Wen Shuhua asked the canal
Source 丨 Guiyang Literature and History Materials Selected Series, Fifth Series
(i)
My family was originally from Jiangxi, during the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, the ancestors came to Qian to practice medicine, and after two lifetimes, the medical road quit, and the descendants mainly sold salt. Up to the ancestor Lianhui Tamari, it still continued to trade salt. Ding Baozhen, a suitable Qian, served as the governor of Sichuan, and specially hired ancestors to go to Sichuan to plan for the rectification of the salt government. Later, the ancestors undertook a Qianbian Ren'an Salt House, named Yonglongyu, resigned and returned to Qian, and operated it on their own.
Throughout his life, the ancestors were very strict, happy people were good, and often published many books such as "Proverbs of The Six Things" and "Cai Gen Tan", distributed them to relatives and friends, and picked them up when they went out, and when they met those who believed, even if they gave them, they encouraged virtue. Because there were many gifts and felt that it was inconvenient to publish the edition, I heard that there was movable type printing in Shanghai, and I was specially selected to send a certain villager to study. Unintentionally, the non-human beings sent only for personal self-interest, gave up printing and changed to learn to repair clocks and watches, and did not return to their hometown. The ancestors' ambitions were not reached, and The Emperor died.
His father's name was Yanli, inheriting his ancestors' legacy, reading for business, and later serving as a Confucian instructor in the Renhuai Hall. Shi Yonglong Yuyan has been operating for decades and has quite a lot of savings. My father thought that the land in Guizhou was poor and wanted to seek some welfare for the locality. The Qing court stopped the imperial examination, set up schools, and advocated the establishment of industry. Suitable for the township ancestors Tang Eryong number Comfort Ci, Ren Kecheng number Zhiqing, about the father founded. Guiyang Middle School", renamed "Guizhou Tong Provincial Public Middle School" for more than a year, Mr. Tang served as the supervisor, and Yue Nian, his father also served as the supervisor. Because of the traffic congestion in Guizhou, the spread of new knowledge to Qian, protracted, if nature is allowed, then Guizhou culture will forever fall behind the provinces of the country. If you want to spread new knowledge and rely on books, mo ruo founded a larger bookstore, which can inherit the unfinished legacy of the ancestors, and the printing house can accommodate many people, which is also in line with the purpose of promoting industry. So he made up his mind to make a plan to throw bricks and lead jade, and founded the "Guiyang Wentong Bookstore". At times, there was a Zunyi person Tian Qinglin No. Yuting, with capable talent, who handled the Zunyi Official Book Bureau in Zunyi Province, and printed lecture notes for Zunyi Middle School, with excellent results. His father, Shang, obtained the consent of Tian Jun and Yuan Jijiu, the Taishou of Zunyi Province, and invited Tian to take charge of the preparations.
(ii)
In 1898, Tian Qinglinjun led the two students to Tokyo, Japan, and first purchased a full set of equipment for the lead printing part, including four lead printing folios, four openings, two six printing machines, and four disc machines. Casting and typesetting department, electroplating molding paper type is complete. Two stepping stoves, five hand-cranked stoves, two bookside lead strip planers, and one lead cutting knife. Cast character copper mold, Song font, italic character number one to no. 6 copper mold; Japanese, English number one to five copper mold, italic and printed type of each number are available. In addition, punctuation, large and small lace, are complete. Binding parts, paper cutting, book cutting knives, dress round backs, gilding, row eyes, hanging threads and other machines, everything is available. After the year of shipment, the installation begins.
As for the skilled workers, before Tian Jun went to Japan, he recruited seventy students in Zunyi, studied at the Zunyi Official Bookstore, and hired teachers for casting, printing, and binding. Therefore, as soon as the machine arrives, the students will be transferred to the province, guided by the teacher, and engaged in installation. Work is progressing at a rapid pace.
Wentong Bookstore printing plant, set up in Downtown Guiyang Wangjia Lane (now Yonglie Road). First of all, the first printed book was compiled by Mr. Zheng Ziyin, a former sage of the township, "Broadcast Ya".
