Author: Xie Ruxiang
Pizhou City is located at the junction of Sulu and Sulu Provinces, and is now a county-level city under the administration of Xuzhou City. Pizhou's most resounding name in history is "Xia Pi" in the late Han and Three Kingdoms periods. When people think of Xia Pi, the first thing that comes to mind is the "Xia Pi City" in Gu Pi Town, Suining County. In recent years, the Institute of Archaeology of Jiangsu Provincial Museum has concluded through archaeological drilling and excavation of Suining's "Lower Pi City" that Suining Xia Pi Cheng is the "Lower Pi City" after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, not the Xia Pi City during the Two Han Dynasties and before.
Examine Picheng and correctly interpret the "Water Classic" and "Water Classic" and other literature materials, you can find the answer.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="5" >, Ying Shao's examination of Xia Pi and the relevant records of the Bamboo Book Chronicle</h1>
(1) Ying Shao's examination of Xia Pi.
The Eastern Han Dynasty scholar Ying Shao's examination is: "Pi is in Xue, migrating here, so it is known as Xia Pi." It can be seen that "Pi" and "Xia Pi" are two very different geographical concepts. Before the Warring States, the "Pi State" was under the jurisdiction of the "Xue State", not in the "Lower Pi" territory.
According to research, Pi Guo is located in Mazhuang Village, Nigou Town, Taierzhuang District, where the "Ruins of Shemi City" are located, about 4 kilometers northwest of Mount Geyi, which coincides with the relevant records of Qianlong's "Chronicle of Pizhou".
(2) The Bamboo Book Chronicle is recorded in Xia Pi Cheng.
The Bamboo Book Chronicle says: "In the thirty-first year of King Hui of Liang, Xia Pi moved to Xue, so it was called Xuzhou. The record indicates that in 339 BC the "Lower Pi" migrated from Xue Dizhi's "Pi", and the city of Xia Pi "was originally named Xuzhou". It can be seen that in the late Warring States period, "Xia Pi Cheng" was the former Xuzhou City. Only Xuzhou City before the Warring States was the original "Lower Pi City".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="11" >2, the "Water Commentary" about the "three cities of Xia Pi" records</h1>
The Notes on the Water Classics, vol. 25, reads: "Surabaya Li County, Shandong Province, that is, Xi Zhong's relocation of Pi Yi also." Surabaya is also southeast of the west of the ancient city of Pi County, southeast flow, Yishui flow, so the East China Sea belongs to the county also. Ying Shao Yue: Xi Zhong moved from Xue to live in it, so he was known as Xia Pi Ye. Han Xin, the king of Han Migration, was the King of Chu, the capital of The Capital, and later the county of Yan. ...... The city has three weights, and its big city has four monuments: Sima Shibao, the zhendong general Hu Qian, Situ Wang Hun, and the supervisor Shi Chong. The south gate is called the White Gate, and the Wei Wu Capture Chen Palace is located here. Midtown, lü bu guarded also. In the small city, Jin Zhongxing Beizhonglang ruled Xun Xian and Xi Tan. ...... The county is Yi and Si. There is also Wuyuan water injection, water out of Pengcheng Wuyuan County northwest, will be zhu Pi nan, Qi qi city west, Wang Mangzhi and Leting also. In the east of the county, there is Xumiao Mountain, and the mountain is because of Xu Migration, that is, it is also named after it. There are stone chambers on the mountain, and Xu Temple also. Wuyuan water and south of Wushui, called Shuishui, south of Gangting City, and south to Xia Pi into Si, called Wuyuan Shuikou also. ”
(1) The key to interpreting the "Notes on water classics"
The Surabaya River Channel in Pi County records the geographical information of the "Ancient City of Xia Pi County" instead of the geographical information of "Xia Pi County". That is, the "Xia Pi County" recorded in the "Water Classic" is the "Ancient City of Xia Pi County" recorded in the "Notes on the Water Classic". The "Notes on the Water Classic" "Xia Pi County" and the "Water Classic" "Xia Pi County" are different concepts. The Notes on the Water Classics records that during the Northern Wei Dynasty, "Xia Pi County" recorded no other information except for "Xun Xian, Xi Tan Shou Zhiye" and the Wu Bowu brothers of Taishan County. This is the key to a correct interpretation of the Water Commentary.
