Speaking of the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the small braids of the golden thread rattail, what makes a deep impression may be the literal prison. Liu Yong, who was later known as "Qingtian", participated in the investigation and handling of many literary prisons.
From Confucius to the Qing Dynasty's compilation of the Siku Quanshu, the literal prison has not disappeared for thousands of years, and even in the Ming Dynasty, which we think is culturally enlightened and the fragrant novels are published casually, there are many literary prisons, especially during the reign of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Taizu Gao Emperor, who engaged in twelve literal prisons in one go, and none of the people involved survived.
According to Xu Zhenqing's "Cutting Victory Wild News", Huang Pu's "Records of Ancient and Modern Times in IdleNess", and Wu Han's "Biography of Zhu Yuanzhang", Zhu Yuanzhang actually started from knowing the meaning of Zhang Shicheng's name. It was precisely because he clarified the meaning of Zhang Shicheng's name that Zhu Yuanzhang raised his knife to the readers: these guys, cursing people without dirty words, unconsciously fell into the pit they dug!
Zhu Yuanzhang did not deny that he was from the grassroots, and he often hung up on his mouth the "Right Cloth Cloth of Yuanben Huai". Zhu Yuanzhang did not go to school, but not to go to school does not mean no culture, readers zhujun look at the poems written by Zhu Yuanzhang will find: in the past and now, few people of similar status can compare with it - the author of "The Song of the Great Wind", Han Taizu Gao Emperor Liu Bang is not as literate as Zhu Yuanzhang, Qianlong, who has composed tens of thousands of poems in his lifetime, is not worthy of Zhu Yuanzhang's shoes at all.
Zhu Yuanzhang read countless books in his lifetime, and he also knew that he could not rule the world immediately, so after the establishment of Daming, the literati were reused one after another, and the court ceremonies, household registration, and schools were naturally all formulated by the literati, and even the military guard system was also drafted by the literati.
Civilian officials interfered in the military, which naturally caused dissatisfaction among the Huaixi clique, which had started with military merit, and they constantly said bad things about the literati in front of Zhu Yuanzhang, and Zhu Yuanzhang always patiently did the work of persuasion: "The world is chaotic and uses force, and the world can rule Yiwen, and immediately can win the world, but it cannot rule the world." ”
The Huaixi clique finally resorted to the killer tactics and sent Li Shanchang, who was a civilian official, to deliver a fatal blow to the literati: "The literati are not trustworthy, because they always like to be sarcastic and slanderous, such as Zhang Shicheng, who praised the literati in the sky, and the name after the king was also taken for him by the literati." ”
Zhu Yuanzhang smiled: "Zhang Shicheng's name is good." ”
Li Shanchang also laughed, but laughed meaningfully: "Fooled, Zhang Shicheng's dictionary came out of Mencius, the original words are 'Shi, Chengxiao renye', another reading is 'Shicheng, Xiaoren'! After being scolded for half a lifetime, the villain is still beautiful and nourishing, do you say that Zhang Shicheng has been wronged or not? ”
Zhu Yuanzhang turned the letter suspiciously, and sure enough, he found this sentence at the end of the article "Mencius Gongsun Ugly Chapter Sentences Under Mencius Goes to Qi": "Shicheng Xiaoren also." "The ancients did not use punctuation to write articles, and this sentence was scolded by Zhang Shicheng no matter how it was seen.
The old rival Zhang Shicheng was scolded for half a lifetime without knowing it, which made Zhu Yuanzhang wary and jealous of the literati, and opened the "Zhizi Suspicious Neighbor" mode: looking at which piece of music, he felt that he was cursing himself.
I don't know if it was the relationship between dialects, Zhu Yuanzhang always pronounced "ze" as "thief", so five literati lost their heads because of the word "ze": Zhu Yuanzhang gave the Haimenwei commander a salary increase (increased salary), Zhejiang Fuxue professor Lin Yuanliang wrote a thank you list, one of which was "to make a precedent and a constitution"; Beiping Dusi on behalf of Zhu Yuanzhang Heshou, the representative of the fuxue training Zhao Boning, wrote a sentence "to follow the descendants and set an example"; later, the Fuzhou Fuxue xuexun wrote "Yi Ze Tianxia", and the deputy instructor of Guilin Fuxue wrote "Jianzhong Zuozhi". Lizhou Xuezheng wrote "Shengde Rule".
