The Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado (1485-1541) led an expeditionary force to Central America in 1523, and the following year established the first colonization in Guatemala, beginning the history of Central American colonization...
In 1492, cristoforo colombo (1451−- 1506) opened the Atlantic Passage for the Spanish Empire, allowing the Spanish Empire to base itself in la española (Haitian), conquering Puerto Rico in 1508, Jamaica in 1509, and Cuba in 1511.
After the successful colonization of the Caribbean by the Spanish Empire, the conqueror Hernán cortés (1485-1547) sailed from Cuba to Mexico in 1519, and after conquering the Aztec Empire in 1521, the "Viceroyalty of New Spain" (virreinato de nueva españa) was born, with Mexico City as its capital. The destruction of the Aztec Empire meant that Central and South America was about to become a Spanish colony.
Cortis the Conqueror
Under the orders of Cortis, Pedro de alvarado (1485-1541) led an expeditionary force to Central America in 1523, and the following year established the first colonization in Guatemala, which gradually expanded to El Salvador and Honduras. In order to administer the newly conquered lands, the Kingdom of Spain established the "Capitanía General de Guatemala" in 1536, with Pedro de Alvarado as the first commander-in-chief, with Gracias of Honduras as its capital, under one of the administrative districts of the "Viceroyalty of New Spain".
Spain established a vast colonial empire in the Americas
The "Military Jurisdiction of Guatemala", also known as the "Kingdom of Guatemala" (Kingdom of Guatemala), symbolizes both military and administrative powers, so the Commander-in-Chief is also the Governor-General.
The Viceroyalty of the Spanish Colony was set up
In 1542, the Spanish Empire established a religious court in Guatemala, which was presided over by the commander-in-chief and viceroy; that is, the supreme head of the "Guatemalan Military Jurisdiction", in addition to maintaining the security of the jurisdiction and consolidating the colonial policy, was also responsible for supervising the catholic indoctrination, integrating military, political, and religious powers. In 1549, the "Viceroyalty of Guatemala" was moved to Guatemala City, and its jurisdiction extended to chiapas in the north, yucatán in the northeast, and Nicaragua and Costa Rica in the south.
During the colonial period, spaniards from the Iberian Peninsula were known as peninsulars, had political and economic power, and their children in the Americas were criollo, which were the flowers or children of the greenhouse, inferior to the peninsulars.
After the spaniards who came alone intermarried with the indigenous peoples, their children were ladinos, which means mixed race, which is the main race in Central America today. In addition, at different times, a small number of African black slaves were imported into Central America, and black people intermarried with their races to have children, and even Asians crossed the sea in the 19th century, leaving a slush claw for the history of Central American colonization, adding color to the originally quite diverse human races.
The language, religion, art, architecture, customs, habits, diets, etc. of the Iberian Peninsula moved into the Americas with the settlers. In colonial cities such as Gracias, Guatemala City, León and Granada, it is like a stage for the Krio people.
Some of the cleo's well-dressed people were even sent to Europe by their parents for education, and after returning to the colonies, they took over the family business and lived a comfortable life, or raised cocks and gambled, or watched bullfighting performances, or participated in masquerade balls, or held literary gatherings.
The colonial government founded the universidad de san carlos de guatemala in Guatemala in 1676, the first university in Central America, and only the Cleo elite or a few Latino people could enroll.
The "Guatemalan Military District" has a large number of indigenous ethnic groups, which have been incorporated into the labor system by the colonial government and reduced to the bottom of society, living in villages with poor living conditions in addition to living on the edge of the city, and although forced to learn Spanish and convert to Catholicism, they still secretly preserve their mother tongue and culture.
As a result, influenced by the natural environment and indigenous culture, the Iberian style gradually deformed and became their own new culture, which made the Cleoyou people quietly identify with the Land of america.
Map of Central America in 1860
In the 18th century, under the influence of the Enlightenment, the establishment of the United States and the French Revolution became a model for the pursuit of freedom in Spanish America. In addition, the decline of the Spanish Empire and the invasion of Spain by France, which led to the Spanish American community to express allegiance to the Spanish royal family, and in 1810 the horn of the War of Independence was blown.
Although the King of Spain was later restored to the throne in 1814, the original allegiance to the royal family evolved into an independence movement of the Cleorians for political and economic rights.
In the "Viceroyalty of New Spain", the priests of Miguel hidalgo (1753-1811) in Mexico cried out on September 15, 1810, awakening the sense of freedom of all classes, and although Hidalgo was defeated and executed the following year, the spirit of independence spread as far as the "military jurisdiction of Guatemala".
On November 5, 1811, the "Military District of Guatemala" began its first independence movement, followed by several independence movements echoing the Spanish-speaking rest of the Americas. Compared with other regions, the independence movement in the "Guatemalan Military District" was quite peaceful.
In 1821, Mexico declared its independence, and the "Guatemalan Military District" also declared its independence from Spain, and was incorporated into Mexico in 1822, but within a year, it broke away from Mexico and established itself as the "estados federados del centro de américa" (1823-1824), later renamed the "República federal de centro" (Central American Federal Republic). américa, 1824-1839), but eventually split into Five countries: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa.
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, And Costa, canada, were once five provinces of the "Guatemalan Military District", with a common history, all declaring their independence on September 15, 1821, so they are often referred to as the "Five Central American Countries".
However, the Central American countries still have Belis, but Spain did not actively govern Belis during the colonial period, after the independence of Guatemala, claimed to have the territorial sovereignty of Belis, the United Kingdom in 1862 made Belisna a colony, Guatemala and the United Kingdom for Belis sovereignty for many years, Beris finally with the consent of the British, on September 21, 1981 independence. As for Panama, a province that originally belonged to Colombia in South America, became independent from Colombia in 1903.