#知识创作人第七季 #
The Central Plains, Middle-earth, Zhongzhou, and China initially referred only to the middle reaches of the Yellow River centered on present-day Henan, and gradually expanded to the entire territory of present-day China. The central plains culture mainly relies on the current Henan Province, that is, Yuzhou in the ancient times of Kyushu, because Yuzhou is in the center of Kyushu, so it is also known as "Zhongzhou". The land of Zhongzhou, high in the west and low in the east, the northern boundary of Taihang and Wangwuxiongshi; the southern boundary of Dabie and Tongbaipingli; the west has the Qinling Mountains and the east, which divides the veins of Funiu and Bears Ears, forming the Mountains of Western Henan; the central Song Mountains stand tall and look at the four wildernesses of Zhongzhou; the eastern part is the Huangzhun Plain, and the fertile fields are thousands of miles. The Yellow River runs through the Central Plains, the Zhun River rolls eastward, and the Danjiang, Tang, and Bai rivers go south to Jianghan. The Central Plains is located in the mid-latitude warm temperate zone and the northern subtropical region, located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, is a place of "eight spokes", with a pleasant climate and four distinct seasons. The four seasons of the year and the twenty-four solar terms in China were determined by the Zhou Gong and the measurement of the sun's shadow from Dengfeng in Henan. It was in this fertile land that The ancient civilization of China was born and the splendid Chinese culture was born. In the long years, the Central Plains has long been the seat of the imperial capital, with outstanding people and heroes; famous mountains and scenic spots, everywhere; culture and art, prosperity; folk customs, simple and simple. It can be said that the Central Plains culture is the typical and embodiment of Chinese culture, and the Central Plains culture is the epitome of the entire Chinese civilization.
< h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="01" > formation and development</h1>
The three slave dynasties in Chinese history have created various miracles of mankind. The emergence of writing has given a powerful weapon to the spread and inheritance of culture. The rise of culture promoted the development of agriculture, industry and commerce and the integrity of political power, and the social order was also stabilized. Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, and Zhou Gong were all the founders or advocates of the Central Plains culture, so they could be highly praised and admired by Confucius, and respected as the "first king". Their exploits to the culture of the Central Plains and even to Chinese culture are eternal.
The Erlitou culture of the Xia Dynasty, first discovered in Yucun, Dengfeng County, Henan Province, was once called the "Luoda Temple Type" culture. Later, because the connotation of this culture was more abundant and typically found in Yanshi, Henan, the academic community officially named it "Litou Culture". Regarding its main source, the opinions of the archaeological community are basically unanimous, Wu Ruzuo's "Preliminary Exploration of xia culture and its sources", Li Yangsong's "Several Issues of Xia culture from several types of Longshan culture in Henan", Yan Wenming's "Longshan culture and longshan era", Zhao Zhiquan's "On the problem of Erlitou culture type and staging", "Chinese Archaeological Research - Mr. Xia Nai's Fifty Years of Archaeological Commemorative Anthology", and Zheng Jiexiang's "Preliminary Exploration of Xia History" all believe that Henan Longshan culture is the main source of Erlitou culture.
The Shang Dynasty was the development period of slavery, and the literature records that after the Tang Dynasty destroyed Xia, the capital was moved five times and the capital was located, but it is still impossible to confirm, and there are many opinions. Therefore, the investigation and excavation of the Shang Dynasty city site is of great significance in archaeology. At present, the archaeology of the Shang Dynasty city sites has been confirmed by Zhengzhou Shangcheng, Yanshi Corpse Township Gou Shangcheng, Anyang Yin Ruins, Huanbei Shangcheng and Panlong City in Huangpi County, Hubei Province. The culture of the Shang Dynasty can be divided into two major periods: Wuding was formerly the early Shang culture, that is, the Erligang period culture, and the Wuding to Dixin period was the late Shang culture, that is, the Xiaotun culture. At present, scholars have also found that there is still a missing link between the remnants of the Shang culture of the Erligang period and the culture of the Yin Ruins period, so there is also the theory of the Chinese Shang culture, and the specific attribution of this period is still under discussion.
During the Zhou Dynasty, the various rules and regulations, ritual music systems, and ideological and moral norms contained in the Zhou dynasty became the ideological, political basis, and Confucian thought of China's thousands of years of feudal rule, and influenced the history of Chinese civilization and world civilization for nearly 3,000 years after the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Culture, with "heaven" as the spiritual belief, "morality" as the value principle, and "harmony" as the complete and coordinated cultural system of social action, has become the axis era of Chinese history, and has also left valuable cultural wealth for the Chinese nation, and still has great spiritual charm.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="02" > the flourishing stage of Central Plains culture</h1>
From the Spring and Autumn Warring States, when the slave system began to disintegrate, to the Sui and Tang dynasties, where feudal culture flourished, the Central Plains region has always been the center of culture, and the culture created at this stage, especially in the early Tang Dynasty, occupies a very important position in the history of world cultural development. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the great unification of the country, from Tang Taizong's "rule of Zhenguan" to Xuanzong's "Kaiyuan prosperous era", the feudal economy was highly developed, and the political stability was relatively stable for a long time, laying a solid foundation for cultural prosperity.
