In 221 BC, the Qin general Wang Zhai attacked the capital of the State of Qi, Linzi, and the State of Qi was destroyed; the Qin King Yingzheng unified China and became known as the "First Emperor of Qin". Abolish the division of the seal, subordinate to the county, the book is on the same track, the car is the same text; the world is placed in the thirty-six counties, the north reaches Youyan, the south conquest of Baiyue, and the west is connected to Bashu. East to the sea. Since then, China has entered the stage of world history as a unified multi-ethnic state.
In the second year of the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han (60 BC), in order to unify the administration of the Western Regions, the Western Han Dynasty set up the "Western Regions Capital Protectorate" in the territory of present-day Luntai County, Xinjiang, and formally brought the Xinjiang region under the jurisdiction of the central government.
A thousand years later, Tang Taizong once said that "the king regards the four seas as one family, and within the feudal domain, all are the naked sons of the fallen." When accepting the canonization of the Tang Dynasty, the Turkic Khan proposed that the world should be unified, and that Emperor Taizong of Tang should be honored as the "Heavenly Khan", which shows that the concept of "unification of the world" in the western regions during the Sui and Tang dynasties has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
After that, no matter how the regime of the Central Plains Dynasty changed, the countries of the Western Regions all sent envoys to submit. By the fourteenth year of the Ming Dynasty's orthodoxy, Emperor Yingzong's Northern Expedition had failed, causing the Ming Dynasty's influence on the northern nomads to decline, and the Tatarvarians in the north were becoming increasingly powerful.
Erut Mongols were divided into four major divisions: Dzungar, Heshuot, Durbert, and Turbat. The Turgut tribe is part of the Mongols, who have lived in the forests and grasslands of the north and west of our country since ancient times, and are a hard-working, brave and glorious tribe with a glorious history.
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the Wala Dzungars moved west to Xinjiang and conquered the Eastern Chagatai Khanate; the living space of the Turbats, which had lived in Xinjiang for generations, was constantly compressed.
In 1628, in the first year of Ming Chongzhen, the Turks were forced by the military pressure of the Dzungars to move westward, and most of the tribes left the homeland of Tarbahatai in Xinjiang and after two years of arduous trekking, crossed the Kazakh steppe, crossed the Ural River, and came to the lower Volga River and the caspian sea coast, which had not yet been occupied by Tsarist Russia. In this sparsely populated steppe, they opened up their homes, worked and lived, and established the feudal regime of the nomadic Turbat Khanate.
Wobasi Khan
In the middle of the seventeenth century, the forces of Tsarist Russia entered the lower Volga region and continuously encroached on the pastures of the Turgut tribe, which had been settled here for more than thirty years, and enslaved the people of the Turgut tribe.
The enslavement of the Turkic government by the Tsarist government was all-encompassing, and politically, the supreme power of the Turk Khanate was vested in the Great Khan, who had a princely organization similar to the Ming cabinet system under the Great Khan, "Zargu". The Russian government demanded that the Turgut Ministry reorganize Zalgu, demanding that the administrative status of Zalgu be the same as that of the Great Khan, and that all decrees needed the approval of the Tsar before they could be implemented, which seriously threatened the power of the Then Great Khan of turgut.
In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong, in 1761, the Great Khan Tun Loblash died and was succeeded by his nineteen-year-old son Wolbasi. At the time of the change of the Khan's throne, the Tsarist government took the opportunity to forcibly subordinate Turgut directly to the supreme authority of the Khan, the "Zargu", under the control of the Tsarist Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to implement the annual system for the members of the "Zargu", and to send officials to directly exercise jurisdiction and interfere in the internal affairs of the "Zargu" in order to achieve the purpose of emptying the khan's power. At the same time, the Tsarist government also found another agent within Turgut to divide and disintegrate turkic internal forces, confront Wolbasi Khan, and then control the Turks to completely control the vast area of the lower Volga River.
Cossack cavalry
Economically, the Tsarist government also allowed a large number of Cossack immigrants to expand eastward, further compressing the nomadic space of the Turks.
Culturally, it is well known that Mongolian tribes have always believed in Tibetan Buddhism. The Turks are no exception, they revere the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, they boil tea to worship the Buddha, and they are inseparable from Lamaism in all aspects of life and culture. The Russian government believed that it was necessary to change their faith in order to completely submit the Turks, so Tsar Peter I issued an edict ordering the missionaries to learn the language of the Turgut tribes in order to spread Christianity (Orthodoxy) in the Turgut tribes and create religious disputes on a large scale, in a vain attempt to suppress Tibetan Buddhism, which caused a strong resistance from the Turgut tribesmen.
Orthodox
The history of Tsarist Russia is a history of expansion and war, and militarily the Russian government imposed a "hostage system" on Turgut and required him to obey the Tsar's command. In the eighteenth century, Tsarist Russia's external expansion was booming, and in order to compete with Turkey for access to the sea, Tsarist Russia wantonly recruited troops, resulting in a sharp decline in the number of young adults in its domestic and Turgut tribal population. In the face of the peasant revolt in Tsarist Russia, the Tsarist government also ordered Turgut to send cavalry to suppress it.
