Li Lin reads "Flowing Water Collection" - seeing people because of "things" and alleging on "things"

Associate Professor, Department of Education, East China Normal University, Li Lin

"Flowing Water Collection", by Dai Haibin, published by Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House in May 2021, 256 pages, 50.00 yuan

In terms of time span alone, the scope of modern Chinese history research is like a short alley, with relatively clear beginnings and endings; and in some narrative frameworks, its "main line" and "direction" are relatively "clear", and the world is quite "familiar" with it. However, if examined from the connotation capacity, the modern century is like a colorful spectrum, and many great changes are complex; but many rough stereotypes are "suspicious cases" behind them, and the "resolution" of details needs to be improved. Because of the abundance of modern historical materials, it can support more meticulous and three-dimensional research, attracting many scholars to devote themselves to it. In recent years, the academic community has more advocacy and practice such as "deep ploughing", "re-examination", "de-familiarization" and "de-contextualization", which are mostly related to these current situations. Whether it is caught off guard in the "short alley encounter" or unique in the "brilliant spectrum" depends on the researcher's own judgment, kung fu and encounter.

Dai Haibin's recent publication "Flowing Water Collection" (published by Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House in 2021, quoted below is only the page number), for those who have lofty ideals, they should be enlightened. This collection is included in the society's "NichiWen Series", which contains twenty-two articles, which are articles published by the author in books and newspapers in Chinese mainland and Taiwan and Hong Kong between 2011 and 2020 in addition to the special research papers, and its scope mainly involves "two aspects of academic history and academic criticism" (preface, p. 2). The anthology catalogue is not divided into chapters and numbered, but is separated by empty lines, indicating an internal distinction in the nature of the article, and the author tries to make a big difference as follows: character examination (five articles), academic book reviews (twelve articles), academic path (three articles), and Xuelin Chronicle (two articles). The following follows this clue, a little sketch after reading the miscellaneous knowledge. The author of the anthology, because the collection of texts is not as concentrated as the study of the title of the monograph, the author will inevitably take into account the lack of consideration; and the reference to the former philosopher Shi Xian in this article is not honored, not dare to be disrespectful, but to follow the general practice and seek conciseness. Those who are aware of the general hope are forgiven.

One

This episode can be divided into four parts. The first five articles are mainly related to the study of modern scholars and their own people, and the study of modern history as a "discipline". Over the years, the author has studied modern history, paying special attention to "character studies", focusing on the status of "middle figures" whose status is "between the dignitaries and grassroots commoners" and whose intellectual experience "often has the dual training of tradition and new learning" (p. 218). This approach is intended to echo the intention of traditional Chinese historiography to emphasize "people as things" and "see people according to events", and can also echo contemporary scholars' examination of the "hidden disappearance of people" (Luo Zhitian, 180 pp. cited) and even "the disappearance of man" (Wang Fansen, p. 235). Although the same emphasis on character research, in comparison, the first and second editions of the author's previous issue", "Late Qing Dynasty Character Series Examination" (Life, Reading, and Xinzhi Triptych Bookstore 2018), focus more on political, diplomatic, and military issues, while this collection focuses on academic, cultural, and even life aspects. In terms of the "level" of the target characters, "Cong Kao" mainly involves the so-called "medium figures" of the authors, such as Qian Ke, Tao Senjia, Zhao Fengchang, Zhou Shanpei, Yu Lianyuan, etc., which belong to the "discovery" research; the "important figures" in this collection, such as Guo Tingyi, Luo Jialun, Jiang Tingdian, Wu Han, Shao Xunzheng, etc., are "important figures" in the field of modern academic culture. Out of the concern of academic history and discipline history, the author explores the rupture and continuation between its "coming" and "previous road".

