Distribution of wild plant resources and reserves of Hunan black tiger (Bufona).
Regarding the distribution of wild plant resources of black tigers in Hunan, the members of the editorial research group made preliminary investigations and researches, and published the paper "Survey of Wild Resources of Black Tigers with Endangered Chinese Medicinal Materials in Hunan", which is excerpted as follows:
Black tiger (Kadsura coccinea LEM) is a Schisandraceae Schisandra genus (Kadsura Jussieu) perennial evergreen climbing woody vine, alias Bufuna, cold rice ball, stinky rice ball, wine rice ball, big blood vine and so on. Black Tiger integrates edible, ornamental, beautifying, greening and medicinal use, is a multi-purpose plant with great development and potential, and is known as the world's first miracle fruit. Black tiger fruit tastes sweet, color, fragrance, taste are good, look at it, make people pleasing to the eye, smell it, let people salivate, so it can develop indoor gardening; black tiger stems and leaves are evergreen, can be made into bonsai, can also be used as high-quality seedlings for sightseeing farms; black tiger root can be used in medicine, can do qi and blood, qi and pain relief, cure rheumatism, bruises, and is a common medicine in gynecology, is a folk medicine with a long history.
Although China has widely distributed black tiger resources, it is only in recent years that black tigers have been used as an industry to conduct research, development, and utilization. Hunan is the main supply area of black tigers, and there are more reports on pharmacological analysis and clinical applications, while research on resource distribution and reserves has not yet been reported in the literature. Hunan is located in the transition zone from the second ladder to the third ladder of China's terrain, the west is a mountain, the east is hilly, the terrain has suddenly dropped from an altitude of more than 1000m to less than 500m, especially the Xuefeng Mountain Range is "S" shaped, the south of the lake is divided into two parts, with unique natural environmental conditions and geographical location, so that it is pregnant with lush wild Chinese medicinal resources and maintains rich species diversity.
This study aims to investigate the current status of wild tiger resources of black tigers in Hunan, understand the current distribution and storage status of wild resources of black tigers in Hunan, and provide data support for the protection, rescue and sustainable development and utilization of black tiger germplasm resources.
1 Scope and content of the survey
1.1 Survey Content
The survey mainly included the distribution of black tiger wild resources in Hunan, population and community characteristics, resource reserves, etc., and then introduced species. Specimen collection, identification and other work.
1.2 Scope of the Survey
Through the China Digital Herbarium, the Herbarium of Hunan Botanical Garden, the Herbarium of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Herbarium of the South China Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Guangxi Province, and the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences were consulted. L Nearby, we checked the specimens and related materials in the herbarium of the Hunan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Herbarium of Hunan Agricultural University, and the Herbarium of Central South University of Forestry and Technology; at the same time, we consulted the relevant literature and records of various prefectures and cities in Hunan. Contact the relevant units of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Purchasing Stations, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals, Forestry Bureaus, and Agricultural Bureaus in various prefectures, cities, and counties in Hunan, and contact local folk Langzhong, medicine farmers, and the masses, and ask them about the distribution, stock, purchase price, and extraction of black tiger resources. The black tiger field investigation route was finally determined, and the black tiger resources in 21 counties and cities, including 18374545223, Jingzhou, Hongjiang, Huayuan, Yongshun, Longshan, Guzhang, Fenghuang, Luxi, Jishou, Sangzhi, Cili, Zhangjiajie Yongding District, Wulingyuan District, Jianghua, Jiangyong, Daoxian, Yizhang, Linwu and Rucheng, were also found. Only southwest Hunan Province, Western Hunan Province, Northwest Hunan Province, "Xiangnan Passage, Huitong, Jingzhou, Hongjiang, Huayuan, Yongshun, Longshan, Guzhang, Fenghuang, Jishou, Sangzhi, Zhangjiajie Yongding District, Zhangjiajie Wulingyuan District, Jianghua, Jiangyong, Daoxian, Yizhang, Rucheng have wild resources, the distribution of resources is narrow, and it is on the verge of extinction."