(2) Determination of the great city of Xia Pi
1. Ge YiShan
"Surabaya Li County, Shandong Province, that is, Xi Zhong's relocation of Pi Yi also." The city that Xi Zhong moved to is in the "Ruins of Shaimi City", and the Geyi Mountain, which is 4 kilometers northwest of it, is the only and true "Geyi Mountain", and the Mountain at the junction of Pi and Sui is not The Geyi Mountain, and the ancient Surabaya Water flows through the southeast of Geyi Mountain.
2. The ancient city of Xiapi County is located at the meeting of Yi and Si.
"Surabaya flows southeast to the west of the ancient city of Pi County, flows southeast, and flows with Yishui." The record indicates that the "Ancient City of Xia pi County" was located at the confluence of Yishui and Surabaya, rather than the "Lower Pi County" of the Northern Wei Dynasty at the confluence of Yishui and Surabaya.
3. There is Wuyuan Water near the ancient city of Xia Pi County.
"The county is Yi and Si. There is also Wuyuan Water Injection", through the above analysis, the record "county" refers to the "ancient city of Xiapi County" (Xiapi County during the Qin and Han Dynasties), and there is "Wuyuan Water" near the city. Wuyuan Water is the Xiyan River, and Wuyuan Water flows into Surabaya in the west of Bakou Village. There is no longer "Wuyuan Water" south of the mouth, and there is no longer any Water.
4. There is Xu Mountain in the east of the ancient city of Xia Pi County, and there are stone chambers on the mountain.
"In the east of the county, there is Xumiao Mountain, and the mountain is because of Xu Migration, that is, it is also named after it. There are stone chambers on the mountain, and Xu Temple also. Combined with the above, the "county" still refers to the "ancient city of Xiapi County", that is to say, there is "Xumiao Mountain" in the east of the ancient city of Xiapi County, which is named after the migration of King Xu Yan here. The mountain is in Yisu Village, Daizhuang Town, and there is an existing stone chamber on Mount Xu, which is called "Hanxin Melon House" by the people, and Li Daoyuan records it as "Xu Temple".
5. There is water near the ancient city of Xia Pi County.
"Wuyuan water and southern Wushui, called the water." Wushui is now called "Dongban River", and the confluence of Wuyuan Water and Wushui is at the "Xihe River Underground Culvert" in Chahe Town, that is to say, the end of "Wuyuan Water" and "Wushui" is at the Xiban River Underground Culvert. The river channel after the confluence of the two rivers is called the "Ba River", and the river flows southwest to the village of Bakou, which is about 11 kilometers long.
Through these four characteristics to determine the ancient city of Xia Pi County, the only one that meets the above characteristics is the "LiangWangcheng Ruins". The ruins of Liangwangcheng are located about 30 kilometers southeast of Geyi Mountain, and the upper reaches of the "Middle Canal" on the west side of the city come from Weishan Lake, and the upstream channel is roughly the same as the "Yijia River", which is the ancient Surabaya River; the upper reaches of the "Yunnu River New River Channel" on the northwest side come from the southeast "West Partial Hong FloodWay" in the southeast of Changcheng Town, and the upper reaches of the West Side Hong Flood Channel are the Yi River. About 10 kilometers to the east is Xushan Mountain, and about 5 kilometers south is Wuyuan City (泇口).
The key point in determining the great city of Xia Pi is Xushan, and the east of Xiapi City has Xumiao Mountain (Xushan Mountain) is the most important geographical indication. Therefore, the ruins of LiangwangCheng are the "Ancient City of Xiapi County", that is, the Great City of Xiapi.
The Warring States Period Bronze Ge (see Attached Figure 1: Warring States Bronze Ge), excavated in the 1990s in Lixu Village, Daizhuang Town, has an inscription that confirms that the vicinity of Lixu Village is Xia Pi Cheng, and at the same time confirms that Xia Pi Cheng is Xuzhou City. Its inscription is: "PiYi Guyu", where "邑" is the upper "B" and lower "mouth", which is interpreted as "Xiayi"; "Yu" Tong "Xu". Archaeological excavations at the ruins of Liangwangcheng and its vicinity "Nine Women's Dun Ruins" have confirmed that the "Liangwangcheng Ruins" are "Ancient Xuzhou City".
