchi is thick and short, and the walking direction is more vertical. Therefore, foreign bodies that mistakenly enter the trachea can easily fall into the right main bronchi
Section 2 Lungs
1. The lungs are located in the chest cavity, on both sides of the mediastinum, one on the left and one on the left
2. The left lung is narrow and long, and the right lung is slightly stubby. There is an oval depression in the center, called the hilars. This is where the main bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves move in and out of the lungs
3. There is an arc-shaped depression in the lower part of the anterior edge of the left lung, called the left lung heart incision
4. The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes by a oblique fissure from the back upward obliquely to the lower and downward, and the right lung is divided into upper, middle and lower lobes in addition to the oblique fissure, and there is also a horizontal fissure of the right lung near the horizontal direction, which divides the right lung into upper, middle and lower lobes
Section 3: Pleura and Mediastinum
1. The pleura belongs to the serous membrane, which is thin and smooth, and is divided into two parts: the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
2. Paragonal pleura: it can be divided into four parts, the ribbed pleura, the diaphragm pleura, the mediastinal pleura and the pleural apex
3. The pleural cavity is the visceral and wall two layers of pleura migrating towards each other at the root of the lungs, and the potentially closed space formed together is called the pleural cavity
4. In the rib pleura and the diaphragm at the turn of the formation of a deeper circular space, deep breathing, the lower edge of the lungs can not enter it, the gap is called the ribophragm crypt, it is the lowest part of the pleural cavity, pleurisy such as exudate, its fluid is mostly accumulated here first
5. Mediastinum is a general term for all organs and tissues between the mediastinal pleura on both sides
Chapter FOUR: The Urinary System
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Section 1 Kidneys
1. The kidney is a dark red solid organ, one on the left and one on the right, soft in texture and smooth on the surface. The lateral margin is convex and the medial margin is concave in the middle, called the hilars
2. Kidney: located on both sides of the retroperitoneal spine, the kidney is attached to the upper part of the posterior wall of the abdomen
3. Membrane of kidney: three layers, fibrous membrane, renal fat sac, renal fascia
Section 2: Ureters
1. Ureter: starting from the renal pelvis, descending in front of the psoas major muscle behind the peritoneum, to the upper pelvic mouth over the bifurcation of the common iliac artery, entering the pelvic cavity, reaching the bladder floor, diagonally through the bladder wall, opening the inner surface of the bladder floor
2. Three stenosis of the ureter: (1) at the beginning of the ureter (2) at the entrance of the small pelvis (3) at the entrance of the bladder. These stenosis are often the sites where the stones remain
Section 3: Bladder
1. In the triangle area between the two ureteral openings at the bottom of the bladder and the inner mouth of the urethra, because there is no mucosal sublayer, the mucous membrane is thin and smooth without folds, called the bladder triangle, which is a good site for bladder tumors and tuberculosis
2. The adult bladder is located in the anterior part of the small pelvic cavity, which has a pubic union in front of it, and has a seminal vesicle gland, a vas deferens, a ampullament and a rectum in the back of the male, and a uterus and vagina in women
Chapter V: The Reproductive System
Section 1: The Male Reproductive System
1. Male internal genitalia include testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate and urethral bulbs
2. Testicles: located in the scrotum, one on the left and one on the left, flat oval
3. The epididymis is an organ that stores sperm, located on the posterior upper edge of the testicle, and is composed of more than a dozen testicular output ducts and a curved epididymis. Epididymis: oblong and oblong,000,the upper end is called the epididymis head, the middle is the epididymis, and the lower end is called the epididymis tail
4. At the root of the scrotum and the upper part of the posterior testicle, the position of the vas deferens is the most superficial, which is the commonly used site for clinical vasectomy
5. Seminal vesicle gland: located behind the bottom of the bladder and the outside of the vas deferens, it is a pair of oblong oval cystic glands, and its excretory duct and the end of the vas deferens are merged to form an ejaculatory duct
6. Prostate: located between the diaphragm and the bladder
7. The division of male urethra: prostate, membrane, cavernous body
8. The three stenosis of the male urethra are located in the inner mouth of the urethra, the membrane and the outer mouth of the urethra, and two bends: the inferior bend of the pubic bone and the anterior bend of the pubic bone
Section 2: The Female Reproductive System
1. Female internal genitalia include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina
2. The ovaries are one on the left and right, located on both sides of the uterus, close to the side wall of the pelvis
3. Fallopian tubes: connected to both sides of the base of the uterus. It can be divided into four parts: (1) uterus (2) isthmus tubal (3) salping ampulla (4) tubal funnel
4. The shape of the uterus: the adult uterus is slightly flattened before and after, inverted pear-shaped
5. The division of the uterus: it can be divided into three parts, the upper part is called the bottom of the uterus, the lower part is narrowed and called the cervix, and the part between the bottom and the neck is called the uterine body
6. The uterine cavity can be divided into upper and lower parts: the upper part is located in the uterus, called the uterine cavity; the lower part is in the cervix, which is a fusiform space, called the cervical canal, and its lower mouth passes through the vagina, that is, the uterine orifice
7. Position of the uterus: located in the middle of the pelvic cavity, between the bladder and rectum, with an forward-leaning and forward flexion
8. Fixation device of the uterus: (1) Broad uterine ligament: can restrict the movement of the uterus to both sides (2) The uterine round ligament: it is to maintain the forward position of the uterus (3) The sacral uterine ligament: maintain the state of uterine flexion (4) The main ligament of the uterus: the role of preventing uterine sagging
Chapter 6: The Vasculature
1. Including two parts of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
Section 1 Cardiovascular System
1. The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins and capillaries
2. Arteries: blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to various organs of the body
3. Vein: It is the blood vessel that transports the blood from various organs of the body back to the heart
4. Capillaries: it is a micro-blood vessel connected between arteries and veins, which is widely distributed and interconnected into a network, and has the important function of material exchange between blood and tissue
5. Systemic circulation: the left ventricle begins and flows back to the right atrium
6. Pulmonary circulation: the right ventricle begins and flows back to the left atrium
7. Heart: located in the mediastinum of the chest cavity, between the two lungs. The tip of the heart faces the left front and bottom, and the bottom of the heart faces the right back up. Most of the heart is composed of the left atrium, and a small part is composed of the right atrium, which is connected to the large blood vessels entering and leaving the heart. The tip of the heart is in the fifth intercostal space on the left side, 1 to 2 cm on the medial side of the left collarbone, and can be pulsated with the tip of the heart
8. Right atrium: the upper wall has an upper vena cava orifice, and the lower wall has a lower vena cava orifice; there is a small coronary sinus orifice between the inferior vena cava orifice and the right atrioventricular orifice
9. Right ventricle: it can be divided into two parts: inflow tract and outflow tract
10. Inflow channel: the entrance to the right atrioventricular mouth, there are three triangular valves on the perimeter edge of the mouth called the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve), preventing blood from flowing back into the right atrium
11. Outflow tract: there is a pulmonary artery orifice, at the pulmonary artery orifice, there are three half-moon valves, called pulmonary valves, which prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles
12. Left atrium: there are five openings, namely the upper and lower veins of the left lung and the upper and lower veins of the right lung, and there is a left atrioventricular opening below the anterior and lower, which passes through the left ventricle
13. Left ventricle: it is also divided into two parts: the inflow tract and the outflow tract. Inflow tract: left AV valve (bicuspid valve); outflow tract: aortic valve
14. Cardiac conduction system: including sinus node, AV node and AV bundle and its branches
15. Left coronary artery: starting from the left posterior wall of the root of the aorta, mainly distributed in the lateral wall and posterior wall of the left ventricle, as well as the left atrium
16. Right coronary artery: from the anterior wall of the root of the autonomic artery, mainly distributed in the right atrium, right ventricle, sinus node and atrioventricular node
17. The aorta can be divided into three stages: ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta
18. Ascending aorta: the left and right coronary arteries are emitted from the beginning
19. Aortic arch: three branches: the main trunk of the head and arm, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery
20. The main trunk of the upper limb artery is the axillary artery; the main trunk of the abdominal artery is the abdominal aorta; the main trunk of the pelvic artery is the internal iliac artery; and the main trunk of the lower limb artery is the femoral artery
21. The main trunk of the superior vena cava system is the superior vena cava, which is synthesized from the left and right cephalo-arm veins to collect venous blood from the head and neck, upper limbs and chest (except for the heart).