2 Methodology
2..1 Sample surveys
In order to protect the wild germplasm resources and habitats of black tigers, only 6 counties, including Tongtong, Huitong, Longshan, Guzhang, Yizhang and Jianghua, were selected as detailed survey objects, and 1 standard sample site was set up in each county to investigate the community characteristics of wild black tigers, population characteristics and estimate the reserves of wild black tiger medicinal materials. The selection of typical standard plots was carried out using a random demarcation method in places with large distribution areas of black tiger populations, and the biological characteristics, population density, height and basal diameter of black tigers in the sample plots were investigated and recorded.
Trees were surveyed in a range of 20mx20 m in the standard plot, and five small samples of 4mx4 m and 1mx1 m were set up in its four corners and center to investigate shrubs and herbs, and the community characteristics such as plant species, quantity and composition were recorded. Patrick Richness Index, Simpson Index, Shannon-Wiener Index, Pielou Uniformity Index, etc. are used for Yuan Zheng.
The black tiger biomass determination method is to dig out the black tiger in the sample after all survey items are completed, remove the root soil, weigh it, and obtain the black tiger biomass (in fresh weight, FW). The black tiger root system is separated from the aboveground part, the root number is taken back, dried at 85 ° C to constant weight, and the dry weight is weighed with an electronic balance. The average weight of the root system of 5 sample squares in each county standard sample plot was used as the unit area yield of Chinese medicinal materials for the investigation of black tigers in the county. Then, according to the characteristics of the black tiger community, the total distribution area of the black tiger community is estimated by using the vegetation distribution map of Hunan Province or the forestry area calculated by the forestry department, and then the total reserves of Chinese medicinal materials in Hunan black tiger are deduced.
2.2 Data Processing
The survey data was collated and tabulated using Exce12007 and graphed using sigmaplot12.5. The Patrick Richness Index (R), Simpson Index (D), Shannon-Wiener Index (H) ;P ielou Uniformity Index (E) are calculated as follows:
Patnck Richness Index: R=S
Simpson Index: D=1-∑ (Pi)2
Shannon-Wiener Index: H=-∑PinPi
Pielou Uniformity Index: E=H/lnS
Among them, S is the number of plant species in the sample, that is, species richness; Pi represents the proportion of the number of individuals of species i to the total number of individuals in the community.
3 Results and analysis
3;1 Biological characteristics of black tigers
By investigating the biological characteristics of black tigers, it was found that they were the same as reported in the literature, with slight differences in flowering and fruit stages. The black tiger is a perennial evergreen climbing woody vine that grows well in slightly acidic to neutral soils, warm and moist conditions, and prefers low-light environments. The whole plant is hairless, the root intestine flesh is transverse, the bark is grayish black or dark brown, there are ring-shaped scars and irregular longitudinal cracks, and there are nodular bumps, with spicy fragrance; leaf leathery, single-leaf alternate, stalk, waxy cover, smooth leaf surface, leaf vein pinnate reticules, leaf base wedge-shaped, leaf tip tapering, with support leaves, oblong to ovate lanceolate, 7-18 cm long, 3-8 cm wide, blunt or short tapering at the apex, broad wedge-shaped or nearly rounded at the base, full margin, 6-7 lateral veins on each side, inconspicuous reticules; petiole length 1-2. 5cm。 The flowers are solitary in leaf axils, in rare pairs, with male flowers indumental 8-16 (-24) pieces, stamens (10-) 20-50 pieces, and the anthers are laterally facing the raw, surrounding the tip of the septum. Female flowers are 10-16 pieces, pistils are 20-80 pieces, with smooth stigma without papillae, hermaphroditic plants, heterophyllum pollination. The buds are divided into main buds and sub-buds, generally the main buds germinate and pull branches, the sub-buds are in a dormant state, and the branches are divided into short branches, medium and long branches; the initial flowering period is early June, and the full flowering period is mid-June. The fruit ripens from mid-October to early November. The fruit is a polymer fruit, composed of 30-70 small vegetable fruits, the fruit is strangely shaped, like a football, bright red or purple-black ripe fruit; the seeds are long, ovate, triangular or irregular, the seed umbilicus is concave inward, and the length is 1-1. 5cm, width 0. 8-1cm; the morphological characteristics of the black tiger are shown in the figure.