The Sui and Tang dynasties were the first prosperous period of Central Plains culture, when representatives of the cultural circles were Kong Yingda, a native of Hengshui, Jizhou (present-day Hebei), Wei Fu, a native of Guantao (present-day Hebei), Yan Shigu, a native of Jingzhao Wannian (present-day northwestern Xi'an, Shaanxi), Chen Ziang, a native of Shehong, Zizhou (now part of Sichuan), Liu Zhiji, a native of Pengcheng (present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu), Li Bai, whose ancestral home was Longxi Chengji (present-day Qin'an, Gansu), grew up in Zhangming, Mianzhou (present-day Jiangyou, Sichuan), du Fu, originally from Xiangyang (present-day Hubei), was born in Gong County (present-day Henan).
In other respects, the Sui and Tang dynasties also showed great progress. Taking architecture as an example, the Sui and Tang Dynasties were the mature period of ancient architecture in China, and its important symbols were the Expansion of Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty and the Zhaozhou Bridge designed by the Sui Dynasty. First, Chang'an City, the capital of Tang Dynasty, is not only the center of domestic politics, economy and culture, but also plays a very important role in cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. After the unification of the Sui Dynasty, the Han Chang'an City could no longer meet the needs of the new dynasty, so Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the architect Yu Wenkai to rebuild a large-scale new city in the southeast of the Han Chang'an City, named "Daxing City". On this basis, the Tang Dynasty further expanded it, making it the most grand and prosperous city in the world at that time. Today's Nara and Kyoto in Japan are influenced by the design and construction of ancient Chang'an Castle. Second, the treasure of China's ancient bridge architecture, Zhaozhou Bridge (also known as Anji Bridge), is the oldest surviving stone arch bridge in the world, built during the Sui Dynasty (605-616).
We often say that the Han and Tang Dynasties were prosperous, and we also say that the Song Dynasty was poor and weak. But from a cultural point of view, it can be said that the Song Dynasty surpassed the previous generation. The culture of the Song Dynasty is represented by the culture of the Central Plains, which can reflect the excellence of the culture of this era from the following aspects: First, the historical and cultural relics of the Song Dynasty in the Central Plains are second, and the academic theory and culture of the Song Dynasty in the Central Plains are deeply accomplished. The academic theoretical culture of the Song Dynasty can be said to be another milestone in the history of Chinese academic theory and culture. In the pre-Qin Dynasty, there was Yixue and Zhuzixue, han and Tang dynasties had sinology, and Song Ming had lixue. Song Ming Theory is also known as Neo-Confucianism. Third, the development of education in the Central Plains during the Song Dynasty.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="03" > characteristics of the Central Plains culture</h1>
The main value orientation of the Central Plains culture is manifested in the emphasis on human harmony and moral supremacy, advocating the emphasis on righteousness over profit, advocating the whole, and loving the country. Central Plains culture, as the mainstream of traditional Chinese culture, also has its own cultural characteristics. Since the Central Plains culture mainly arose and multiplied in the Yellow River Basin, some people call the type of Central Plains culture a "river valley type" culture, with strong cohesion and broad tolerance. Cohesion is mainly manifested in the fact that under the impact of external forces, they can still rely on their own spiritual and cultural commonalities without slackening and losing self-esteem, strengthen internal unity, and work together to resist external shocks. Tolerance manifests itself in the absorption and assimilation of other cultures. When other types of culture entered the Central Plains, it could absorb and assimilate them into its own cultural types, rather than rejecting them and causing confrontation between the two cultures. The most typical is that after the Mongolian and Manchu ethnic groups entered the Central Plains, they began to try to maintain the original cultural traditions and restore animal husbandry in the Central Plains, while imposing the values of grassland culture on the people of the Central Plains. Although the people of the Central Plains lost their own advantages in land and privileges, they did not promote the grassland culture, but used the Central Plains culture to assimilate them.
The Central Plains has long been the political and economic center of the country, creating unique conditions for the development of central plains culture. Yangshao culture is the spiritual and material wealth that the Central Plains people "opened up" in the process of overcoming themselves and fighting with nature. After entering the civilized society, generations of sons and daughters of the Central Plains are still creating a brilliant civilization in this yellow land. According to statistics, the number of underground cultural relics in Henan Province today ranks first in the country, the number of aboveground cultural relics is the second in the country, and the total number of cultural relics ranks first in the country. The Central Plains people have advanced ideas in ancient times, and the ever-changing Zhou Yi is an important source of ancient Chinese philosophy, known as the "sacred fire of Oriental wisdom". The Central Plains region is the place where the spring and autumn period and the Warring States period gathered scholars and "a hundred schools of thought contended". There are six main schools of Confucianism, Ink, Taoism, Law, Ming, and Yin and Yang, five of which originate in Henan. The Central Plains is also the breeding ground of the traditional "unity of heaven and man" primitive belief, and also the birthplace of the Central Plains official dialect. During the Han and Tang dynasties, Zhongyuan Mandarin was the popular Mandarin in the country. In the Central Plains, the beginning of the ceremonial system of China's "state of etiquette", the people developed a life habit of being simple and simple, advocating faith and righteousness, being charitable and charitable, and being open-minded and tolerant.
Resources
1. Lin Shan, Editor-in-Chief, Yo-Yo Chinese Rhymes, Regional Culture, Northern Women and Children's Publishing House, 2019.01
2. Niu Ruchen, Chinese Cultural And Geographical Names, China Science and Technology Press, 2018.11