The famous poet Lu Tong of the Tang Dynasty advocated strange dangers and pursued extraordinary effects, which was the artistic embodiment of an arrogant and stubborn personality, which was incompatible with the currents and customs. However, whether this peculiar poet died of the "change of manna" or died naturally due to illness has been a big disagreement in the academic community, which has become a historical doubt. Among them, the most widely circulated is the so-called "disaster of manna" in the Novels of Song and Yuan Notes.
During the Middle and Tang Dynasties, there were a number of poets who pursued strange and dangerous realms in art, of which Lu Tong was a more representative one. Lu Tong was born in Fanyang (present-day Zhuo County, Hebei), and Lu Zhaolin, one of the "Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty", was his great-grandfather. Lu Tong's poems, with their high character and eternal aftertaste, are admired by future generations, and can "go to what people do not do, go to where people can't go, tend to be strange and strange, and return to the right from illness." In the pursuit of a sinister artistic style, some poems are very fluent and beautiful to read, such as "the acacia string is constantly broken, and the falling flowers are eager to wear." The heart wants to wear, by the railing, reminiscing about the wicker green, acacia brocade tent cold. Straight to the grace of the king to look back, so that my tears long Shanshan. "This "Upstairs Daughter Song" is written about the daughter's spring sorrow, fresh and fluent, soft and feminine.
How did this poet, who pursued a sinister style, die in the end?
According to the notes of the Song and Yuan literati, Lu Tong was mistakenly arrested and killed in the "Ganlu Revolution" in the ninth year of Emperor Wenzong of Tang (835), that is, the so-called death of Lu Tong was "the disaster of Ganlu". However, in the small biography of Lu Tong appended to the New Book of Tang and the Biography of Han Yu, it does not involve the "change of manna". The "scourge of manna" in the notes was later copied by various contemporary reference books, and it was almost conclusive. However, some experts believe that this theory is quite suspicious, the story described is far-fetched, and people have different views, which makes lu Tong's birth and death date unsure and becomes a historical doubt.
The "Ganlu Revolution" occurred in November of the ninth year of Emperor Wenzong of Tang. It is recorded in the Old Book of Tang in the Biography of Li Xun, the Biography of Wang Ya, and volume 245 of the Zizhi Tongjian. The general course of events was as follows: the eunuch Qiu Shiliang at that time had the monopoly of power, and the chancellor Li Xun and others conspired with Fengxiang Jiedu to conspire with Zheng Zhu to coordinate internally and externally to eliminate the eunuch clique. They falsely claimed that there was nectar on the pomegranate tree in Zuo Jinwuwei, and lured Qiu Shiliang and others to watch, and as soon as they arrived, they were killed. Due to the exposure of the armored soldiers, they failed. Qiu Shiliang led his troops to hunt down and kill Li Xun, Shu Yuanyu, Wang Ya, and so on, and Zheng Zhu was also killed by the eunuchs of the supervising army, with more than a thousand people.
According to the "Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Wang Ya", Wang Ya did not know about it beforehand, and when the accident occurred, he had dinner with Tonglie Shu Yuanyu, Jia Yu, and others who returned to Zhongshu Province, and before they could finish writing, the officials reported that some soldiers appeared at the door, killed every person, and Ya and others fled in a hurry. When he ran to the Yongchangli tea shop, he was captured by the forbidden army, and under the severe torture of Qiu Shiliang, he pretended to be complicit with Xun, and then was beheaded and abandoned in the city. Wang Ya's family members were all rounded up and executed. Wang Ya's then from his brother Wang Mu to Wang Ya to apply for a job and stay, was also arrested, accompanied by Ya's waist beheading.
After the incident, Wang Ya's former official Li Mei composed the "Record of Differences", compiling the myth that the souls of the victims of the four phases and the souls of lu tong in white clothes would drink poetry, which was used to express the mourning of the four phases, and thus the saying that Lu Tong was "killed" appeared.
The "Ganlu Revolution" was a brutal power struggle or palace coup. How could Lu Tong, as a commoner, run to Chang'an and get caught up in this struggle?
Some books describe Lu Tong's involvement with the events. Song Qianyi's "New Book of the South" has the following account: "Tong Yi Yake, on the night of November 20, 1999, even stayed at the Ya pavilion. Tomorrow, the Left Army slaughtered the Ya family and was killed with it. Liu Kezhuang's "Poetry of Houcun" also said: "The Tang dynasty spread that Lu Tong stayed in Wang Yadi, so he foresaw the disaster of manna." The old man has no hair, and the dying man adds nails to the back of his head, thinking that it is a curse of Tim Ding. ”
There are two different views in the academic community as to whether Lu Tong was involved in this turmoil and eventually lost his life.
