The Xiongnu are a famous nomadic people in the ancient north of China, which has been running through the desert for hundreds of years, and this article will bring you the life of this nation from prosperity to decline.
Hun warriors who excelled in riding and shooting
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="2" > Xia Miao</h1>
Sima Qian's "Chronicle of the Xiongnu" records that the Xiongnu, whose ancestor Xia Hou's Miao descendants were also known as Chunwei. Above Tang Yu, there were mountain rong, foxes, and meat porridge, which lived in the northern barbarians and moved with animal husbandry. Its livestock are horses, cattle, and sheep, and its odd animals are horses, donkeys, donkeys, donkeys, horses. Migrating by water and grass, Wucheng Guo often has the business of cultivating the land, but also has its own land. No paperwork, words as a constraint.
Warring States period
Another master, Wang Guowei, believes that the ghost fangs, chaoyi, and foxes in the Shang Dynasty, the foxes in the Zhou Dynasty, the Rong and Di in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Hu in the Warring States period are all the so-called Xiongnu in later generations. History has flowed through it, and the specific situation is unreliable, but it is undeniable that the Huns swallowed up many of the surrounding tribes in the process of growing and developing.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="8" > chaotic world</h1>
During the Warring States period, the princes fought each other, and the great development ushered in by the Xiongnu successively integrated into the Loufu and other nationalities, and their power increased greatly, and they also began to invade the Central Plains for hundreds of years.
Plugged up the Gangnam-Loop area
The State of Zhao bordered the Xiongnu, and the Hetao area was rich in water and grass, and the Xiongnu attacked many times. The famous General Li Mu of the Zhao State led an army to defeat the Xiongnu, and for more than ten years the Xiongnu did not dare to attack the south. After Qin destroyed Zhao, the Xiongnu took the opportunity to occupy the Hetao area, but this good situation did not last long.
Great Wall of Qin
In 215 BC, Qin Shi Huang ordered Meng Tian to lead the Qin army to attack the Xiongnu in the north, collect the River Loop, and raise troops to Shang county. The "Treatise on Passing the Qin" records: "But the Xiongnu are more than seven hundred miles old, and the Hu people do not dare to go south and herd horses." MengTian also built the Great Wall and the Straight Road, and the Xiongnu did not dare to attack.
The land of China after the fall of the Qin Dynasty
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="13" > heyday</h1>
In 209 BC (the first year of Qin II), Mao Dun killed his father Man Shan Yu, established himself as Shan Yu, and later defeated the Dong hu, Yue and other ethnic groups. Taking advantage of the fact that the State of Qin was busy extinguishing the peasant revolt, the Xiongnu gradually reached their peak, controlling a vast area from Lake Baikal in the north to the Great Wall in the south, and was divided into the Left Sage King, the Central King's Court, and the Right Sage King.
The Han-Hungarian confrontation
In 200 BC (the seventh year of Han Gaozu), Han Wangxin surrendered to the Xiongnu, and Liu Bang personally led an army to conquest. Mao Dun took the strategy of luring the enemy to go deeper and besieged Liu Bang at Baishan Mountain. Liu Bang was able to break the siege by bribing the Fu clan (equivalent to an empress of the Han Dynasty) of Mao Dun. After this battle, the Han Dynasty adopted a policy of peace and affinity against the Xiongnu, and the scale of the conflict between the two sides has always been small.
Siege of Baiden
After Mo Dun's death, his son Lao Shangdan Yu succeeded to the throne, defeated and killed the King of the Yue clan, forcing the Yue clan to migrate to the western region. The tribes of Ding Zero, Hun Yu, Qu She, Mane Kun, and Salary Plough in the north and northwest successively submitted to the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu reached the peak of their strength.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="17" > the decisive battle between Han and Hungary</h1>
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (during the period of the Xiongnu Yi Zhi Shan), the economy and national strength of the Western Han Dynasty were greatly enhanced, and the Xiongnu were changed from strategic defense to strategic offensive, and three major wars were launched: the Battle of Henan (also known as the Battle of Mo nan), the Battle of Hexi, and the Battle of Mobei.
The decisive battle between Han and Hungary
In 127 BC, Wei Qing regained the map of Hetao; in 121 BC, Huo Went ill captured the Hexi Corridor, surrendered 100,000 people to the right of the Xiongnu, and set up the four counties of Wuwei, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, and Zhangye; in 119 BC, Wei Qing and Huo Went sick led 50,000 cavalry to attack in two ways, Wei Qing defeated Shan Yu, Huo Went sick pursued and annihilated more than 70,000 people of King Zuoxian, and sealed the wolf Juxu. After the three major wars, the Xiongnu were seriously injured and had to retreat to the north of the desert, while the Western Han Dynasty also suspended the offensive against the Xiongnu because of the losses of the war and the early death of Huo.
