There are two major writing systems in the world today, one is a combination of form and sound based on Chinese characters, and the other is a letter spelling system based on the West. Shape-sound writing is a shape-sound expression, which can carry cultural accumulation and cultural history, and create a settled farming culture, without changing its meaning due to language differences. The letter spelling method is easy to imitate, and it can be spelled arbitrarily according to the pronunciation characteristics of its own language, which is the first use of nomadic culture! Different regional cultures have different meanings depending on the sound.
On September 23, 2021, a clay tablet 3600 years ago containing fragments of the Epic of Gilgamesh was officially returned to Iraq by the United States. The epic is said to be the oldest religious text in the world to date.
Hieroglyphic rune i The Aramaic alphabet, also known as the Aramaic alphabet, is derived from the northern Semitic alphabet, and the Aramaic text is mainly spelled in the Aramaic language of the Babylonian region. It is spoken with the Canaanite alphabet in the region of West Asia east of Syria. The surviving Alan inscriptions are from the 9th to the 7th century BC. The spread of the Aramaic language, which had begun during the reign of Assyria, developed considerably under the Persian rule in the 5th century BC. After the collapse of the Persian Empire in 331 BC, it began to diverge into various scripts in West Asia, including the Hebrew alphabet, which originated from the Aramaic alphabet, and the Aramaic language spread eastward at the same time as the Aramaic alphabet.
Spread eastward
1. Produced in the 16th-15th centuries BC by Elanwen, it is the earliest pictographic rune in Iran. 6th-4th centuries BC, wedge script.
2. The Turkic alphabet is derived from the Aramaic alphabet. The Turkic language is spelled in dialects such as Turkic, Uighur, uighur, etc. Turkic Qarakhanid Uighur intercommunication. Turkic Turkic Languages The Ancient Runi symbol is derived from the Aramaic alphabet and is similar to the Elamite. Turkic is also known as Orkhon-Yenisei and Turkic Lunik.
3. The Slavic alphabet is derived from the Turkic and Cyrillic alphabets, and the Slavic language is spelled in Slavic.
4. The Baloo alphabet is derived from the Aramaic alphabet, which was used in India, Central Asia, the Western Regions and other regions from the 3rd to the 4th centuries AD.
5, The Tocharian alphabet is derived from the Aramaic alphabet, Tocharian belongs to the East Iranian branch of Central Asia, there are Two dialects of Yanqi and Guizi, east and west, from the 6th to the 8th century in northern Afghanistan to the Tarim Basin.
6. The Brahmi alphabet is derived from the Aramaic alphabet and was used in the Indus Valley in the 7th-10th centuries AD.
7. The Uighurs borrowed from the Turkic cultural and creative Uighur script.
8. Mongolian borrows from Turkic and Uighur cultural and Creative Mongolian.
9. Manchu borrows from Uighur Mongolian, and later borrows from Han seal cultural creation
10. The Xibe script refers to the Manchu language.
Spread westward
1, the ancient Canaanite alphabet, also known as the ancient Hebrew alphabet, derived from the Aramaic alphabet, Canaanite is spelled in ancient Hebrew, also known as ancient Hebrew. In the 8th century BC, the Jewish community in Palestine first used it as a very old alphabet. The Canaanite alphabet spread westward, and the Phoenician alphabet used by the Phoenicians evolved from the Canaanite alphabet. During Persian rule, the ancient Canaanic language (ancient Hebrew) was gradually replaced by the Aramaic language.
2. The Phoenician alphabet is derived from the Aramaic alphabet, which is spelled in the Syrian Phoenician language and is an early alphabet that appeared in ancient Syria and the Sinai Peninsula.
3. The Hebrew alphabet is derived from the Phoenician alphabet, which is spelled in the Hebrew language of the Sinai Peninsula.
4. The Coptic alphabet is derived from the Hebrew alphabet, and the Coptic script is spelled in the Coptic language of the Egyptian region.
5. The Ancient Latin Greek alphabet is derived from the Phoenician alphabet, and the Ancient Greek language is spelled in the dialect of the ancient Greek region
6. The ancient Roman alphabet is derived from the ancient Latin Greek alphabet, and the ancient Roman latin is spelled in the dialect of the Apennine Peninsula.