After Tian Jun waited for the lead printing to start, he led three other students to Tokyo, Japan, to purchase the lithograph part, and then purchased a full-sheet paper lithograph machine, a start-up machine, two falling stones and plate making machines, five mobile phones, two petroleum power engines, and two ink rolling machines. Three Japanese skilled workers were also hired to guide the bureau. The students sent in were assigned to learn photocopying and the manufacture of zinc and copper plates. Tri-color glass plates, and engraved metal. Cameras and medicines are available. The lithographed part of the first printed book is a photocopy of an English textbook. Colour printing published advertisements for the establishment of the Bureau.
After the start of construction, the imported products accounted for the majority, and as for the domestic raw edge, dragon seal, rice paper and the like, there were very few.
The organization of the bookstore, the father as the bureau chief, Tian Qinglinjun as the manager. The public works department includes lead printing department, casting department, inspection and rehearsal department, binding department, photocopying and metal plate making department. In the lithography part, there is a lithography drawing department, a plate making department, and a lithography machine department, each of which has a director to manage the work distribution and record the work and business situation of the headquarters. Above the ministers, there is one person each to teach the technique. There is also a proofreading room, specializing in school books. In the transaction part, only one person is responsible for the entry and exit of money. Regardless of the founding funds, operating income, monthly salary payment, raw material acquisition, miscellaneous food expenses, etc., this person bears full responsibility. A few people were also sent to help the same as the arithmetic, which also served as a store business. In addition, one person is responsible for local procurement of sporadic materials, as well as handling chores such as food. Warehousing and purchasing the entire batch of materials for safekeeping and access, there are three people who are responsible for custody and registration.
The operation of the global machine, except for the lithography machine using an oil engine, the rest of the machine, regardless of size, depends on manual shaking, and there are a number of deputy workers who are specialized in their work. Meals are served three times a day, all of which are served by the bookstore. All employees live in the bureau, and the kitchen serves meals. There are often more than ten workers responsible for cleaning and sanitation in various parts of the world. Carpentry is always required in the work, making large and small wood parts, and often employing two or three carpenters. At the beginning of the game, there were about a hundred employees in the whole world.
The treatment of the staff and workers, except for the master of the bureau who does not pay a salary, the Japanese technicians have a contract, and the rest of the teachers and ministers are all divided into fifteen or fourteen pairs per person per month; skilled workers, from six two to twelve, are determined according to the situation of their skills; the apprentices are paid a monthly slurry washing fee of one thousand copper dollars; the proofreader is equal to the minister; the deputy worker is born four or two per month; the staff of the affairs section is equal to the technician; and the kitchen chores are divided into two to four pairs, depending on the complexity and simplicity of the affairs.
At the beginning of the establishment, but the equipment is complete, and the funds are not limited. As far as the purchase and handling of machinery is concerned, since the Highway in Guizhou was not open at that time, all purchased machinery, materials, paper, etc., were shipped from Japan to Shanghai, and then transported from the Yangtze River to Chongqing, they needed to be transported to Guiyang by manpower or horses. Generally, small pieces take at least sixteen or seven days; as for six and eight lifts, it takes more than 20 days; more than twelve lifts; it takes a lot of time. Therefore, the cost of handling exceeds the cost of acquisition. In addition, the purchase and construction of factory buildings and dormitories, as well as travel expenses, etc., as of the date when the lead and stone departments were fully started, cost a total of about 200,000 yuan of raw silver.
(iii)
In 1911, the Wuchang Uprising, the provinces responded one after another. Guizhou also announced in the autumn of that year that it would be anyway and establish a Military Government of Guizhou. Soon the Republic of China was founded. At this point, China ended more than 2,000 years of feudal rule, the political outlook of the whole country has changed, and many new decrees have been promulgated, all of which must be widely disseminated and disseminated throughout the country. All bills, documents, and tables needed by governments at all levels to promote administrative orders and fiscal and taxation must be printed at any time, and the Guizhou military government does not have a printing plant, and all the printed documents are entrusted to the Wentong Book Bureau to print on their behalf. Yuan Shikai: The emperor of the thief country, the first righteousness of The DianQian, the revival of the teacher to rebel, the financial income is insufficient, once entrusted the Wentong Bookstore to print three million yuan on behalf of the Qian. At that time, news magazines, government gazettes, private daily newspapers, and regular publications of popular groups were increasingly printed. The original workers were not enough to apply, but they were recruited and trained one after another, and girls were also admitted. The study time of new students is not rated for three years, as long as they concentrate on studying, they can basically operate independently, that is, depending on the strength of their abilities, they will be given appropriate wages to encourage them. At this time, the most difficult person is the extremely tight supply of paper.