Specifically, the anthology analyzes the influence of Luo Jialun on Guo Tingyi's early studies, as well as the different causes and choices between Luo Jialun, Jiang Tingdian, and Guo Tingyi in politics and learning, and suggests Guo Tingyi's alienation from the "mainstream" of historiography in the 1930s and 1940s, and its possible "consequences" and "consequences" (pp. 1-23). It reveals the turning points and inner struggles of Xia Nai, a famous archaeologist in the future, especially his unique "causes" with the study of modern history, as well as the close obedience and mutual appreciation between Wu Han and Xia Nai in tsinghua garden when he was a student, and also deliberately reminds the differences in the temperament and style of the two people, as well as the special path of life circumstances thereafter (pp. 24-58). Shao Xunzheng, who originally came from Tsinghua's political science department and later became known for his historiography, had a tense dialogue with Cornell University professor George Catlin at the end of World War II in 1945 about the future of world politics after the war, and the direction of China's political situation in the meantime (pp. 59-71). It should be said that there have been many special studies on such important figures, and the collection of Chinese chapters can obtain their "strange paths", reflecting the author's advocacy of grasping the "characters" with "examination evidence".

Of course, the analysis of Xia Nai's personal actions such as Xia Nai's upward and downward exploration and Jiang Tingdi's wisdom and discernment can also be extended to a larger layer of the times and environmental influences, that is, the standards and characteristics of "Tsinghua historiography" before the outbreak of the All-out War of Resistance. The young Xia Nai's specialization was able to achieve a turn in sociology-modern history-archaeology, thanks to this academic atmosphere and the key cornerstone of training. He Bingdi, who was also studying at that time, once recalled: "In China in the 1930s, only the history department of Tsinghua University attached equal importance to history and social science; in history, Western history and Chinese history attached equal importance to Chinese history; and china's history attached equal importance to internal evidence and synthesis", and emphasized the far-reaching influence of "Tsinghua historiography" on him (He Bingdi: "Sixty Years of Reading History and Reading the World", Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004, pp. 59-73). The curriculum and teaching of the outstanding student group on that day, as well as the reading and topic selection of teachers and students, should also be of benefit to the issues of "professional construction" and "training program" that universities often read about today. The author also discusses the "historical journal" series of Guo Ting's "historical journals", focusing on the "external history" of the logs. Readers can be more successful if they can supplement the slight understanding of the characteristics of their examples and the principle of taking them, briefly analyze the gains and losses (there are many omissions in Guo's diary), and the advancement of later scholars in similar writings, and for today's historiography to focus on "writing" and neglecting "notes", it can also prompt reference examples.

For the key position of "man" in the study of history, the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga, who is famous for his medieval studies, also has a thought-provoking question: "If we can't see the people who lived in it, how can we form ideas about that era?" If only a few general descriptions can be given, we have only created a desert and called it history. (Peter Burke, translated by Cai Yuhui, Yang Yuxue: What is Cultural History, Peking University Press, 2009, p. 10) Historical research cannot but involve characters, but there are many "faces" created by historical figures themselves and later generations, and how to see their "real people" is a very interesting and meaningful problem in research. In the study of characters, the author pays attention to the synthesis of various public and private documents, and the characters involved in this collection pay special attention to the interpretation of their "private" writings such as letters, diaries, and memoirs, so in addition to the "business card" of academic culture, it is often seen that he is the life, heart and emotional world of "people". In addition, the author also mentions the "fragmentation" of historical research that has been hotly discussed in recent years (pages 136 and 233). In the field of modern history, where the accumulation of advanced research is abundant and new historical materials are emerging in an endless stream, it is indispensable to devote itself to the grand theory of "whole" and "reconstruction", and such "empirical" research, which has a specific and small starting point and a coherent and macro focus, is very crucial. At the same time, in the meticulous examination of characters, the author can pay more attention to the coherence and left-right relationship, that is, the vision of "relatively long time" (pages 171, 176 pages, etc.) that he calls it, and there is less "cramped sense of discussing things" (pages 144), which the author reads in a provincial way. Zhu Xishu replied to Zhang Yu, once saying: "Large rate of discussion must be magnanimous, and there must be no place for its own precision and leakage, and only then will there be aftertaste." (Zhu Xi: "Reply to Zhang Jingfu", Zhu Jieren et al., eds., Zhu Zi Quanshu, vol. 21, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and Anhui Education Publishing House, 2002, p. 1339) This phrase has a profound meaning.