Figure Morphological characteristics of black tigers
3.2 Characteristics of the black tiger community
3。 2,1 Population structure characteristics of black tigers
The population composition of black tigers varies from region to region, and even at the same survey site, the population size varies from large to small, with an average of about 36 black tigers of different seedling ages per population. The density of the black tiger population is small, with an average of about 4 plants/m2, and the average plant height of the black tiger population is about 8. 91m, average base diameter of about 4.33cm.
3.2.2 Black Tiger Associated Plant Species
The black tiger mainly grows in the hillside jungle, shrubland, forest edge, valley mixed forest conditions, its community composition is relatively rich, mainly divided into trees, shrubs and herbs. All associated plants in the 6 survey counties include the coarse-leaved hanging hook (Rubus, aleRrefoii true u Poir), the 141 tea rtCamellia oleifera Abel, the kidney fern cNephr<, lepis cordifolia), the maesa japonica (Thunb.) Moritzi.), Alpinia japonica (Thunb.) Miq.), Camellia japonica L, Sea Sands (Lygodium japoru:cum), Sarsaparilla (Smilax china L. ), Microlepra speluncae, Cyclosorus acuminatus, Asparaguscochinchinensis, Ficus pumila Linn., Fir (Cunrunghamia larweolata (Lamb.) Hook.), Chestnut (CmJanea mollissi, nd BL), Blechnu (Blechnu.m orientaleL. Caynuia japoruca (Thunb.) Gagnep.), Snakeberry (Duchesnea indica( Andr.) Focke), ramie' (Boehmeria nivea (L) Gaud.), Clematis finetiana Levl. et Vaniot and other 22 families and 41 genera totaling 50 species. Among the six survey counties, the black tiger associated plants are the most abundant, accounting for 14% and 10% respectively, and the proportion of the remaining species is less than 10%.
3.2.3 Community characteristics and species diversity of black tigers
The community composition in different areas is quite different, the dominant species of the community exist in the shrub layer and the tree layer, the herbaceous layer has fewer plant species, the average herbaceous coverage is 20% - 30%, in some areas it exceeds 40%, and the community vegetation coverage rate exceeds 70%. In terms of species richness, uniformity and biodiversity index, the order of species diversity at each level was tree > shrub > herb, indicating that the black tiger was suitable for growing in an environment with rich shrub layer and therefore high degree of closure. From the perspective of biodiversity, the six survey counties had the largest biodiversity in ancient Texts, followed by Longshan, Jianghua, Tongtong, Huitong and Yizhang.
3.3 Biomass and reserves of black tigers
Black tigers usually grow on hillsides, forest edges or interforested agricultural land, and the long-term reclamation of forests and the frequent planting of economic forests have destroyed the growth environment of black tigers. Especially in recent years, the price of medicinal materials has continued to rise, mining has been even worse, and the reserves have decreased sharply. Due to the long production cycle, it takes four or five years after mining to gradually resume growth. The survey found that the purchase volume has decreased year by year since 5 years, and currently only 1000 - 2000kg can be received per year. The total reserves of Chinese medicinal materials in Hunan black tiger are about 12288kg, of which the largest and largest resource reserves are Indao County, which is 12hrri2 and 2964kg, respectively, followed by Guzhang and Huitong Counties, with a reserve area of 12hm2 and 11hm2, and the reserves are 2596kg and 2180kg, respectively, while Jianghua County, which has the smallest and least reserves, has only 5hm2 and 1180kg, respectively, which shows that the wild resources of Hunan black tiger Chinese medicinal materials are very rare.
3.4 Market Analysis
Black tiger set edible, ornamental, and medicinal use in one, the market prospect is broad. At the 10th National Agricultural High-tech Achievements Expo in 2003 (Yangling), the fruit of the black tiger won the "Houji (Golden Elephant) Award" as the third generation of emerging fruits. According to statistics, the current sales volume of fresh fruit is in short supply, the main sales of Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing and other large cities, there is more than 1000t market gap every year, the future through the deep processing of fresh fruit products, the expected demand is about 100,000 I; at present, the country can produce fruit of the black tiger orchard is less than 50 acres, fruit farmers purchase price of 16 - 24 yuan / kg, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai wholesale price of 50 yuan / kg, high-end fruit store retail 80-150 yuan / kg, exported to foreign countries such as Singapore, Japan, South Korea, etc., sold by foreign trade companies, the price is more than 120 yuan / kg.