Hua Zhihong
Since the start of Wentong, paper has been purchased and transported from outside the province, often slowly and urgently, and the quality specifications are not in line with needs. Only four people were sent out to purchase paper produced in this province, such as Duyun, Zunyi, Langdai, Xingyi's white paper, and Suiyang's bamboo paper. However, the quality is poor, the size is uneven, and the size is different from width to narrow. With assistance in improving, it can barely be used. However, because paper mills in various places are rural side businesses, even if the agricultural busy time is stopped, it still feels that supply is in short supply at any time. In order to completely solve the problem of paper supply, Wentong Naite sent people to Jiajiang, Sichuan, hired a number of hand-copied bamboo paper workers to come to Qian, signed a contract with the abbot of the monk temple in the Xiuwen Xishan area, leased the factory land, and established three handmade paper mills in the three places of Huayan Temple, Qutan Temple and Xiaolu Nest in the foothills of the mountain. Purchase of bamboo trees on the mountain for raw materials and fuel. A total of three factories paper tanks, about 30 shelves, the main and auxiliary workers of nearly 100 people, can produce more than 30,000 pieces of paper per day, known as Xishan paper. Subsequently, workers from the Xishan Factory went to the Tianling Temple in Qianxi and imitated the Xishan paper method to create a kind of bamboo paper, known as Tianling paper. Xishan and Tianling two kinds of paper, the texture is tight and smooth, and it is a professional papermaking, and the output is stable. In other counties, the composition of the white paper, after the Jingwen Tong sent people to help improve the operation, the quality has improved, and it can gradually meet the needs. The paper problem for ordinary printing parts has been largely solved so far. As for delicate printing, as well as the necessary heavy chromatic paper, it is still difficult. His father invited Tian Qinglinjun and led several students to Japan to purchase paper-making machines and prepare to set up their own factories to build their own. After several years of running, there is a slight eyebrow. On the Hongqiao outside the Great South Gate, Yongfeng Machine Paper Mill was established, which officially started construction in 1919. Using wood, straw, skin, bamboo, waste paper and other raw materials, it has created a super tribute, super light, Qinglin, mixed with a variety of thick and thin paper, the quality is very good, in the national paper industry, unique. However, the paper machine cost a lot, Tian Qinglinjun went to Shanghai, hired technical workers who made machines, and drew and designed and produced by themselves. Tian Junshang planned to go back to Japan to study in a papermaking machine factory, but due to illness, he failed to succeed, and then died in Shanghai.
After Yuan Shikai's defeat and death, the central government fell into the hands of the Beiyang warlords. Warlords of the provinces, the strongholds are self-imposed. After years of fighting with each other, the military feels insufficient. Therefore, they did not hesitate to increase the harsh taxes, so that the people's livelihood was increasingly poor. Guizhou is no exception. In this case, Wentong decided on the business policy, that is, when there were fewer copies of the seals, it engaged in reprinting local documents, with the intention of sending out the light of the predecessors and enlightening the perception of the future. Ji successively printed such as "Chao Jing Chao Poetry Banknote", "Mother's Teaching Record", "Erting Poetry Banknote", "Tongxi Poetry Banknote", "Pingqian Jiluo", "Chengshan Lu Manuscript", "Helong Jicheng Poem", "Sichuan Guanyun Yan'an Compilation", "Agricultural Politics Complete Book", and guizhou Tongzhi Bureau later changed to the "Qiannan Series" of the Literature Collection Library, each with ten copies, a total of eight episodes. Subsequently, he continued to revise the entire "Guizhou Tongzhi" on behalf of the printing, counting 105 volumes. In addition, about ten counties were entrusted with the printing of local chronicles. Later, he was commissioned to reprint a large number of Buddhist scriptures on the Three Tibetan Classics.