Figure 1: Warring States Bronze Go
(3) Determination of the lower Pi Zhongcheng
The "Notes on the Water Classic" says: "(Yishui) passes east of Xiangben County, flows south and west of the county, and flows south of Tan County. It passes south to the west of Liangcheng County, south to the west of Xia Pi County, and south to Yusi. ”
Xiangben County is the governor of Lanling County, Yishui flows from the south to the west of Changcheng District, in the northwest of the Liangwangcheng ruins meet in Surabaya, Yishui flows in Xiapi County is northeast - southwest, Liangcheng County must be located between the Changcheng Town and the Liangwangcheng Ruins on the south bank and east bank of the Ancient Yishui River, this area only chahe Town Liangbi Village geographical location is in line, and the village has ancient city ruins.
The Notes on the Water Classics, vol. XXV: "The Geographical Chronicle says: 'Liangcheng, Wang Mang changed his name to Chenghanyi. 'Yishui flows from the north to the west of Xia Pi County, and is divided into two waters: one water enters Si in the north and southwest of the city; and one water flows east of the city to the south of the county, also injected into Si, which is called Xiaoyi Water. There is a bridge on the water, and Xu and Sijian think it is a bridge. Former Zhang Zifang met Huangshi Gong on the circle, that is, here also. In the second year of Jian'an, Cao Cao besieged Lü Bu here, and led Yi and Si to irrigate the city and capture it. ”
Li Daoyuan examined the city of Pizhong as "guarded by Lü Bu", and the place where Cao Cao captured Lü Bu was in "Liangcheng County".
1. Liangcheng County is located in the north of Xiapi County.
"Yishui flows north and west in Xiapi County", which indicates that Yishui flows westward in the northern part of Xiapi County. The Later Han Shu Li Xian Notes says: "Liangcheng, the name of the county, belongs to Donghai County, and the ancient city is in the north of present-day Xia Pi County, Sizhou. The annotation indicates that the geographical location of Liangcheng County was in the northern part of Xia pi County in the Tang Dynasty, and only Liangbi Village was in the northern part of Pi prefecture with the word "Liang".
Liangcheng County was named after the "Liang" Marquis of "Liang" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the "Cheng" of Zou Ji's title "Chenghou". The pronunciation of the name of Liangbi Village is "Liangpi", which proves that the name of the village is related to "Xia Pi Cheng", and the village is the location of the Zou Ji fief "Xia Pi" recorded in the "Genealogy of the Zou Clan of China".
2. There are ancient rivers in the north and west of Liangbi Village, and the "Songgou" in the east of the village is Xiaoyi Water.
"The Yishui River flows from the north to the west of Xia pi County, and is divided into two waters: one water enters Si in the north and southwest of the city; and one water flows east of the city to the south of the county, and also injects Si, which is called Xiaoyi Water." The upper reaches of the North Ancient River of Liangbi Village come from the south of Lanling County, and the east river channel of the village is now called "Song Gou", which is the branch of the Dongyi River, and the Dongbi River is "Xiaoyi Water".
The Yizhou FuZhi (沂州府志) says: "The Dongshui River originates from qishan in Fei County, flows southeast into the Cangshan boundary, and divides into two branches after passing through the Bianzhuang Tazi Mountain, one straight south, towards the heyang Ming river in Sanhe Village, reaching the mouth of the Border of Pizhou; one flows around the southeast to join the Furong River at the boundary of Tancheng County, and also reaches the mouth of the PiJing, and the two branches converge with the Xi'an Shuihui. Songgou comes from "Sanhe Village" and flows to The Mouth of the River, proving that the Songgou in the east of Liangbi Village is "Dong Shui Shui", and Dong Shui shui is the ancient "Wu Shui". The Xianfeng edition of the "Chronicle of Pizhou" says: "According to the Unified Zhi, one wushui is a water ruler and one is a small Yishui." It can be seen that Dongyi Water is Xiaoyi Water, and Xiaoyi Water enters Surabaya after reaching The Mouth of the River, that is, there is no longer "Little Yi Water" below the Mouth.
It is determined that the east "Song Gou" of Liangbi Village is Xiaoyi Water, so the ancient river names in the north and west of the village are naturally the ancient Yi Water, and the ruins of Liangwangcheng in the southwest direction of the west river of the village flow. Yishui meets Surabaya in the northwest of the liangwangcheng ruins, so the river channel after the confluence is no longer called "Yishui", but is called Surabaya, that is, there is no Yishui river channel below liangwangcheng.