Two

Serious book reviews are very helpful in advancing academic research. The main body of this episode is the twelfth book review (pp. 72-214) collected in the second part. Among them, the first one, "Supplementing the "Old and New Party"" is an evaluation paper, and the rest are all evaluated academic monographs, treatises or historical materials. Of course, the third part of the "Yuwen and Shi and Yushi and Wen" (pp. 223-233) is also an academic commentary. Most of the works reviewed in the collection are works affirmed by the author as a whole, so they effectively point out their strengths and contributions, and put forward their own opinions in a timely manner, while pointing out the shortcomings of the original book. In the review, special attention is paid to the analysis of the use of historical materials and academic gains and losses of the original book. There are many books and themes involved, and the following is a brief review of the text, so as to facilitate the reader to understand the theme of the original book and see the author's "evaluation method".

In response to Li Dianrong's "Research on the Control System of Beijing in the Qing Dynasty", in addition to affirming the legal history and social history revealed by the original author, it also emphasizes the political operation entanglement between the emperor, the governor and the prefecture and county around the issue of Beijing control. Commenting on Wang Jianwei's "Research on the History of Nationalist Political Slogans (1921-1928)" and Kawashima's "The Formation of Modern Chinese Diplomacy", they focus on the introduction of related research to carry out dialogue and expansion, the former highlighting the study of the re-understanding of the political operation and political culture of the Beiyang period and its "rupture" with the ruling style of the Kuomintang regime thereafter; the latter marking the book's re-evaluation of the gains and losses of "strong" diplomacy with a "weak" government in the Beiyang period beyond the perspective of "revolutionary diplomacy". Commenting on Li Tingjiang's compilation of "The Origin of Sino-Japanese Relations in Modern Times: A Brief Letter from Chinese Celebrities in the Late Qing Dynasty to Konoe Duku", combined with his own research examples, he pointed out the value of the collection for the study of the history of Sino-Japanese relations in the late Qing Dynasty, and also discussed the shortcomings of his interpretation. In response to Ji Chen's "Expensive Peace: Sino-Japanese Horse Customs Discussion and Research", it has been "positioned" in many advanced studies, affirming the author's contribution to "doing next" on many issues surrounding Sino-Japanese negotiations and signing agreements. In response to Li Xinrong and Cao Jiaqi's "Commentary on Zhang Yinlin", it is clear that in addition to the detailed historical analysis to depict the "genius historian", he pays attention to "exploring the fate of the characters in the 'relationship' and 'network'", and at the same time "explores the 'trend' through the trend of the characters". In view of the "Introduction to Modern China Studies" compiled by Ryuji Okamoto and Seiichiro Yoshizawa, it is placed in the context of the academic history of modern China and its "method history" in Japan, analyzing the purpose and characteristics of its compilation, and taking into account the current research status of the Chinese academic community itself. Commenting on Ma Zhongwen's "Ronglu and the Political Situation of the Late Qing Dynasty", it is marked by the author's meticulous examination and elaboration of the historical appearance of Ronglu's political life and its important influence on the political situation of the late Qing Dynasty, in addition to the stereotypical image of Ronglu opposing the change of law and the "accomplice" of the post-party. Commenting on Ryuji Okamoto et al.'s "The Age of Envoy Diaries: China and Diplomacy in the Late Qing Dynasty", through the diary of envoys as "the joint work of ministers and attachés", they describe the book's unique positioning and treatment of the genre and historical materials, and the influence of the concepts and actions of diplomats in the late Qing Dynasty on the diplomatic system and foreign relations. Commenting on Jiang Ming's "But Will Talk and Laugh to Wash Away the Desolation", he lamented that he surveyed the scene, compared historical materials, and "traveled thousands of miles and became a book" and published the income of important political affairs and figures in the Guangxu Dynasty. For Lu Yin's two books, "The Survival of Politics and Religion and the Transformation of Culture and Education: Zhang Zhidong in Modern Academic History" and Zhang Zhongmin's "Planting Melons and Beans: Reading Culture and Acceptance Politics in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Ming Dynasty", the emphasis is on the former's "By Literature and History" and the latter's "By History and Literature", as well as the promotion of modern academic history and cultural history research respectively.

