The Fourth Year of the Duke of Yin (First Year of King Huan of Zhou, Year of Nongshu, 719 BC)
Original text (a total of 7 sentences): In the spring of the fourth year, Wang February, Juren cut down the qi and took Mu Lou. Peng Shen, Wei Zhou called for the end of his reign. Xia, Gong and Song met Yu Qing. Duke Of Song, Marquis Chen, Cai Ren, and Wei Ren Fa Zheng. Qiu, Huī (翬) Shuai shihui Song Gong, Chen Hou, Cai Ren, and Wei Ren Fa Zheng. In September, the Wei people killed Yu Pu. In February of the tenth winter, the Defenders were promoted.
Notes: "Spring and Autumn" records 7 major historical events in the fourth year of Lu Yingong, with a total of 73 characters.
The beginning of the princes' conquest of the kingdom
(Sentence 1) In the spring of the fourth year, in the month of Wang February, the Ju people cut down the berries and took Mu Lou. (In the spring of February of the fourth year of the reign of Duke Yin, the Ju people attacked the state of Qi and occupied the city of Mulou,) ）
Juguo was also very powerful during the Spring and Autumn Period, often waging wars against small surrounding countries. In the summer and May of the second year of the Duke of Luyin, the State of Ju invaded xiangguo. Now he not only invaded the Qiguo, but also occupied the city of Mulou in the Qiguo. This is the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Chronicle of the princes attacking each other and encroaching on the cities of other countries, and a word of "cutting" and a word of "taking" highlight the sins of Juguo.
The State of Qi (杞国) was a small princely state from the Xia Dynasty to the early years of the Warring States period, with the surname of the monarch and a direct descendant of Dayu. In the early years of the Zhou Dynasty, the State of Qi was re-established. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang, he searched for the descendants of Yu, the founding monarch of the Xia Dynasty, and found the Duke of Qidonglou, so he sealed him in Qidi, continued the State of Qi, and was in charge of the sacrifice of the Xia Dynasty monarchs. From the Duke of Qidonglou, 20 monarchs were passed on, and in 445 BC, the state of Qi was destroyed by the State of Chu. The story of what people call "worrying about the sky" happened in the country of Qi.
Reading "Spring and Autumn" allows you to touch the historical context.
"Spring and Autumn", in concise language, carries endless historical information. This is a long river of history that has not dried up, and when you open the book, you can touch its splashing waves, and you can see the direction in which it flows. Face the long river of history, you
Perhaps like Confucius, the son is in Kawakami: the deceased is like a sifu!
Not only that, but you'll find that there's really nothing new under the sun. The dead are like Sifu, and the comers are like Sifu!
The beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period
(Sentence 2) Peng Shen, Wei Zhou called on Qijun to finish. (On the fourth spring of the fourth year of the reign of Duke Yin, Duke Wei called on Duke Huan of Wei to kill Duke Huan of Wei.) ）
The Spring and Autumn Chronicle records that a total of 36 monarchs were killed by the following crimes, and the Duke of Weiguo called for the murder of his brother Duke Huan of Wei, which was the first case. Duke Huan of Wei reigned for 16 years, and the usurper Wei Qian deposed Gongzhou to reign for less than 1 year.
Wei Guo, surnamed Ji, Marquis, the 1st monarch was King Wen of Zhou's ninth son, Kang Shufeng. The Wei state was bordered by the Jin state to the northwest, Zheng and Song to the south, and Qi, Lu, and Cao to the east, and its territory was roughly located in Puyang, Henan, Handan, Hebei, part of Xingtai, and the western part of Liaocheng in Shandong, north of the present-day Yellow River. Duke Wu of Wei (the 11th monarch) sent troops to help King Ping of Zhou move east, and the country was once strong. There were 838 years before and after the Wei Dynasty, and 35 monarchs were passed down.
Duke Huan of Wei (衛桓公), surnamed Ji (姬), courtesy name Wei (衛氏), was the 13th monarch of the State of Wei (reigned 734–719 BC), the son of Duke Zhuang of Weiqian (the 12th monarch), the brother of duke Of Weiqian (州昛), and Duke Xuan of Wei (15th monarch).
Zhou Wu, the son of Duke Wei Zhuang and the half-brother of Duke Huan of Wei, was pampered and arrogant, and had a usurpation in his heart. In 719 BC (the fourth year of the Duke of Luyin and the sixteenth year of the Duke of Wei Huan), Gongzi Prefecture called for the entanglement of the fleeing Wei people, killed the Duke of Wei Huan, and established himself as a prince, known in history as the Duke of Weiqian, and was the first prince to successfully usurp the throne during the Spring and Autumn Period. Since then, killing the king has become the norm, and the chaos in the Spring and Autumn period has become even more uncontrollable.