7. The Constantine Greek alphabet is derived from the Ancient Latin Greek alphabet, and Constantine Greek is spelled in the language of ancient Greece and western Asia Minor.
8. The New Latin Alphabet is derived from the Old Latin Greek Alphabet, and the New Latin is spelled in the regional language of the Papal States.
9. The Arabic alphabet is derived from the Hebrew alphabet, and the Arabic language is spelled according to the Sinai Arabic language.
Pictogram Rune II 1, Nubian Pictographic Rune is the earliest pictographic rune in the upper nile river in East Africa 2, Egyptian rune is borrowed from Nubian pictographic runes, adding symbols, innovating different runes.
Early script clay tablets • 3100 BC - 3000 BC • Southern Iraq
In total, the British Museum has a collection of more than 130,000 such clay tablets. The wedge-shaped runes on the clay tablets are believed to have been created by the Sumerians and are the earliest known script in the world. Use sharpened reed poles or wooden sticks to engrave on soft clay boards, which become hard and not easily deformed after being dried or baked.
2600 BC - 1900 BC • The excavation of these lithographs in Haraba, Punjab, Pakistan, directly triggered archaeological excavations in the Ancient Indus Valley and the redefinition of the Ancient Indus River Civilization. The text remained untranslated and was estimated to have died out around 1900 BC until it was forgotten. In the 19th and 20th centuries, lithographs gained prominence at the British Museum, prompting excavations in the Indus Valley region and the reappearance of ancient civilizations. In the end, archaeologists found no remains on the site of the Indus civilization, explaining that this may not be a classification but a relatively peaceful civilization.
Collection of the British Museum
1. China's related exhibits are varied, rich in variety and quantity, and the amount of information output is large and involves a wide range. There are calligraphy, painting, bronze, stone statues, wood carving, carving, porcelain, clay pots, etc., rituals, life, religion, culture, art and other objects, simple and real. Some cultural relics from Japan and Korea are equally outstanding.
2. Most of the exhibits after the 15th century in Europe are genuine, mainly stone carvings, gold coins, statues and other objects. Most of the related objects related to Rome, Greece, Macedonia, England, Italy and other related objects before the 15th century are forgeries, which can obviously confirm the pseudo-history of ancient Rome, ancient Greece, and Alexandria, which are purely fictional and fabricated.
3. Exhibits in Egypt, Sudan, Benin and other African regions are mostly stone statues, stone sculptures, sarcophagi and the like, and some of them have fictionalized historical time.
4. Exhibits in West Asia include gold coins, metal utensils, statues, clay tablets, stone tablets, etc., involving various themes such as daily necessities, religion, regime, and trade, most of which are genuine, but the time of history is fictionalized. If the wedge-shaped clay tablets were indeed unearthed in the hundreds, thousands, or even hundreds of thousands, as the rumor goes, then the clay tablets returned to Iraq by the United States are not a problem. It is known that a huge number of Egyptian hieroglyphs and Babylonian wedges have been unearthed, and if they are really deciphered, they can publish a number of works related to Egypt and West Asia, involving history, astronomy, literature, poetry, law, science and technology, art, and other aspects of civilization history.
5. Pakistan's cultural relics are mainly Buddha statues, utensils, etc., which are real and credible. India is also dominated by statues, and mud seals are not real. The British occupied and ruled India for several years, and the things obtained in India were too few compared to Chinese cultural relics, and they were either late or fake.
6. American cultural relics are mainly stone statues, statues and metal objects, which are consistent with historical time and are true and credible.