And for those who can still be added, the author does not deny it. For example, in response to the "old and new parties" discussed by academic predecessors in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the People's Republic, the authors have "supplemented the theory" (pp. 72-76). In some parts of the discussion, even without shying away from harsh words. For example, the author points out that the books reviewed are "non-historical" and "unprofessional" (pp. 120-135); that some of the contents of the related works are suspected of "plagiarism" (pages 201); that some of the chapters of the works are "untargeted" when discussed with their predecessors; and that "regressions in the original research benchmarks of Japanese scholars" (pp. 223-226) are not. Yang Liansheng once said, "The most important thing in writing a book review is to first know the current situation and market of this discipline, which naturally cannot be done overnight" (Yang Liansheng: "Sinology Book Review", The Commercial Press, 2016, 461 pages). The writing of serious book reviews can quite test the academic skills and academic publicity of the commentators. Whether Zang is Zang or not, the author can often put the works evaluated in the historical context, the historical material context and the research context, and discuss them. To borrow the author's words, such comments are "checkout-style collations", not just "bill-style listings" (p. 165). In addition, it is particularly rare that some of the book reviews of Japanese works are made in the absence of a Chinese translation, directly based on the original commentary, and at the same time quoting other Japanese works for discussion. In addition to using it and Chinese writings to promote related themes, the author also uses the "hand and eye" of his eastern neighbors to repeatedly emphasize the research orientation of paying attention to basic historical materials and academic doorways.

There is no "certain rule" in the book review, focusing on letting the reader understand the value of the selected topic, the outline of the content, and the gains and losses of the exposition, and correcting them when necessary (see Rong Xinjiang: "Academic Training and Academic Norms: An Introduction to the Study of Ancient Chinese History", Peking University Press, 2011, pp. 214-225). In reality, it is common to be vague and rarely criticized (or even nothing), or to attack one point without regard for the entire book review. The former is like "trust", which is always far from righteousness; the latter is like a "thorn", and it is self-sufficient. How book review writing can not depart from but not be limited to the work of evaluation, effectively analyze its strengths and strengths, make corrections to the unfinished points, and take into account the expansion and advancement, is also a serious issue of "knowing easily and doing it is difficult".

Three

In addition to the method obtained from the author's specific research, the three articles collected in the third part of the collection, especially "Grasping the "Characters" of the Late Qing Dynasty with "Examination Evidence" (pp. 234-240, originally part of the "Self-Prologue" of the "Late Qing Dynasty Character Series Examination"), and "Paying More Attention to the History of Historical Materials" and "Medium Figures" (pp. 215-222), the author also briefly explains his approach and experience in studying modern history. In addition to the above-mentioned characteristics of the authors' emphasis on political history research and character research, the academic research and writing methods shown in the concentration are also worth noting. First, it advocates the study of modern times with an understanding of "old learning". In modern times, the wind will tend to be gradually new, and the "old" of learning will still exist. If we cannot cut into the "knowledge resources" of traditional scholars as much as possible, their writing is already an obstacle, let alone wanting to be "in the same realm" as the speakers, and truly developing "sympathy for understanding"! (Chen Yinke: "Jin Mingguan Series Second Edition", Life, Reading, xinzhi Triptych Bookstore, 2015, 279 pp.) In this collection, the author shows his familiarity with pre-Qin classics and traditional literary history, which not only helps to increase the depth of the analysis of the article, but also can often integrate it into the writing and add its meaning. Classical knowledge is to interpret the literature, borrowing from the author's "Yi Metaphor", which can be described as "reading a word and becoming a piece of life" (p. 142). In recent years, the author and students have slightly chosen to read the chapters related to "education" in traditional classics, that is, they often encounter "text barriers"; even in the late Qing Dynasty literature such as "Persuasion Chapter", "Selected Archives of Beijing Normal University", and two "academic system" texts, if there is no need for "old learning" as a support, many of the meanings of the text can hardly be understood. In the meantime, we also saw the annotated translations of the ancient books of the Famous Masters Taisha, and there was still no shortage of redundant notes, missing notes, and misnotes, and since we knew the hardships involved, we believed that the authors' theories were true.