Some people believe that Lu Tong's death from the "change of manna" can be "conclusive". The reason for this is that, according to the myth of the ghosts of the four husbands (alluding to Li Xun and other victims of the four phases) and Bai Yifei (Lu Tong) in the "Record of Differences" written by the Tang Dynasty Li Mei, the poem uses the allusion that Shi Chong of the Western Jin Dynasty and Pan Yue were executed together in Dongshi, and it is determined that Lu Tong did experience the "change of manna", and this story is the "first-hand most credible historical material" of Lu Tong's death. Moreover, the changes between Lu Tong and Ganlu are related to historical sources, such as the Yuan Xin Wenfang's "Biography of Tang Caizi", which says: "When Wang Ya was in power, he often became angry with his subordinates. When the incident occurred, Lu Tong and the guests ate in the Wang Ya Library, so they stayed. When the officers and soldiers came to arrest him, Lu Tong said: 'I am a Lushan person, and I have no grudge with the people, what crime do I have?' The officers and soldiers said, 'Since you are a mountain man, is it not a sin to come to the prime minister's house?' Lu Tong could not defend himself, and finally suffered the calamity of manna. Lu Tong was old and hairless, and the eunuchs put a nail on the back of his head. When Lu Tong gave birth to his son, he gave him the name Tim Ting, which was considered by later generations to be a proverb. ”
Some people believe that Lu Tong's "calamity of manna" is not credible. In recent years, scholars who have paid attention to Lu Tong have made in-depth investigations into this public case, and have carefully read the relevant historical materials involving Lu Tong's death and the poems of Han Yu and Jia Dao, who have interacted with Lu Tong, and found that the above statements are extremely far-fetched and have a large story component. Through the analysis of the poet's works, it is verified that Lu Tong died around the eighth year of Tang Xianzongyuan and the eighth year (813), more than 20 years after the "change of manna", so Lu Tong could not have experienced the "change of manna".
First of all, Li Mei's "Records of Differences" cannot be called "historical materials" or "most credible evidence" in terms of writing motivations and fictional plots. The background of the release of the "Book of Differences" is recorded in the "New Book of the South": "Li Mei was favored by Wang Ya in his early years. And when he was the inspector of Shezhou, he was defeated, and because of his private interests, he hung it in poetry, and the last sentence of the cloud: "The liuhe is all Han soil, and this body has nowhere to cry and weep." But someone wanted to tell it, so he wrote the Book of Differences to avoid trouble. In this way, "avoidance" is the motivation for writing the story. Since in order to avoid disaster, we can only take the method of fake truth, and according to the needs of the plot, pull a very famous early deceased Lu Tong to participate, and borrow his mouth to chant the verse "Liuhe is all Han Soil", so that once it is investigated, it will be blamed on the dead ghost. In addition, from the fictional plot point of view, the "Record of Strange Things" wrote when recording that the ghosts would drink: "The four husbands are golden and purple" (alluding to the four phases of the victim), will drink in the fountain, and Mr. Tamagawa, who is dressed in white, will come and recite the inscription poems seen on the wall of the Gantang Hall in the middle of the room, and the four husbands will cover their faces and lose their voices. Then each chant poem is nostalgic, and there are "cherish the friends of the golden valley in the past, and come to the spring to talk about the lonely soul", "the white head returns to the former sage", etc., and finally disperses without joy. According to the above verse, this is an allusion to Shi Chong, Pan Yue, and Dongshi during the Western Jin Dynasty, which is of course impeccable. However, the "Golden Valley Garden" was Shi Chongzhi's luxurious villa, and the so-called "Golden Valley Friends" included Pan Yue and Wang Kai's generation, most of whom were hot and wealthy at that time. Shi and Pan were later framed by their enemy Sun Xiu and executed in Dongshi. If according to the allusions of Shi and Pan Tongxin Dongshi, it is still a bit far-fetched to insinuate wang ya and other victims of the four phases, and it is a bit far-fetched to regard Lu Tong as a "Golden Guy" who also enjoys the mourning of "white heads and the same return".
Secondly, in the old and new "Book of Tang", "Zizhi Tongjian" and other historical books, when describing the "change of Ganlu", there is no mention of Lu Tong's death, which shows that There is no historical basis for Lu Tong's death. If Lu Tong really died in the incident, future generations of historians will not be missed. Some people may say that it is normal for the history books not to mention characters unrelated to the coup, then, Wang Ya's temporary stay in the Wang Mansion from his brother Wang Muyin's job search for Wang Ya has nothing to do with the coup, but when he raided his home, they were arrested and killed together, and this matter was included in the "Zizhi Tongjian", and during the Yuan and He years, the well-known figure Lu Tong was killed but did not mention anything, which is abnormal, which shows that Lu Tong's murder did not exist.
In addition, Lu Tong's close friend Jia Dao did not disclose that Lu Tong died in the poem "Crying Lu Tong". Jia Dao's poem said: "The wise man has no official to die, and those who do not kiss him are also sad." Empty and ancient ghosts laugh, but also get new neighbors. He lived for forty years and wore only white cloth. The Son of Heaven has not been summoned, who will chase after him? Chang'an has friends, and Tuo lonely abandons and moves. Tsukasa side shishi is short, and the lines of text are jagged. No money to buy pine plants, self-growing artemisia grass branches. On the day to give me the text, tears will be read when. Respected from Ziga, deeply hidden fear of loss. If Lu Tong is really a "change of manna", such a major event, Jia Dao will never be able to miss it without mourning.