Huo's disease in film and television works
In 103 BC, Zhao Baonu led an army to attack the Xiongnu, and the whole army was destroyed; in 99 BC, Li Guangli's army attacked the Right Xian King, winning first and then losing, and the army suffered serious losses; in 97 BC, Li Guangli attacked the Xiongnu again and did not win; in 90 BC, Li Guangli attacked the Xiongnu again, defeated and surrendered, after this battle, Emperor Wu of Han no longer attacked the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu were able to regain control of the desert north.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="26" > mid-decay period</h1>
During the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han, the struggle between the two sides shifted mainly to the control of the countries of the Western Regions, and several battles broke out in succession, and finally, the Western Han Completely controlled the Western Regions, and the Xiongnu gradually declined.
The Kingdoms of the Western Regions
In 60 BC, Duan Quan Qu Died, and the Right Sage King Tu Qi succeeded Shan Yu, who wantonly cut off dissidents, causing infighting and committing suicide in defeat. After his death, the Xiongnu began a civil war for the throne, and there was even a situation in which five singles were juxtaposed.
The Eastern Han Dynasty's war against the Northern Xiongnu
In 54 BC, Zhi Zhidan defeated the Hu Han evil and occupied the northern part of the desert, known as the Northern Xiongnu. Hu Han was subordinate to Han in the south, called the Southern Xiongnu, and the Han Yuan Emperor married the palace princess Zhaojun to him. After the Northern Xiongnu moved west to Central Asia, Hu Han evil Shan Yu reoccupied the Mobei King's Court.
Zhaojun is out of the jam
In 36 BC, the Western Regions capital Gan Yanshou and the deputy lieutenant Chen Tang expeditioned to the Northern Xiongnu and killed Zhi Zhidanyu, after which this Northern Xiongnu gradually disappeared from Chinese history books.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="36" > towards a split</h1>
After Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, the Central Dynasty fell into chaos again, and the Xiongnu also wanted to take advantage of the situation, but soon encountered a serious natural disaster and suffered great losses.
In 48, the Xiongnu again split into two parts. In the later days, more than 40,000 people went south to join the Han dynasty as vassals, known as the Southern Xiongnu, and were placed in the Hetao area of the Han Dynasty. Those who remained in the desert were called the Northern Xiongnu, and the Northern Xiongnu constantly invaded the border.
The division of the Huns
In order to solve the Northern Xiongnu, the Eastern Han And Southern Xiongnu repeatedly attacked jointly, and this Northern Xiongnu also began to move west. The Southern Xiongnu, who were dependent on the Eastern Han Dynasty, were placed in the Hetao area, and with the help of the Eastern Han Dynasty, they defeated the Northern Xiongnu and greatly increased their power. But this time it was actually the return of the Xiongnu Empire.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="39" > sunset</h1>
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the central government could not control the Xiongnu tribes. The Xiongnu also took the opportunity to participate in the struggle for supremacy, and Cai Wenji, the daughter of the famous scholar Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was once taken captive to the Xiongnu.
Cai Wenji
In 202, the Southern Xiongnu were annexed to Cao Cao. In 216, Cao Cao divided the Southern Xiongnu into five parts: left, right, south, north, and center, and placed them in Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Hebei. The nobles of each ministry were marshals, later renamed du wei; the Han people were supervised by Sima (司馬).
The Western Jin Dynasty continued Cao Wei's approach to the Xiongnu, but the regime was short-lived, and the Rebellion of the Eight Kings consumed too much national strength, and the Xiongnu took the opportunity to attack with other nomadic peoples, and the Wuhu Chaos began.
In 304, the Xiongnu nobleman Liu Yuan proclaimed himself king of Han with the state name Han (historically known as Han Zhao and Former Zhao), and gradually occupied a large area of land in the north. In 316, the Han army captured Chang'an and destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty. In 328, Shi Le captured Liu Yuan's nephew Liu Yao, and Han Zhao died. Later, although the Xiongnu Miao descendants Helian Bobo established the Bactrian regime, they could not set off too much under the blows of other forces, and the Xiongnu gradually disappeared.
Han Zhao split into Former Zhao and Later Zhao
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="48" > summary</h1>
Since then, the former Hun Empire has ceased to exist, and the Huns have also integrated into other ethnic groups. This powerful nomadic regime, which for the first time dominated the desert north and brought hundreds of years of trouble to the Central Plains Dynasty, has also become a memory in people's minds.
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