Second, special attention should be paid to the "history of historical materials", that is, the nature of historical materials themselves, and the process of their formation and evolution, which is also related to understanding historical materials and considering historical events. Whether it is the writing of the previous issue "Cong Kao" and this collection of essays, or the author's own practice of examining and sorting out modern historical materials, such as sorting out the "Two Kinds of Diary of Yuan Chang Gengzi" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2020), and sorting out Xu Tongxin's "Gengxin Historical Materials: A Foreign Kind" (in cooperation with Qiu Chenjiang, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2020), etc., it is all a practical practice. Yan Gengwang's discussion on the experience of governing history is to say: "Although new historical materials should be used as much as possible, the basic efforts should still be placed on the study of old ordinary historical materials", and truly intelligent researchers "must be able to study new results from the old ordinary historical materials that everyone can see and everyone has read" (Yan Gengwang: "Three Books of Zhishi: Discussion on the Experience of Governing History", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2016, p. 23). In the collection, the author also makes an introspective criticism of "archival fundamentalism" (pp. 169, 219-220), advocating the importance of the full use of published "ordinary historical materials". Third, the emphasis on "mutual benefit between literature and history" and the emphasis on "popularization and improvement" are indeed problems that are difficult to avoid in today's professional historians. In his anthology, the author praises works that are "both readable and scholarly" (pp. 203) and capable of "communicating literary history" (pp. 226-233). On the whole, the author is also actively practicing this path, focusing on serious issues, and the writing is smooth, and there are often places where it is difficult to read and shoot cases. In addition, the fourth part of the anthology contains the article "Remembrance of Shen Lao" (pp. 241-247) and the author's experience in attending the Suncheon Times Research Conference in Tokyo (pp. 248-256), and through the two "Chronicles of the Study of the Forest", it can also be seen that the author emphasizes historical materials and pushes the path of learning by emphasizing heavy immersion.

It should also be pointed out that the above-mentioned ways of learning are actually mostly common practices, rather than advanced "secrets", and the key lies in "internship". Wang Yangming answered Xu Aizhi's question, and had the motto of "knowing but not doing, just not knowing" (Wang Shouren: "Records of Transmission", edited by Wu Guang et al.: The Complete Works of Wang Yangming, vol. 1, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2011, p. 4). In his research and writing, the author not only puts it into practice, but also writes his experience in the book, almost "first what he says and then follows it". Those who discuss governance or composition, their own words confirm or falsify their arguments on the spot, and it is difficult to cover up.