(iv)
In 2927, the bookstore set up a book department, specializing in trafficking in textbook books, stationery, sporting goods, etc. issued by various bookstores and publishing houses in Beijing and Shanghai for use by the cultural and educational circles. First, a contract was signed with the Shanghai Zhonghua Bookstore, and Wentong served as the bureau to promote teaching and utilization books at all levels in Guizhou. Prior to this, it was only the commercial press that set up a branch library in Guiyang to supply. However, due to the endless domestic war, many obstacles to the transportation, the late arrival of textbooks, and even the end of the entire semester, and the textbooks have not yet arrived, the educational circles are deeply bitter, and there is no way to do anything. Since Wentong sold zhonghua bookstore textbooks on behalf of the company, it attaches importance to timeliness and the supply situation has improved. As a result, the Shanghai World, Enlightened, and Dadong bookstores have also entrusted Wentong to promote their publications on their behalf. Therefore, the business of the Commercial Press was divided by the bookstores, and compared with the previous monopoly, the business naturally decreased sharply, so it was decided to abolish the Guizhou branch. However, the museum has a long history and publishes many books, and if it is heard to leave decisively, it will have an impact on the prosperity of Guizhou's book industry. Wentong Naite negotiated with the museum to accept the top, and made another appointment to set up a special distribution office in Guiyang of the Commercial Press, and continued to sell in Guizhou on behalf of the library. At this point, all books published by domestic bookstores can be shipped to Qian. Since then, there are no books to read in Guizhou's cultural and educational circles, and there are room for trade-offs, which is said to be a major contribution of Wentong to local culture.
In the spring of 1929, the weather was extremely dry, due to the careless storage of the oil paper storing the books, the fire suddenly caught fire, and the appropriate holidays could not be rescued, resulting in the printing plant being burned down seven or eight out of ten, lead print movable type, completely melted. Fortunately, the copper mold of the casting word was not damaged much, and the printing, binding, and casting machines were not much damaged. The lithography department shall be spared. In general, the lead printing part has yet to be restored and sorted out, and it cannot continue to work for a while. At that time, when printing government documents, it was natural that they could not quit; and if a large daily newspaper that was printed under the printing stopped, the society was bound to become dumb. In particular, the printing of government offices and fiscal and tax bills is required every day and cannot be delayed. Public and private parties have urged each other to hope that Wentong will resume work as soon as possible, and Wentong itself feels that it is very important to social responsibility and urgently strives to recover. However, the lead printing plant could not be repaired for a while, so the lead printing department was temporarily moved to the Dajue Jingsha near the East Gate, and the workers were rotated to cast lead characters day and night. The daily newspaper switched to lithography, reducing the length of the article and making a large sunrise; the government gazette was transferred to the Yichang Printing Factory in Hubei Province. After three months of hard work, the equipment began to gradually recover. In the autumn of that year, the Guizhou Provincial Government planned to set up a local bank and entrust wentong to print a concave letterpress banknote of one million yuan.
Wentong special sent people to Shanghai to engrave the original version, and by the way bought back two lead printing pairs, two large yuan disc machines, four hard printing machines, one generator for electroplating, and one air explosion diesel engine to enrich production capacity. After printing the banknotes, in 1937, the original site of the factory was burned, the factory building was repaired, and the lead printing department was still moved back to the original place, and the business gradually became normal.
From 1935 onwards, Chiang Kai-shek's regime took control of Guizhou, and the various factions of the Kuomintang, separated from the provincial political leaders, secretly attacked each other for power and profit. Each has a large daily newspaper, which is used as a tool to attack the other party, and these newspapers are entrusted to Wentong to print on their behalf. Later, those who came to Qian with the puppet Central Army, as well as many cultural people, also set up a variety of tabloids, which were also printed by Wentong. Together with other prints, the work is more intense and complicated than at this time. The number of workers has increased to more than 400, and they still feel that they are not enough, and they still need to go to Chongqing to hire many inspection and platoon workers to help. However, all the costs of printing, materials and other expenses were paid in advance, and then they could not be recovered as scheduled, and the delay was long, and the more arrears were accumulated. Moreover, the regime often changed hands, and the arrears often disappeared, and Wentong suffered so much that it was impossible to refuse to accept the printing, and even sent troops with guns to force the printing to be printed. However, the global staff has three meals a day, and has not been able or missed. As a last resort, the interest is diverted to maintain the status quo. The numbers are large, not short, and difficult to borrow. We had no choice but to seek help the staff and workers, cut down on food and clothing, and tide over the difficulties together. Wages cannot be paid on a monthly basis, but only for those who are in practical difficulty, they are paid as appropriate. In terms of food, do not eat oily meat. The poverty of the workers can be described as extremely large. After the death of my father in 1932, I was in charge of the management of Wentong, and I recalled all the oppression of the reactionary rulers in those years, and I still feel palpitations.