22. Internal jugular vein (ascending vein): confluence with the subclavian vein to form a cephalangal vein. The angle formed at its confluence is called the venous angle
23. The superficial vein has two main trunks, the head vein and the noble vein
24. Cephalic vein: it starts from the radial lateral edge of the dorsal venous network of the hand and is injected into the axillary vein
25. Noble vein: it starts from the ulnar lateral edge of the dorsal vein network of the hand and is injected into the humeral vein
26. Mid-elbow vein: it is connected between the guiyao vein and the cephalic vein, and is often used for injection and blood collection clinically
27. Inferior vena cava system: the largest vein in the whole body, formed by the confluence of the left and right iliac total veins in the fifth lumbar vertebral plane, is injected into the right atrium to collect venous blood from the lower limbs, pelvis and abdomen
28. Large saphenous vein: from the dorsal venous network of the dorsal foot at the medial margin of the dorsal foot, injected into the femoral vein, clinically puncture or incision of infusion in the great saphenous vein
29. Small saphenous vein: in the lateral margin of the dorsal foot, it originates from the dorsal vein network and is injected into the popliteal vein
30. Hepatic portal vein: it is formed by the convergence of the superior mesenteric vein and the spleen vein at the rear of the junction of the pancreatic head and the pancreatic body, and collects venous blood from the inferior esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (except the lower rectum), pancreas, gallbladder, spleen and other unpaired organs (except the liver).
31. Genus branch of the hepatic portal vein (1) submesenteric vein (2) spleen vein (3) superior mesenteric vein (4) left gastric vein (5) attached to umbilical vein
32. There is a rich anastomosis between the genera branch of the hepatic portal vein and the upper and lower vena cava systems, the most important of which are three (1) esophageal venous plexus (2) rectal venous plexus (3) peri-umbilical venous network
Section 2 Lymphatic System
1. The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic ducts, lymphoid organs and lymphoid tissues
2. Chest catheter: the largest lymphatic vessel in the whole body, starting from the chyle pool, injected into the left venous angle, collects the lymph of the left upper body and the entire lower body
3. Right lymphatic catheter: injected into the right venous angle to collect lymph from the upper body on the right side
4. The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ in the human body, which is large oval, dark red, soft and brittle. It is located in the left quystal rib area, opposite the 9th to 11th ribs, and the long axis of the spleen is consistent with the 10th rib
Chapter Seven: Sensory Organs
Section 1 Viewer
1. The eyeball membrane is composed of three layers of membranes: (1) eyeball fiber membrane (2) eyeball vascular membrane (3) retina
2. Eyeball contents: aqueous humor, lens, vitreous
3. The cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous body are bloodless, colorless and transparent, and have refractive effect, so it is called the refraction system of the eye
Section 2 Vestibular worms
1. Vestibular vortex, also known as the ear, includes three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear
2. The Eustachian tube in children is thicker and shorter than that of adults, so the infection of the pharynx is easy to invade the tympanic chamber through this tube and cause the middle eustachynx
3. Bone labyrinth: from anterior inward to posteriorly, there are three parts: cochlea, vestibular chamber and bone semicircular canal
4. Membrane labyrinth: divided into worm tube, balloon, oval sac and membrane semicircular canal
5, the worm tube: auditory receptor, called the spiral
6. Oval sac and balloon: balloon spots and elliptical cyst spots, both of which are orthopreceptors, feel the stimulation of linear variable speed movement and static head position
7. Membrane semicircular canal: the ampullar crest is a bit sensor that can feel the stimulation of rotational variable speed movement
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
According to its location and function, it is divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nerve
Section 1 Central Nervous System
1. Spinal cord: located in the spinal canal, the upper end of the flat occipital bone foramen is connected to the bulbar, and the lower edge of the adult flat first lumbar vertebrae at the lower end
2. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, so the spinal cord can also be divided into 31 segments. That is, there are 8 segments of the cervical cord, 12 segments of the thoracic cord, 5 segments of the lumbar cord, 5 segments of the sacral marrow, and 1 segment of the caudal marrow
3. The gray matter of the spinal cord includes three parts: anterior angle, lateral angle and posterior corner
4. Lateral angle: located between the anterior and posterior angles of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord, there is a sacral parasympathetic nucleus in the 2nd to 4th sacral segment of the spinal cord, equivalent to the position of the lateral angle
5. Posterior angle: contains contact neurons, some of which play a liaison role in the spinal cord segment
6. Thin bundle: spinal ganglion cells starting from below the fourth thoracic ganglion, conducting sensations in the lower body and lower limbs
7. Wedge bundle: spinal ganglion cells from the fourth thoracic ganglion or above, conducting sensations in the upper body and upper limbs
8. Spinal thalamus tract: conduction of nerve impulses such as pain, temperature, touch and pressure from the trunk and limbs
9. Corticospinal tract: random movement that innervates skeletal muscle
10. Brainstem: from top to bottom, it is divided into midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
11. Cerebellum: located in the posterior fossa
12. Diencephalon: Located in the upper anterior and upper midbrain, most of it is covered by the brain
13. Hypothalamus: including optic chiasm, funnel, pituitary gland, papillary body
14. Basal nucleus: The general term for the four pairs of gray matter masses located at the base of the cerebral hemisphere, which are called caudal nuclei, bean nuclei, screen nuclei and amygdalas
15. Inner capsule: it is a projectile fiber, located between the bean-like nucleus, the caudal nucleus and the dorsal thalamus, which is composed of ascending sensory fiber bundles and descending motor fiber bundles
16. The inner capsule is divided into three parts: the forelimb of the inner capsule, the hind limb of the inner capsule and the knee of the inner capsule
17. Injury on one side of the inner capsule: tripolar disorder: hemimorrhic sensory disorder, hemimetic movement disorder, hemianopia; bilateral injury: death
18. Somatosensory zone: located in the posterior central gyrus and the posterior part of the central paralobe, it receives pain, warmth, touch, and pressure sensation on the contralateral half of the body
19. Somatic motor area: located in the anterior part of the central anterior gyrus and the anterior lobule next to the center, managing the skeletal muscles of the contralateral hemisphere
20. Visual area: the cerebral cortex located on both sides of the distant groove
21. Listening area: located in the temporal horizontal back
22. Language region: it is a region unique to the human cerebral cortex, the dominant hemisphere, most of which is the left hemisphere
23. The indumentum of the brain and spinal cord has three layers from the outside to the inside, followed by the dura mater, the arachnoid membrane and the soft meninges
24, the space between the dura mater and the periosteum of the internal surface of the spinal canal is called the epidural space, in addition to the venous plexus and a large amount of fat, there are nerve roots through, clinical anesthesia is to inject anesthetic drugs into it
25. The space between the arachnoid membrane and the soft meninges is called the subarachnoid space, and the cavity is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
26. The role of the choroid plexus is to produce cerebrospinal fluid
27. Cerebral arteries: originated from internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
28. Cerebrospinal fluid is mainly produced by the choroid plexuses of the two ventricles and the third and fourth ventricles
29. Cerebrospinal fluid circulation pathway: left and right ventricles→ the third ventricle→ the fourth ventricle→ subarachnoid space→ arachnoid granules → superior sagittal sinus → intrajugular vein
30. The location of cerebrospinal fluid extraction: between the third, fourth and fifth lumbar spinous process
Section 2: Peripheral Nervous System
1. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, including 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves and 1 pair of tail nerves
2. Spinal nerves are mixed nerves