Four

For the sake of the reader, a few additional expectations should be mentioned for this episode. First, different texts have different causes and conditions, and it is common sense that the previous and subsequent chapters are either invented or unrelated. The same episode should not overlap, and Shu Ji said that Gu Yanwu's so-called "ancient concentration without redundancy" (Gu Yanwu, Huang Rucheng Collection, Luan Baoqun, Lü Zongli School Point: "Rizhilu Collection Interpretation", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2013, 1104 pages). Focusing on a small number of chapters, especially the first two articles, which have Guo Ting as the central figure, and focus on the process and achievements of his research and governance of modern history, the two historical materials and expositions are occasionally re-emerged (pages 1-23), which should be slightly adjusted and more focused. Second, the title of "By the Text and History and history and the text", according to the original text, mainly corresponds to and refers to the works discussed in subsections II and III of the table; while the works involved in the first subsection are not very suitable; and the first subsection, because of its serious criticism, can be independently written or added in detail, the reader will benefit more and be fairer to the author of the original book. Third, one of the anthology institutes is to review Japanese scholars and their writings and activities. Because of this, it is occasionally directly quoted from the title of the original book. If you can follow the Chinese translation, it will be more friendly to readers who do not know Eastern Chinese, and it will be more in line with Chinese writing expression habits. Another example is the introduction on page 56 and Xia Nai's recollection of the correspondence with Wu Han on "Shizhong", the special master Wu Han still has this omission, if the author can slightly supplement his "Zhongyong" canon and the original meaning, it is more conducive to the understanding of ordinary readers and expand their knowledge.

In addition, for those who need to be slightly discerned, page 196 says: "Qian Zhongshu, who never writes a preface for others, makes a rare exception for the "Towards the World Series", and there is a wonderful saying in the 'preface'," which is easy to misunderstand. That is, for example, the newly republished Zhong Shuhe's "Nian Lou Xue Short" (Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2018), some publicity also said that the author Deqian Zhongshu was "the only exception to write a preface" Yunyun. This matter is a good story of contemporary scholars, but today's expression should also be slightly explained. First of all, Qian Zhongshu does appreciate the "Toward the World Series", but he did not preface the series, but for Zhong Shuhe's book "Toward the World: A Survey of the History of the West by Modern Chinese Intellectuals", which was compiled by Zhong Shi for the "series of books" written between 1980 and 1983 and "supplemented and revised" (Zhonghua Bookstore, 1985). Secondly, the uniqueness of the money order mentioned today should also be supplemented by appropriate qualifications. The first is that Qian Zhongshu rarely "actively" writes the preface, which is indeed a "special case", but it does not rule out that there are still "passive" as the preamble. This is also why Qian Zhongshu's letter on that day said that he "refused to write a preface for people", while Yang Dai's letter twenty years later added the definition of "he took the initiative to write a preface in his life" (see Zhong Shuhe: "Remembering Mr. Qian's Preface", in Xiao Ximen Collection, Yuelu Book Society, 2011, pp. 226-232). The second is that Qian's preface was made in 1984, which can only be said to represent the general situation up to this point. In fact, before and after this, he still wrote some prefaces for people, and "On the Side of Life" includes eleven such prefaces and one article (Life, Reading, and New Knowledge Triptych Bookstore, 2019, pp. 213-235). Not to mention, the young Qian Zhongshu still has the famous academic "public case" of acting on behalf of his father and writing a preface to Qian Mu's "Introduction to Chinese Studies". Of course, with Qian's knowledge and popularity, there should be many people who ask for orders, and there should be fewer works, which shows the high level of his vision and the strictness of his self-preservation.