What is the reason for the state's call for the king? According to the "Zuo Biography", at the beginning, The Duke of Weizhuang married Zhuang Jiang, a woman of the State of Qi, and Zhuang Jiang was beautiful but childless. Duke Wei Zhuang also married The Chen State woman Li Concubine, who died early, and her sister Dai Fei, who was married to Li Concubine, was also favored by the Duke of Wei Zhuang and gave birth to a son (Wei Huan Gong). Lady Zhuang Jiang made Gongzi Guan her own son and made him crown prince. Duke Zhuang also had a favorite concubine, who gave birth to a son, Zhou Wu, who was deeply favored by Duke Zhuang. The state called for good soldiers, and Duke Zhuang appointed him as a general. The doctor Què believed that "the general of the Shuzi army is bound to be chaotic", so he advised Zhuang Gong: "I have heard that I love my son, and I should educate him morally, and not let him go down the evil road." Arrogance, extravagance, fornication, and devotion are the beginning of embarking on the evil road. These four vices occur because of the excessive pampering and reward. If you want to establish a state and call for being a prince, you will be sure; if you can't decide, it will lead to chaos. It is rare for such people to be favored and not arrogant, arrogant and content to be in a lower position, to be inferior without resentment, to be resentful and to be restrained. Moreover, lowliness hinders nobility, young bullying the elderly, alienation from the old, new people alienating the old, weak and small bullying and strong, and fornication and moral destruction, these are the six kinds of perverse behaviors. The monarch acts benevolently, the subordinate obeys the order, the father is loving, the son is filial, the brother loves the brother, and the brother respects the brother, these are the six natural things. Deviating from what is natural and following the wrong path will lead to evil. As a monarch, we should try our best to get rid of the scourge, but now we are hastening its arrival. Zhuang Gong did not listen to the advice, so he buried the scourge of "the state calling on the king to usurp the throne".
"Spoiling but not teaching, advising but not listening" will lead to irreparable tragedy. "When the judgment is continuous, it is chaotic", this is the lesson and revelation of history!
The beginning of the informal meeting
(Sentence 3) Xia, Gong and Song met Yu Qing. (In the summer of the fourth year of the Reign of The Duke of Yin, Duke Yin of Lu and Duke Yin of Song held an informal meeting in Qingdi, where they were defending the country.) ）
What does "encounter" mean? The "Ram Biography" says: "No expectation, one king out, one king wants it." ("Encounter" is a meeting without an appointment in advance, and when the monarch of one country travels, the monarch of another country invites him to meet by the way.) The "Biography of Gu Liang" says: "Those who meet, zhi xiang also." ("Encounter" means that the aspirations of the two countries are compatible.) In other words, "encounter" is a ritual of meeting princes, which is equivalent to today's informal meeting of etiquette in the world.
In the third year of the Duke of Luyin, Song Mugong died, and passed the throne to his nephew AndYi, who was the Duke of Song. The following year, Duke Lu Yin intended to meet with Duke Song to relive the friendly relations established in September of the year of the Yin Dynasty in the Sudi Huimeng. But before the scheduled day, the Weiguo people came to Luguo to report that the Weiguo had started a rebellion. In the summer, Duke Lu Yin met informally with Duke Song in the Qingdi of Weiguo. At this time, the meeting between The Lu and Song dynasties in Weiguo Qingdi was not as simple as revisiting the old alliance, but involved discussing the plot of the multinational alliance to attack other countries.
The beginning of the multinational invasion
(Sentence 4) Duke Song, Marquis Chen, Cai Ren, and Wei Ren Fa Zheng. (In the summer of the fourth year of the Reign of The Duke of Yin, the Duke of Song, the Duke of Chen Huan, the Cai People, and the Wei People jointly invaded the State of Zheng.) ）
Since the fourth year of The Duke of LuYin, there have been major changes in the general trend of the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, the era when many princely states formed different interest groups and jointly invaded other princely states began to appear.
But perhaps surprisingly, it was not the powerful princely states (such as Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, etc.) that first engaged in joint forces to attack other countries, but small states such as Song, Chen, Cai, and Wei, as well as a bystander, the State of Lu. The object of their attack was Zheng Guo.