(5)
Since the rise of the Anti-Japanese Army in 1937, Chiang Kai-shek has maintained non-resistance doctrine, gradually retreated, and successively fell to the enemy along the river and along the coast. Many cultural and educational institutions and industrial and commercial enterprises have relocated to Guiyang. That is to say, as far as the publishing and printing business is concerned, the shanghai commercial, Zhonghua and enlightened bookstores have all set up branches in Guiyang, and the sales business of Wentong's previous agents for each bureau is handled by itself. At the same time, there are no less than ten color printing, lead printing, and large and small printing industries moved from all over the world. The limited business in Guiyang, with the sudden addition of many bookstores and printing houses, was sluggish in business, and Wentong Bookstore was also deeply affected.
On February 4, 1939, Guiyang was bombed by Japanese aircraft, and the city center was suddenly scorched. Wentong Nai was temporarily relocated to Huajiashan outside the Great West Gate to continue to open.
At this time, Qianren Ma Jihua (who was the secretary general of the Ministry of Education) and Xie Liuyi (a former professor at Fudan University in Shanghai), both of whom were well-known in the field of culture and education, both moved to Guiyang with Daxia University. In order to develop wentong's business, I organized an editorial office to add a publishing department to Wentong. After Ma and Xie agreed, the original organization of Wentong was reorganized separately and adopted the system of general management office. I am the general manager, and I hire Lan Pingfujun as an assistant, responsible for coordinating all matters of the overall situation. There are three institutions under it: the editorial office, the printing house and the distribution office, and the division of labor is responsible. Ma Jihua served as the director of the editorial office, and Xie Liuyi served as deputy director. Ma served as the chief secretary of state in Daxia, and also held the posts of a suffragan member of the National Committee for Political Participation, and from time to time he traveled back and forth to Sichuan and Qian, and because he was able to communicate with scholars from all walks of life on behalf of wen, he was sent a letter of appointment by the Wentong Book Bureau, and 300 to 400 experts and scholars were hired as editors and review committee members, and many manuscripts were handed in one after another. Xie Liuyi often resided, accompanied by Zhang Yongli and Pu Hongji presided over the editorial staff.
After the reorganization of Wentong, it compiled and printed a comprehensive "Wenxun Monthly" to report on academic trends and important events at home and abroad, and also published some publishing news. Wen Yiduo's death was published in a special issue to mourn him. In the same year, Wentong published books and periodicals, including university books, husband literature, teaching, physical and chemical, construction engineering, railways and other aspects, especially in medicine, a total of more than 200 kinds. In order to strive for academic status, all yellow books and periodical manuscripts are rejected, and printing is not accepted. It has also compiled and distributed two textbooks, namely primary school textbooks, Chinese language and arithmetic. Business is thriving. But in terms of funding, it is indeed deeply inadequate. I made up my mind to concentrate all my strength and do a good job in the wentong as soon as possible. So they successively sold the ancestral real estate of my family for financial purposes.
Later, in order to uniformly compile and distribute the "national fixed version" of primary and secondary school textbooks, the pseudo-Ministry of Education instructed seven bookstores, including Commerce, Zhonghua, The World, Enlightenment, Dadong, Zhengzhong, and Wentong, to form a "joint supply office" for primary and secondary school textbooks. Supply letters are allocated on a negotiated basis by the seniority and funding of each Office. 23 percent of the account for commerce, Zhonghua, and Zhengzhong, and the world, enlightenment, Dadong, and Wentong accounted for 12 percent, 9, 7, and 3 each, respectively. The paper used is loaned to foreign exchange by the pseudo-Ministry of Education and imported uniformly from abroad. Although the proportion of Wentong in the "Seven Leagues" to bear the supply task is small, it is still large from the national statistics. In order to do a good job in issuing, in addition to adding offices in Chongqing, four sub-bureaus have been set up in Chengdu, Chongqing, Kunming and Guiyang.