3. The anterior branch of the spinal nerve is enlarged, mainly distributed in the skeletal muscles and skin of the neck, chest, abdomen and limbs. The anterior branches of the remaining spinal nerves are intertwined into clumps. The spinal plexus mainly consists of the cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus and sacral plexus
4. Deep branch of the cervical plexus: mainly the phrenic nerve, descending to the diaphragm along the lateral side of the pericardium
5. Brachial plexus: located in the posterior upper part of the subclavian artery and in the armpit
6. Branches of brachial plexus: myocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve, axillary nerve
7. Myocutaneous nerves: innervate the anterior group of brachial muscles
8. Median nerve: innervates the anterior group of forearm muscles except for the brachial radial muscle, ulnar wrist flexor muscle and ulsor ulsor and deep flexor muscle other than the ulnar half
9. Ulnar nerve: innervates the ulnar side of the wrist flexor muscle and the ulnar half of the deep flexor muscle
10. Radial nerve: innervation of the arm and posterior group of forearm muscles
11. Axillary nerve: distributed in deltoid muscle
12. Femoral nerve: innervates the anterior group of femoral muscles, and there is a long branch of the cryptorchium
13. Sciatic nerve: the largest nerve in the whole body, the pelvic cavity under the piriform muscle, on the deep side of the gluteus major muscle, through the focus between the sciatic nodule and the large trochanter of the femur to the back of the thigh, above the popliteal fossa is divided into tibia nerve and common peroneal nerve
14. The sciatic nerve branches in the posterior femoral muscle cluster
15. The branches of the tibia nerve are distributed in the posterior group muscles of the calf, the plantar muscles, the skin behind the calves and the soles of the feet
16. Common peroneal nerve: after the sciatic nerve is issued, it descends along the upper lateral edge of the popliteal fossa and wraps around the outer and lower parts of the fibula, and is divided into superficial and deep peroneal nerves
17, 12 names of cranial nerves: I. olfactory nerve II. optic nerve III. oculomotor nerve IV. sledgey nerve V. trigeminal nerve VI. abductor nerve VII. facial nerve VIII. vestibular fossa nerve IX. glossopharyngeal nerve X. vagus nerve XI. paraneutic nerve XII. sublingual nerve
18. Oculomotor nerve: among them, the somatic motor fibers innervate the upper rectus muscle, the inferior rectus muscle, the internal rectus muscle, the inferior oblique muscle and the levator upper eyelid muscle; the visceral motor fiber innervates the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle
19. Scooter nerve: innervate the superior oblique muscle
20. Trigeminal nerve: main branches: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
21. Ophthalmic nerve: distributed in the frontal skin above the lacrimal glands, conjunctiva and cleft eye
22. Maxillary nerve: the mucous membrane distributed in the facial skin, maxillary teeth and gums, as well as the nose and mouth between the cleft eye and the cleft mouth
23. Mandibular nerve: it is a mixed nerve, distributed in the mucous membrane of the mandibular teeth and gums, cheeks and anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and the mucous membranes and skin below the cleft mouth, innervating the masticatory muscle
24. Abductor nerve: it is a motor nerve that innervates the lateral rectus muscle
25. Facial nerve: manage the secretory activity of the lacrimal glands, sublingual glands and submandibular glands, distributed in the taste buds on the mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, manage the sense of taste, facial muscles
26. Glossopharyngeal nerve: mixed nerve, innervation of pharyngeal muscle, management of parotid gland, 1/3 of the taste buds posterior to the tongue, pharynx, posterior 1/3 of the tongue, eustachian membrane, tympanic membrane and other external mucous membranes
27. Sublingual nerve: motor nerve, distributing intralingual muscles and some extraglossal muscles
28. Visceral nerves: divided into visceral motor nerves and visceral sensory nerves
29. Sympathetic nerve center: located in the gray matter lateral corner of the 1st to 3rd segment of the spine and chest
30. Parasympathetic central part: parasympathetic nucleus located in the brainstem and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the 2nd to 4th segment of the spinal sacral tract