In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong in 1759, Zhaohui led the Qing army to conquer the South Tianshan Road, and the Dzungar tribes were lost, and from then on, the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains were incorporated into the territory of the Qing Dynasty. After the continuous attacks of the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties, the Dzungar Khanate was destroyed, and the Xinjiang region was re-incorporated into The Territory of China.
Under the political, economic, cultural, military and other blows, Wolbasi Khan could no longer bear it, and he told his people: To protect his people and tribes, if they continue to live here and continue to be oppressed, within ten years the Turk tribe will cease to exist. In 1767, the thirty-second year of Qianlong, Wobaxi held a secret meeting with his ministers and decided to return to his homeland and return to China.
In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong, in 1770 AD, at a secret location in the steppe of the lower Volga River, king Wobasi of Turbat Khan presided over a second top-secret meeting. At the meeting, they solemnly swore an oath to leave Tsarist Russia and return to their homeland.
Despite the strict secrecy to the outside world, the news of the return to the east was leaked, and Wolbasi wanted to return to the east with the Verat people on the left bank of the Volga River, but it was the warm spring, the glacier melted, and the Verat people could not cross the river, so Wolbasi decided to move first with more than 30,000 households on the right bank.
When the sun poured out on the Volga steppe the next morning, the seventeen thousand Turks on the right bank of the Volga Set out, leaving the foreign land where they had been living for nearly a century and a half, in their words: to the East, to the place where the sun rises, to find a new life. Wolbasik personally set fire to his own wooden palace, and the people also set fire to their houses, expressing their determination to break with Tsarist Russia with courage and determination.
Heroes of the East
After leading 10,000 cavalry, Wolbasi covered 170,000 people on the road back to the east. Upon hearing the news of the return of the Turks to the east, Empress Catherine II believed that it was a disgrace to let the entire tribe go out of the country from under the tip of her nose, and she immediately sent a large number of Cossack cavalry to chase after the Turks who were going east. At the same time, measures were taken to strictly monitor the more than 10,000 Turks who remained on the left bank of the Volga River.
Catherine II
In the face of the menacing Cossack cavalry, the Turks scattered on the steppe did not have time to organize resistance and suffered heavy casualties. Along the way, the brutal war and the torment of severe cold diseases caused the Turks to be severely reduced, and the people gradually lost confidence in the return to the east. In this regard, Wobasi boosted morale and said to the people: Since we have chosen to return to the motherland, we would rather die than turn back, and for the sake of future generations, we must move forward! Because Donggui did not inform the Qing government of this move, the Qing government did not know it, so it failed to provide any help along the way.
The Qianlong Emperor
In April 1771, the deputy general Che Budengzhab of The Left Left of The Dingbian Dynasty reported to the imperial court that the Russian side had sent people to inform the Turks to return to the east. Only then did the Qing government learn of this news. The Ministers of the DPRK and China disagreed on the move of the Turks to the East, and some people feared that Tsarist Russia would take the opportunity to commit a crime and suggest that the Turks be kept out of the border. Finally, the Qianlong Emperor made a decision and said: Since the Turks have come thousands of miles to submit, we should accept them.
In July of the 36th year of Qianlong, after a six-month arduous trek, overcoming unimaginable difficulties and making great national sacrifices, only 70,000 people were left when the Turgut army arrived in Ili, Xinjiang. Just when the Turks had just entered Ili, Xinjiang, Tsar Catherine II made representations, threatening the Qianlong Emperor that if he did not hand over the Turks, he would not hesitate to start a war, and the Qianlong Emperor was furious when he heard this, and immediately replied: "If Er and others want to pursue Iraq and others, they can pursue them in Russia, and I will never interfere, but if they have entered our territory, then Er and so on will not chase after us arbitrarily, and if Er waits do not follow my word, it will never succeed, and will fight with Er and so on."
The Qianlong Emperor issued an edict to allocate 3 million taels of silver from the Shaanxi Silver Treasury, and at the same time mobilized a large amount of materials to receive Tuerhut. At the same time, the land of abundant water and grass was surveyed, and some of them were resettled in the area of present-day Bazhou, and some of them were resettled in the Ejina Banner of present-day Inner Mongolia and became the Ejina Turk Special Department.
The feat of the return of the entire Turks to the east has deeply touched the people of all ethnic groups in China, and various localities have donated goods to supply the Turks. The Qing government also allocated special funds to purchase livestock, leather coats, tea, grain and rice to help them tide over the difficulties. The Qianlong Emperor personally wrote two inscriptions, "The Record of the Return of the Turk special department" and "The Record of the People of the Special Department of Tu'er hu", which were erected in the temple of the Chengde Putuo Sect.