In 1943 and 45, Ma Jihua, the director and deputy director of the editorial institute, and Xie Liuyi and Xie Liuyi died of illness one after another, but in 1946, Gu Jiegang and Bai Shouyi were hired as the chief and deputy directors of the editorial institute. Gu was a well-known historian in China, who was a professor at Fudan University and a pseudo-central senator in Chongqing at the time; Bai Shouyi was also a historian and a professor at Yunnan University in Kunming. At this time, most of the scholars from all over the country were concentrated in Chongqing, and the editorial office was moved from Guiyang to Chongqing. In the actual work of the institute, Bai Jun is responsible for more. However, Kunming and Chongqing were far apart and inconvenient to travel back and forth, so it was decided to move the editorial office from Chongqing to Kunming.
In 1946, the "Seven Leagues" moved to Shanghai, and Wentong Nai added offices in Shanghai, and successively set up three sub-bureaus in Shanghai, Changsha and Guangzhou. The editorial office was moved from Kunming to Suzhou, and Bai Shouyi, deputy director of the institute, resigned as a professor at Yunnan University and often went to Suzhou, co-director Gu Jiegang presided over the editorial affairs of Wentong, and continued to publish hundreds of new academic books. Book printing, in addition to being self-printed by the Guiyang Bureau Printing Factory, and entrusted to him in Shanghai. Among the editors, there are quite a few people with advanced ideas. Forced by reactionary rule and obscenity, he did not dare to openly expose it, specially selected foreign translations, transmitted advanced ideas, and reprinted foreign commentaries in the monthly magazine "Wenxun" to imply to the Chinese people.
In the one or two years since the collapse of reactionary rule, heavy taxes and miscellaneous taxes have emerged one after another, inflation, and prices have increased day by day. Wentong often feels that the turnover is not good. At this time, the real estate is sold out, and the overall salary and food costs cannot be delayed. Forced to pay heavy interest rates, try to borrow money and maintain the status quo. At the end, in the name of changing the state finance and implementing the gold standard, the reactionary government issued gold and silver dollar bills, stipulating that the old currency must be four hundred yuan to be equivalent to one yuan for the new bonds. The money borrowed by Wentong was nothing but to be repaid in accordance with the provisions of the reactionary government at that time. Many relatives and friends are inevitably dragged down. So far, every thought of it has been between nostalgia and nostalgia.
In the spring of 1949, when Shanghai was liberated, wentong's office in Shanghai was often obstructed in contact with the mainland. The editors are the same people, and most of them leave the institute to take up new positions, so the editors stop invisibly. In the winter of that year, the liberation of Guiyang, wentong printing factories and local sub-bureaus, although they were still opened as usual, but at the beginning of the Ding Revolution, society was still in turmoil, business was scarce, and if they wanted to recover stability, there must be a certain process. At that time, the income was not enough to meet the expenditure, and it was difficult to maintain it.
(6)
In the autumn of 1950, the Central General Administration of Publishing held the first national publishing conference in Beijing, and Wentong was specially invited to attend the conference. The congress decided that in the future, publications should be coordinated and presided over by the General Administration of Publications. The published manuscripts of each book office must be submitted to the General Administration of Publication for examination and approval before they can be published. And each bookstore will first identify the publication subjects and report them to the office for inspection. Wentong promised to continue publishing medical books. As for the original local sub-bureaus of each book office, they were merged and reorganized and issued at the same time. Because there were not many sub-bureaus, Wentong did not participate in the meeting of merger and reorganization in the future. Soon, wentong's Shanghai branch was merged into the Medical Publishing House; the Guangzhou and Chongqing branches participated in the local joint venture; and the Chengdu and Kunming sub-bureaus declared suspension of business. Guiyang General Management Office, Printing Plant, Branch Bureau, due to exhaustion of funds, and debts can not be repaid, when the assets and liabilities list (except for Wentong enterprises, my family owns the old tin company in Yunnan, bank of China, world bookstore, Sichuan Jianguo Machine Mint and other shares, included in the assets), submitted to the Guizhou Provincial People's Government for handling. The Hormonal Government sent a working group to the Bureau to clean up and approve it. On April 7, 1952, Wentong Bookstore was merged into Guizhou People's Printing Factory.
Guiyang Wentong Bookstore, founded in 1898, was incorporated into Guizhou People's Printing Factory in 1952, with a history of 50 years. Most of the original wentong business records are lost, and the above overview, based on my personal memory alone, is vague and only a general ear.
April 1964