School books are very difficult. There are also some detailed presentation or typesetting problems in this episode, and the reprint may be reviewed at its discretion. For example, on page 27, it is said that Xia Nai "began to read the Records of the Qing Taizu" "from November" at the end of October (Xia Nai's Diary, October 31, 1931). Page twenty-eight quotes Xia Nai's commentary on the falsified biography of Li Hongzhang by William Mannix, "Memories of Li Hung Chang", which is a compilation of memories from the diary (Xia Nai's Diary of October 18, 1933), according to the original book should be Memoirs. Press: The translation of the title of the book is "Memoirs of Li Hongzhang" (China Bookstore 2012), which is not actually a real "memoir", but a "fake product" that Xia Nai criticized by forging diaries and copying his books (Zuo Min [Xia Nai]: "Identifying Foreign Books from Forgery", Tsinghua Weekly, Vol. 40, No. 9 [December 1933], pp. 90-105). Page 36 quotes the first sentence of Xia Nai's 1934 English essay on taking the Gengjian study exam in the United States, My special line of study in history, and the Chinese translation of the diary arranger parentheses "My profession is history" (Xia Nai's Diary, September 26, 1934). If it is in English, this sentence is better interpreted as "my special approach in the study of history"; if it is Chinese, then the original English sentence in the original sentence should be suspected to be is? Otherwise, it is only a phrase here and it is difficult to become the "first sentence of the composition", which is particularly difficult to understand. The above three points are original or collated issues in the diary, and it is better if the author can make a slight analysis when quoting them. Page 60 Cornell University' English name is Uinversity, when it is Universality. On page 81, "Satoshi Dacong" or "Satoshi Dacong". On page 106, the translation of full members with "membership" should be interpreted from the second page as "full member" or "full member", and the two words are often written in English as a severance; on the same page, "brewing of mission", or omitting the word "酝". Page 117 the phrase "the day of the others" is meant to be "the day of the other day." On page 131, "measures" are regarded as "misplaced". On page 165 of the translation, before "whatever the style of study," it might be better to add the words "but narrative"; the instrumental (helpful) in the sentence should also be translated, and the original words should be expanded. The word "anti-Japanese" in the title of Ryuji Okamoto's work quoted on page 171 should be in quotation marks; in the title of Hiroshi Sasawa's work, "銃後" is referred to as "銃後". Page 191 Ryuji Okamoto et al. are titled "The Mission Era の日記" should be "The Mission Diary の時時". On page 195, "Li Shuchang" should be "Li Shuchang". Page 255 of the original Masato's work is titled "China" and "Intellectual" with the word "の"; Kumamoto's work complements the subtitle "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Record of the Policy Decision Process" (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs records the decision-making process seen), which is more complete.

epilogue

In terms of length, "Flowing Water" is not a "tome" work; the titles, narratives and arguments of the various articles are close to the "light academic" style. In terms of its effect, the author describes himself as "useful or not, and it is not necessary to calculate", depending on the reader's understanding and judgment (self-prologue, pp. 2-3). In fact, readers who have the heart to read here can not only read the "supplementary biography" of some modern scholars and gain new knowledge; it can also be used as a "solution" to the study of relevant works on modern history, and even "read according to the books read by people" (Chen Yuan: "Historical Origins Practice and Qing Dynasty Historiography Examination Law", The Commercial Press, 2016, p. 7), expanding their horizons; in addition, they can also get a glimpse of the "doorway" of learning and composition, just as the author emphasizes that "historical research is the first empirical evidence, seen in all actions, and the methods and principles are implicitly embedded in it" (236 pages). There are many ways of historical research, and there are different concerns; and its core, the plagiarism rate is not out of the four ends of "personnel physics", that is, because of its people, on its own matter, see its things, and understand its reasoning. Both this collection of Dai's collection and the previous edition of "Cong Kao" can be seen because of the characteristics of "things" seeing people and allegory paying equal attention to "things" - the former "thing" is a historical event of the past, and the latter "thing" is a study of the act.

Flowing water does not compete for the first, and eventually returns to the sea, which is the "heart trace" exposed by the author in the preface to the anthology. Perhaps it is just a coincidence that the main characters in this episode's selection theory, such as Jiang Tingdi and Guo Tingyi, Wu Han and Xia Nai, all involve trade-offs and divisions between politics and scholarship. As a collection of academic treatises, the author's writing follows the principle of "value neutrality" and is less likely to be deduced from facts; however, between the inhibitions, it seems to imply a certain "value care" (p. 238). It is true that the "potential" of modern Chinese society has changed drastically, and there are often places where the "power" of individuals cannot be returned; and the interests and choices of individuals often have the effect of strengthening profits and losses. In every era, there is no shortage of "all-in-ones" who strive to stand at the head of the tide; those who have read the rise and fall of glory and withering, and those who know it have no introspection?

Editor-in-Charge: Shanshan Peng