In the 1970s, there was a complete ancient city wall in Liangbi Village, which was identified by experts as the inner city wall, and the traces of the ruins of the outer wall of the village are also obvious, and Liangbi is now a pizhou municipal cultural relics protection unit.
The key point in determining the lower Pi Zhongcheng is that the "Xiapi Zhongcheng" is located at the diversion of "Yishui" and "Xiaoyishui". Liangbi Village is located exactly at the flow of Yishui and Xiaoyi water, so Liangbi is the "Middle City of Xia Pi".
(4) Determination of the small city of Xia Pi
The "Notes on the Water Classic" says: "In the small city, The Jin Zhongxing Northern Zhonglang will rule Xun Xian and Xi Tan. "This record indicates that the small city of Xia Pi is small in scale and late in age.
The "Biography of Xun Xian of the Book of Jin" says: "Yin Hao is envious of his ability in things, and his former residence is heavily responsible. At the age of twenty-eight, Zhongxing Fangbo, there was no one who was as envious. Envy the north town of Huaiyin, Tuntian in Dongyang stone turtle. Seeking to supervise the military forces of Qingzhou, he also led the History of Yanzhou Assassination, and the town of Xia Pi. The Book of Jin, Volume VIII, reads: "In March (Yonghe VIII), Beizhong Lang made Xun Xian the town of Huaiyin. The above records indicate that Xun Xian (322-359) guarded the town of Xia Pi after March of the eighth year of Yonghe (352).
The Book of Jin, Chapter VIII, says: "In March (the second year of Shengping), Murong Jun fell to the counties of Jizhou, and the generals Xie Yi and Beizhonglang of Zhao'anxi (陳安西) and Northern Zhonglang (北中郎) made The Northern Expedition of Xun Xian .jpg ...... In June, Hezhou stabbed Shi Zhangping and was forced by Jian Jian, and the three thousand men ran to Pingyang, and Jian chased after him. Murong Ke entered the Shangdang, and the champion general Feng Duan rebelled against Murong Jun, trapping the land of Hebei. ...... (Autumn August) with the scattered riding Chang Shi Xi Tan as the general of the Northern Zhonglang, holding the festival of the capital Xu, Yan, Qing, Ji, Youwu Prefecture military, Xu Yan Erzhou Assassin History, Zhenxia Pi. ”
From the above records, it can be seen that the war between the Eastern Jin court and Murong Jun of Former Yan was decided in June of the second year of Shengping (358): "The land of Hebei was completely trapped. This means that all the land north of the Yellow River was occupied by Former Yan. The ancient Surabaya in Pizhou was invaded by the Yellow River during the YuanGuang period of the Western Han Dynasty (74 BC - 33 BC). The Xianfeng edition of the Pizhou Zhi vol. 4 says: "The strong water of the Yellow River covers the world, and its excesses do not change and are easy to move." The river is a giant field, tonghuai si, since the beginning of the Han Yuanguang. "Both Xia Pi Dacheng and Xia Pi Zhongcheng were located north of Surabaya, and both cities could be occupied by Former Yan after June of the second year of Shengping, which should be the reason why Xun Xian and Xi Tan migrated from Xia Pi City to the southeast of Pi Mountain.
In summary, Xia Pi Dacheng is located in The ruins of Xiliang Wangcheng in Lixu Village, Daizhuang Town, which is the ancient Xuzhou City, the capital of the Chu Dynasty in the early Han Dynasty, and the seat of Xia Pi County in the Qin and Han Dynasties, which is the city guarded by the Chen Palace at the end of the Han Dynasty; the lower Pi Zhongcheng is in Liangbi Village, Chahe Town, which is the fiefdom of Qi Xiang Zou, and is also the seat of the Lower Pi State (County) in the Eastern Han, Three Kingdoms, and Western Jin Dynasties, or the city of Cao Cao's capture of Lü Bu; the small city of Xia Pi is in the Mid-Levels Village of Gupi Town, Suining County, which is the migration city of XunXian and Xi Tan during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the migration time of the city is no earlier than March of yonghe 8th year No later than August of the second year of Shengping.
The historical events that occurred in Xia Pi before the Eastern Jin Dynasty had nothing to do with the city of Xia Pi in Suining County.
bibliography:
[1] Notes on the Water Classics
[2] Xianfeng edition of Pizhou Chronicle
[3] Book of Jin
[4] Later Han Shu Li Xian's Notes
[5] The Water Classic