Zhu Yuanzhang was afraid of the word "then", and later even the word "sheng" was not allowed to say, the military general said that it was all right, the civilian officials said that they were going to kill the head, anyway, the harmonic sound was related to hair, it was best not to say it.
After the first five literary prisons, six more officials in the education circles lost their heads, namely Jiang Zhen, the head of the Changzhou Provincial Academic Training, Lü Rui, the deputy instructor of the Huaiqing Provincial Academic School, Jia Yi, the Xiangfu County Scholar, Lin Yun, the Bozhou Instructor, Xu Yuan, the Weishi County Instructor, and Wu Xian, the Instructor of The De'an Prefecture.
In the tables written by these six education officials for their superiors, "Rui Xingsheng (monk, in parentheses is Zhu Yuanzhang's understanding, the same below) Zhi", "Yaozhan Emperor Feng (Di Fei)", "Take the Fa (to hair) Elephant Soul", "Body QianFa Kun (hair, shaved head)", "There is a way under the heavens (theft)", and "Worship Qingmen (monk temple)". In Zhu Yuanzhang's view, this is all a mockery of himself, and for such a taunt, Zhu Yuanzhang has one way to deal with it, that is, to kill without forgiveness.
The first eleven were all beheaded on the spot, while Jiang Jinggao, the leader of Xiangshan County, was escorted to the capital to be beheaded for public display, because the table he wrote suddenly violated Zhu Yuanzhang's three taboos: "In the light of the sky, born a saint, he leads the world." ”
Seeing such a table chapter, Zhu Yuanzhang kicked over the Dragon Book case: "The living monk, this is scolding me for being a monk; just shaving my hair, this is scolding me for being bald; then read as a thief, scolding me for being a thief!" ”
Seeing that the officials of the education circles were about to be killed, the officials of the Ministry of Rites could not sit still, and they asked Zhu Yuanzhang to publish a model of the congratulatory watch, so that his subordinates would not inexplicably ban their heads. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Liu Sanwu, a scholar of Hanlin, and Wang Junhua, a right-hand man of Zuo Chunfang, to come up with a "He Xie'en table", and all the words were written according to the model, and all localities only needed to write their official titles and names.
It would be naïve to think that twelve education officials were killed and that the literal hell ended with the advent of the model—there are always officials who are not afraid of death who want to show their talents and do not follow the rules at all.
This unruly person is Xuezheng of Puzhou, Shanxi, who was originally a Hanlin editor, who was thrown out of the capital because he spoke without any obstruction, and after arriving in Shanxi, he still did not change his old habits, and wrote in the above table: "There is a way under the heavens, and there is no boundary in life." ”
We now only know the surname of this Puzhou Zhang, what is the name of Li Xian - this Ming Xianzong Emperor Libu Shangshu and Huagaidian University scholar, disdainful of subordinate officials to call the full name, so he only called him Zhang Mou when he wrote the "Ancient Zheng (Yong) Miscellaneous Records".
This Zhang Xuezheng was very bold, and in the face of Zhu Yuanzhang, who was blowing his beard and glaring at his eyes, he was not afraid at all, and he dared to hold his neck against the bull: "Your Majesty, you have said that the expression must quote the scriptures and do not allow blind compilation, there is a way in the world that Confucius said, and the longevity of boundless life comes from the "Book of Poetry", where is the slander against you?" ”
Zhu Yuanzhang was choked and rolled his eyes, thought about it for half a day, and suddenly smiled: "This old man is still so hard-mouthed, let it go!" ”
After Zhang Xuezheng's hard top, Zhu Yuanzhang also knew that he had done a little too much, so from Hongwu twenty-nine years later, whoever was willing to say anything would say anything, Zhu Yuanzhang did not care - this may be that the Huaixi Gongchen Group has also been cleaned up, and few people look at the civilian officials unfavorably.
Zhu Yuanzhang was not unreasonable, no one added oil and vinegar in front of him, and the literal prison naturally disappeared. So when we look at the Ming Dynasty's literal prison, it is actually a power struggle between the Huaixi Meritorious Group and the Civilian Officials Group, Zhu Yuanzhang was used as a gunman, and the officials in the education circles became scapegoats.
Zhu Yuanzhang's massacre of teachings and learning is certainly not right, but looking at the arrogance of the civil and official clique in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, it seems that there is a new idea, as to whether this idea is right, then there is a invitation for readers to taste...