Why did the Four-Nation Alliance attack Zheng Guo? The reasons are complex. Because Song Mugong's nephew ceded the state, Song Xuangong's son and Yi Song's duke took the throne, and Song Mugong's son Feng fled to Zhengguo, and Zheng guoren accepted him. At this time, the "State Rebellion" occurred in the Weiguo, and the Prefecture called on the king to stand on his own, and his name was not justified, and he could not get the support of the Weiguo people. In order to divert the attention of the people, he launched a war with the outside world and helped duan (the brother of Zheng Zhuanggong), who was exiled to defend the country, to attack Zheng Guo. At the same time, he co-opted the Duke of Song to cut down Zheng together. He said that Feng, the prince of the State of Song, was always a problem for The Duke of Song in zhengguo, and was willing to join the song state in attacking the state of Zheng to eliminate the scourge. Duke Song was not confident enough in his throne, so the two hit it off. At this time, Chen Guo and Cai Guo were hardcore friends of the Wei state. Therefore, the four kingdoms of Song, Chen, Cai, and Wei formed an alliance and fought jointly to attack the State of Zheng. Zheng Guo was defeated by the coalition forces, and the East Gate of zheng Guo's capital was surrounded by the coalition forces for five days, known in history as the "Battle of the East Gate".
At the beginning, Lu Yingong asked the Grand Master Zhongzhong, "Can the State Appeal of the Guardian State succeed?" Zhongzhong replied, "I have only heard of the use of virtue to pacify the people, but I have not heard of the use of calamities to pacify the people." Using chaos, like trying to sort out the mess, makes it even more chaotic. The state called on this man to be merciful to force and to be cruel. By using force, we lose the support of the people, and there are no one who is willing to be cruel. It is difficult to succeed in rebellion. Military warfare is like fire, and if it is not stopped, it will burn itself. States that call on their kings and abuse their people, who do not strive to establish virtue, but who want to succeed through trouble, must not be exempt from it. ”
The Spring and Autumn Chronicle records that the Four Kingdoms fought zheng, one of which highlighted the evils of Song Zheng and Wei Zhouwu, and the other condemned the extremely bad atmosphere of Song, Chen, Cai, and Wei Guo's first alliance of princes to invade other countries.
The beginning of the invasion of other countries by the Great Master and the princes
(Sentence 5) Autumn, the Shuai Commandery will meet Song Gong, Chen Hou, Cai Ren, and Wei Ren Fa Zheng. (In the autumn of the fourth year of the reign of Duke Yin, Duke Yi of the State of Lu led an army to invade the State of Zheng together with Duke Huan of Song, Duke Huan of Chen, Cai Guoren, and Wei Guoren.) ）
The three words "ShuaiShi" contain important information. Gongzi 翚, a gongzi waving, Ji surname, name 翚, character Yu father, Lu Guo's clan, doctor, and courtier. In the autumn of that year, the four-nation alliance of Song, Chen, Cai, and Wei attacked Zheng Guo again, and Zheng Guo stubbornly resisted. Duke Song sent people to the State of Lu to ask for help, but Duke Lu Yin refused because of the words of his fathers. Gongzi Yi requested that troops be sent to join the combined forces of the princes, but Duke Lu Yin did not agree. However, Gongzi Yi resolutely requested that an army be sent, and without the consent of The Duke of Yin, he led an army to unite with the princes of the Four Kingdoms to jointly invade the State of Zheng. In the end, the Five-Nation Alliance defeated Zheng Guo's infantry, cut Zheng Guo's grain and returned.
The three characters of "Shuai Shi" (翬帅師) express their dislike for Gongzi Fei for not listening to the orders of the monarch, and the other condemns the atmosphere of "the princes are more reprehensible" to further deteriorate, not only the princes jointly invading other countries, but even the princes' doctors have also joined forces with other princes to invade other countries without authorization, implying that the power of the Son of Heaven falls to the princes, and the power of the princes will fall to the doctors.
Whoever kills, he kills
(Sentence 6) In September, the Wei people killed Yu Pu. (In September of the fourth year of the reign of Duke Yin, the Wei people killed Zhou Wu in the Pudi of the State of Chen.) ）
How could Wei Guojun Zhou wu die in Chen Guo? Aren't Wei Guo and Chen Guo hardcore brothers? Didn't the combined forces of Wei, Chen, and other princes beat Zheng Guo to pieces? How could the monarch of the defending country be killed on this day of victory?
It turned out that although Zhou Wu had launched a war against Zheng, he was still unable to stabilize his people, and he was so anxious that he sent Shi Hou (the son of Shi Jiao, the Grand Master of the Wei Dynasty) who had originally usurped the throne with him, to consult Shi Jiao, who was highly respected and had already returned to his hometown. Shi Wei had long been intolerant of Zhou Wu and Shi Hou's act of committing adultery and killing the king and bringing calamity to the country. Because Wei Huangong's mother was Chen Guoren, Chen Guo had always been angry about Wei Huangong's murder. In order to secure the country and the people, Shi Wei thought of a way to get rid of these two scum of defending the country under the guise of Chen Guoren's hand. Therefore, he said to Shi Hou: "If the state calls for a pilgrimage to Zhou Tianzi, it can obtain legal status." Shi Hou asked, "How can I go on a pilgrimage?" Shi Wei said: "Chen Heng is justly favored by Zhou Tianzi. Now that Chen and Wei were in harmonious relations, if they first met with Duke Huan and asked him to make a request on his behalf, they would certainly succeed. Shi Hou happily accompanied Zhou To Chen Guo. At this time, Shi Bei secretly sent someone to ask Chen Huangong to say: "The Weiguo place is small, and my old man is more than 80 years old, so I am not useful." Zhou Wu and Shi Hou have indeed killed our monarch, please help dispose of them. Therefore, Chen Guo arrested Zhou Wu and Shi Hou and asked Wei Guo to send someone to Chen Guo to deal with it. Paraffin resolutely sent his vassal You Zai ugly to kill Zhou Wu in Chen Guo's Puti, and resolutely sent his housekeeper Nòu to kill his son Shi Hou in Chen Guo.