In addition, the geometry of Lu Tong's age is an important factor in examining the age of his birth and death and the cause of death. According to common sense, Jia Shi's "forty years of ordinary life" has clearly explained Lu Tong's life expectancy. Taking Lu Tong's self-description of "Forty Years of Friendship with Ma Yi" written by Lu Tong around the fifth year of Yuan He (810), and the "Shi Tian Ding" written shortly thereafter: "Ashamed of miasma but pity me, into my haggard bones for my career", "Qi Li Long is white-headed, and he has added Mo BrainYe by battle", etc., it can be seen that Lu Tong has shown the possibility of dying soon after Yuan he and five years ago. It is entirely credible that the poet wrote poetry, limited to the grammatical, and wrote that the thirty-seven or eight and forty-two or three were all written as integers and forty. Some people think that the "forty years of ordinary life" in Jia's poem refers to the forty years from adulthood to death", not the year of life. Thus, the age of Lu Tong's death was extended to the "change of manna", and it was inappropriate to use it as evidence for the "theory of misfortune".
Moreover, Lu Tong had the act of "entrusting orphans" on his deathbed, proving that he died a normal death, not a horizontal death.
In Jia's poem, "Tou Lonely Abandons and Moves" sentence, it can be seen that Lu Tong's son is still very young. In the sixth year (811) of Tang Xianzong's reign (811), Han Yu once had a poem called "Sending Lu Tong", which contains a sentence that says: "In the last year, the name of the child was Tim Ding." It can be proved that Lu Tong's son was born in the fifth year of Yuan He. If Lu Tong died in the Ganlu Incident, then Tim Ding is already 26 years old and has already established a family, so why talk about "orphanage"?
Some people may take the story that Liu Beituo was 17 years old when Heming was lonely, Tang Taizong was lonely in his eldest son Wujie, and Chu Suiliang when Emperor Gaozong was 22 years old, proving that Jia Shi's use of the word "to orphan" did not deviate from common sense for Tim Ding, who was more than 20 years old, and this is a typical deviation from common sense. The above two isolated incidents are themselves extraordinary events, and both take as the background of special conditions such as the abdication of the emperor, the succession of the lord, and the complex environment at that time. Moreover, the situation of internal disputes within the court is particularly complicated, and it is not appropriate to infer the normal trust of the common people. Taking a step back, even if Lu Tong was killed in the "Ganlu Change" when Tim Ting was in his 20s, it was a sudden incident, when swords and swords were shadowy and corpses were everywhere, how could Lu Tong have the opportunity and time for the prophet to calmly entrust himself to Jia Island. It can be seen that Lu Tong's theory of "death" and "death" is contrary to Jia Shi's original intention.
In addition, judging from Lu Tong's personality characteristics, he could not become Wang Ya's guest.
According to the "Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Wang Ya", Wang Ya was "greedy for power and favored, not far from the flow of evil and evil", "sexually stingy, cool and good before the ancient famous calligraphy and paintings, there are unavoidable must be poured into a hundred ways to take it, forcing the lonely and weak to accumulate treasures". When serving as an envoy for salt and iron transport, "The salt was harsh and urgent, and the people complained." and the curse of manna, and the dirt of the earth, throw rubble, and pile it into piles." As a person like Wang Ya, as Lu Tong, who is determined to cherish the frost, how could he climb high to make friends with him, let alone be intimate to the point of "eating and staying overnight".
According to the "Old Book of Tang and The Biography of Li Xun", before Wang Ya was arrested, he was having a meal at the Zhongshu Provincial Government Affairs Hall, and the people who would eat were Jia Biao, Shu Yuanyu, and others who were also the prime ministers. Even if the toilet is in the middle, how can it be settled on a few seats? Moreover, after the incident occurred, Wang Ya fled from the palace in a hurry, how could he still gather all the guests in the library to eat and stay overnight, and how could the "guests" stay in this place of right and wrong?
It is not difficult to find out the various contradictions in this, the notes of the literati in the Song and Yuan dynasties are based on false rumors, and the more they are passed on, the more they are preached. For example, when Lu Tong was arrested, he nailed the back of his head because of his lack of hair, and even pulled lu Tong's name for his son "Tim Ding" in yuan and five years as a harbinger of "nailing behind the head", which can be described as whimsical. Regarding this matter, Liu Keqing, a Song man who reported that Lu Tong had "nailed the back of his head", did not think so, and he suspected that this was "a good deed", and sighed: "Tong Virgin, there is no complaint with people, why is this slander?" From the above discussion, it can be seen that the poet Lu Tong died of illness, not accidentally involved in the "change of manna" and died. His birth year should be set around 773, 5 years younger than Han Yu and 6 years older than Jia Island, belonging to his contemporaries.
True or false, Lu Tong's death is indeed not something that can be said clearly in a few words.
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