Those forged clay tablets, mud stamps, statues, gold coins and other objects are as absurd and ridiculous as the fabricated pseudo-history, such as the Loch Ness Monster, the Crop Circle, the UFO, the Flying Saucer Crash, the Savage Hair, the Nazca Pattern, the Supernatural Event, the Mysterious Force, the Giant Footprints, the Crystal Skull, the Forest Monster Force, the Apparition of Jesus, the Dissection of Aliens, Stonehenge, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc. The pyramids of the Egyptians have been renovated and expanded many times in different periods to show what they are today, and there is nothing strange about it. Confused by Europeans and Americans, they deliberately exaggerated and falsely spread the history of the production of some real cultural relics. These fabricated false historical information is constantly exaggerated and distorted, and it is more and more exaggerated and bizarre. The oldest wedge-shaped clay tablet is obviously only more than 3,000 years old, but it is exaggerated as the product of more than 3,000 years BC, and even blown to be 8,000 years old. When the Sumerians recorded history, formulated laws, and wrote poems on clay tablets, the Egyptians were building pyramids, and the ancestors of the Chinese land were still in the period of Homo sapiens who drank blood. According to research, the Alan alphabet is the ancestor of the alphabet, and the Greek alphabet, like the Christian religion, is at best a three-handed person, but it is the founder of the western unbridled packaging of the alphabet. It's outrageous! The following takes the excavation and deciphering of the famous Amarna Book of Jane Clay tablets as an example to see how unreliable the so-called history deciphered by Westerners is!
Akkadian wedge clay tablets - Amarna Book Jane
The Amarna Epistle, also known as the Amalna Letter, refers to the large number of clay tablets found in Amarna, Egypt, written in Akkadian, which are correspondence between the Egyptian pharaohs and the kings of the West Asian countries between 1385 BC and 1355 BC (i.e., the Amarna period). Collections are held in the Berlin Museum, the British Museum, the Cairo Museum, the Pushkinbo Museum, and the Center for Near Eastern Studies in Chicago. It is the earliest diplomatic document with written evidence. The quantity is 382 pieces, and the nature is mud plate literature. At present, there is no direct conclusive, and sufficient evidence to scientifically and effectively argue its 3400-year history, these clay tablet texts can not accurately determine their production age, in order to interpret the judgment of the generation is only the subjective assumption of some people. (By that time, West Asia and North Africa had actually completed cultural integration, common Akkadian and cuneiform scripts.) ）
Ruins of Amalna
Located on the east bank of the Nile, the site of Amalna (Eghnah) covers an area of about 4.4 square kilometers, about 16 kilometers long and 13 kilometers wide, extending along the Nile River as a whole, without walls, and is marked by 14 boundary markers. In 1714 the French Christians discovered and recorded the boundary pillar of the city of Amalna. In 1798, when the French invaded Egypt, the ruins of Amalna were revisited.
Egyptology
Egyptology is the study of the language, writing, history, culture and art of ancient Egyptian civilization. The Western world has had a strong interest in Egyptian civilization since ancient times, and after the Renaissance, academic discussion, investigation and data collection have increased, and finally developed into a discipline. In 1822, the French scholar Champollion declared the success of interpreting ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. A large number of Europeans poured into Egypt, doing everything possible to excavate and collect Egyptian cultural relics, and the heritage on the banks of the Nile was brutally and brutally plundered by Europeans, wantonly grabbed and sold and ruthlessly destroyed. In 1824, after another exploration of the ruins of Amarna, the Germans drew up a map of the ruins.
Amarna Book Jane
In 1887, an Egyptian peasant woman inadvertently found more than 350 clay tablets on the east bank of the Nile in Egypt, about 287 kilometers south of Cairo, in the middle between Memphis and Thebes. In 1890, the Englishman Petry continued to systematically excavate the area, sorting out a total of 382 clay tablets, which are believed to be written in Akkadian cuneiform, recording diplomatic letters between The countries of West Asia and Egypt, called "Amarna Shujian", which later became an important material for the study of the relationship between ancient Egypt and the Near East. In 1912, the Germans discovered a bust of Nafttiti on the ruins of a workshop called Tutmose in the south of the central city, which is now in the Berlin Museum. From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s, German expeditions and the British Egyptian Exploration Society and the Egyptian Antiquities Agency continued to work here. For more than two hundred years, the discovery and excavation of the Amalna site continued intermittently until 1936. In 1977, the Egyptian Exploration Association again surveyed and excavated the ruins of the city of Amalna, and according to archaeological excavations, it was found that many of the buildings on the site were built parallel to the Nile River, and the building material showed a transitional feature from mud to stone. The layout of the whole city can be roughly divided into three parts: the north city, the city center and the south city, and the north city is still on the riverside flat near the cliff, there are still more weathered walls and dozens of stone pillar bases, and there are inscription fragments indicating that this is a palace. The central area has 298 building outlines, known as shrines (temples), slaughterhouses, large palaces, etc., except for the broken stone, the painted paving is still undestained to this day. The eastern village ruins are surrounded by thin walls, with about 70 houses, and the roads inside the village are arranged in 5 rows in strict north-south parallel directions. To the northeast is a cemetery at the desert altar and cliff. This "Lost City" is located on the west bank of Thebes (Luxor), between the Temple of Medinath Hab and the "Colossus of Memnon", as a gathering area for the Pharaohs' Mausoleum in the Valley of the Kings, shrines, temples and other religious buildings, it is difficult to imagine that it will also serve as a residential area for daily life and even a royal palace. The newly discovered ruins of the city are much larger than they were, and were the largest urban ruins in the West Bank of Luxor at the time. The anomaly of the geographical location of the city site has stimulated people's interest in understanding the background of its time. As archaeological work progresses, the new evidence it brings provides many insights into the urban life of the ancient Egyptians.