"Defending the state and calling for Pu", there are three layers of righteousness. The first use of the characters "ren" and "kill" (without the use of the word "弑") and the direct call to the name of the prefecture is to indicate that the "Spring and Autumn" does not recognize that the state call of the state who usurped the throne is the monarch, killed by "people", and has more than enough to die; the second is that killing the state in chen guo's Pudi is a satire on the wei people who failed to fight in time to commit trouble; and the third point is to clarify the causal relationship of "the murderer, the person who kills".
A righteous and righteous prince who destroys his relatives and abolishes tyranny and establishes a virtuous man
(Sentence 7) In February of the tenth month of winter, weiren lijin. (In the winter of the fourth year of the Reign of The Duke of Yin, the Wei people proclaimed Gongzi Ji jin as monarch.) ）
After killing Zhou Wu, Shi Bei obeyed the will of the people and sent people to the State of Xing to welcome back the hostage-taking prince Ji Jin, and resolutely established this prince who was not the eldest son of the concubine but was quite popular as the monarch of the country, as the Duke of Wei Xuan (the son of the Duke of Weizhuang, the brother of the Duke of Wei Huan, the 15th monarch of the State of Wei, reigned 718 BC – 700 BC).
The Biography of the Ram and the Biography of Gu Liang explain the "Weiren Lijin" very interestingly. - Why do you say "stand"? To say "stand" is to mean that it should not be erected. Why is it called "man" here? To show that the multitudes want to erect him. But who made him? It was The stone that erected him. Shi Diao established him, why should he be called "man"? Because that's why everybody wants to set him up. Although the people wanted to erect him, it was not in accordance with the law to establish him. According to the Spring and Autumn Period, the princes should pass the throne to the eldest son of the concubine, not to the wise people. In other words, Gongzi Jin was not the eldest son of a concubine, nor was he the legitimate heir of the monarch. This explanation seems a bit contradictory, but it is quite meaningful.
Although it was not in line with the etiquette system of the time, the Spring and Autumn Period still welcomed and supported it, because Gongzi Jin won the hearts of the people. In other words, "Spring and Autumn" ostensibly maintains the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty, but when there is a contradiction and conflict between the system and the people's will, "Spring and Autumn" is still the party that supports the "people's will". This is perhaps the most secret "great righteousness" of "Spring and Autumn"!
Ostensibly to maintain the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty, but when there is a contradiction and conflict between the system and the people's will, "Spring and Autumn" still supports the "people's will" side. This is perhaps the most secret "great righteousness" of "Spring and Autumn"!
Of course, the key figures who can make a prince and become the monarch are paraffin wax who "can love people and can evil people" and "kill relatives in righteousness". On the social stages of ancient and modern China and abroad, from time to time, some roles of chaotic courtiers and thieves and tyrants and rebellious sons appeared, which made people and gods indignant, but sometimes people were helpless. First, its power and arrogance are so great that ordinary people dare not commit their sharp edges; second, human feelings (family affection) are entangled with interests and are complex and difficult to give up. Fortunately, at this critical moment in history, in the face of morality, paraffin dared to stand up, uphold justice, abolish violence and establish meritocracy, abandon foolish loyalty, destroy relatives in righteousness, and give up hard, and vividly interpret the lofty personality of "only benevolent, able to love, and able to wicked".
Shi Wei's righteous deeds of eliminating harm to the country have made great contributions to the healthy development of the country, set an example for the descendants of the country to be a gentleman, and enabled future generations of the country to enjoy the reputation of "defending many gentlemen, and the country has no trouble". (Confucius traveled around the world for 14 years, 10 of which were in Weiguo, because "Wei Duo Junzi" could accommodate Confucius.) ）
"He who is benevolent can love others and evil people." The standard of love of evil is morality and the will of the people. Shi Bei has set up a model of "pure subjects" for the Chinese nation of great benevolence, righteousness, wisdom and courage!