List of artifacts excavated from the site:
1. The cultural relics excavated from the site include rings, scarabs, faience pottery, etc.
2. A clay print engraved with words and a fragment of mud bricks engraved with the pharaoh "Amenhotep III" have also become important evidence of the dating of the site.
3. Channels have also been found in the West Bank heritage area of Thebes.
4. Among the excavated materials, including a vessel and about ten kilograms of air-dried or cooked meat.
5. The existing Amarna sculptures and frescoes have strange human figures and deformed bodies, and the Ekhnatun sculpture is hermaphrodite.
6. Heavily weathered walls and dozens of stone pillar bases and fragments of inscriptions indicating the owner of the palace.
7. The "Great Palace" is broken with stone and painted paving without fading.
8. 14 boundary pillars (boundary pillars) of the city of Amarna.
9. 382 Akkadian cuneiform clay tablets containing "Diplomatic Letters of the Kings of Egypt, Hittites, Assyria, Babylon, etc."
10. Mud brick foundations such as "royal palaces, urban areas, shrines, villages, slaughterhouses, workshops, altars, cemeteries" and so on.
Excavations at the site
It is a relic that reflects the daily lives of ordinary people, and brings endless possibilities for archaeological work and historical and cultural research related to it. The rediscovery of the site provides important explanatory evidence for many historical difficulties around the time of Amarna in Egypt. The discovery of archaeological sites such as Amalna, Pyramid City, and Artisan Village has dramatically changed the way egyptian cities have been previously understood.
In 2021, the Egyptian archaeological team issued a statement announcing the discovery of large-scale urban ruins dating back more than three thousand years in the west bank of Luxor. The site of Amalna is a city that has been carefully excavated by archaeologists many times, and has been accurately grasped by the original urban planning and the structure of certain buildings. It was founded during the Eighteenth Dynasty by Amenhotep III and was used by Ehnatun, Tutankhamun and Ay. Although buried for thousands of years, the mud brick foundations of the ancient city are still well preserved and scattered throughout. Apart from the cemetery, no above-ground buildings remain here.
The Amarna Book consists of 382 clay tablets, although it contains many unreadable fragments. However, the deciphered part shows that these are letters from babylonian, Assyrian, Hittite, Mitanni, and the kings of the Egyptian vassal states in the Canaan region to Amunhotep III, the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (c. 1391-1353 BC), and his son Echnathon (1353 BC), including mutual greetings, marriage contracts, requests for military assistance from pharaohs, and gifts of gold and gifts. Of these, 32 are myths and epics, phonetic tables, lexical documents, lists of gods, and so on. Amarner's Minimalist 202 blocks are now in the Berlin Museum, 99 in the British Museum, 50 in the Cairo Museum, 7 in the Louvre in Paris, 3 in the Pushkinbo Museum, and 1 in the Center for Near Eastern Studies in Chicago.
If the ruins and cemeteries of the ancient city, in addition to a very small number of faience objects, are ruins and a large number of clay tablets, the so-called scholars have interpreted a kingdom, an era and the entire West Asian world through the Akkadian wedge on the clay tablets, and have become recognized as the history of human civilization.