The black tiger is not only a beauty fruit, but also a precious Chinese medicinal material. At present, the products developed on the basis of black tiger Chinese herbal medicines include Qianjin Pharmaceutical's Shujian rheumatic wine and zhuang blood tablets, which are also the essential raw materials for the production of strong waist and healthy kidney pills, golden rooster tiger supplement pills, postpartum mother pills, gastrointestinal analgesia pills, zhuang blood tablets and other traditional Chinese medicines; at present, the annual demand of traditional Chinese medicine processing and production enterprises is about 100t, and the international market is sold to South Korea and Japan Black Tiger raw materials 30 - 40t/a. With the reduction of resources, the supply of raw materials for black tigers is in short supply, and its market price is rising year by year. In 2008, the price rose from 5 yuan/kg to 6 yuan/kg; In 2009, the price stubble was between 5.5-6 yuan/kg; in May 2010, it increased to 7-8 yuan/kg; From 2011 to 2015, with the increase in demand, the market price continued to rise, the price rose to 9 - 10 yuan / kg; after 2015, the market price exceeded 10 yuan / kg.
4. Discussion
In the 114 literatures obtained by "resource survey" and "Chinese herbal medicine" as keywords in CNKI, there are fewer reports on the reserves of Chinese herbal medicine resources for specific species, and only the investigation reports of trifolia green, golden thread hanging gourd, mountain bean root and Zushi ma are found for these 4 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine resources, and more than 80% of the remaining search results are chinese herbal medicine resource survey literature in different regions, and are not specifically aimed at a certain chinese herbal medicine \ J Black Tiger This endangered medicinal material resource reserves in the second national census of Chinese herbal medicines The National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines is included, but this book was published in the 1970s, more than 40 years ago, and can no longer reflect the actual situation of the black tiger reserves. Therefore, this study is the first comprehensive investigation and estimation of the total amount of black tiger resources in Hunan Province, which is of great significance for understanding the distribution and reserve profile of smoked tigers in Hunan. This study found that the black tiger mainly grows in sparse woodlands with high organic matter such as hillside jungle, forest edge, shrubland, valley miscellaneous trees, etc., and can grow in open spaces with direct sunlight, but its development is poor, indicating that it has high requirements on the growth environment; the biological characteristics of black tigers in different survey sites are different; the community structure of black tigers is complex and the associated plants are abundant. In recent years, wild black tigers have been artificially excavated very large, the number and variety in The south of the lake have been reduced, the stock of resources has decreased rapidly, and it is estimated that its reserves are only about 12288kg, which cannot meet the needs of the market, and the market price continues to rise. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an area of origin or protection corridor in areas with excellent germplasm and concentrated distribution of black tiger germplasm, and the establishment of a protected area can reduce the pressure on the black tiger population from man-made disasters and economic development, which is conducive to the conservation of germplasm resources; or ex situ conservation, through the germplasm garden as a line, the test tube seedling in the gene bank, the botanical garden or the seed bank (conventional and ultra-low temperature, seeds, etc.), the germplasm resources are preserved; the construction of gene banks, the exploration of the ecology of different black tigers, Biological characteristics, the black tiger wild breeding, introduction of domestication, excellent strain selection, breeding technology, cultivation technology and other aspects of strengthen research, improve its yield and quality, for good quality, high nutritional value, good development prospects to carry out high-yield cultivation technology research, in its suitable places for imitation ecological cultivation, and gradually a large number of artificial reproduction, for further development and utilization, early realization of large-scale cultivation to lay the foundation, to ensure the sustainable use of black tiger resources.
5 Conclusion
Black tigers are mainly distributed in Huaihua, Xiangxi, Zhangjiajie, Chenzhou, Yongzhou, Shaoyang and other places in Hunan and grow in mountain thin forests at an altitude of 300-2000m; their community structure is composed of trees, shrubs and herbs, and there are rich associated plant species; the current reserves of black tiger resources in Hunan are small, only about 12288kg, and the distribution area and reserves are still rapidly decreasing, it is recommended that attention should be paid to and strengthened the protection of wild resources of black tigers, artificial breeding and cultivation, and ensure the sustainable use of black tiger resources.
Hunan wild black tiger population
Biological characteristics of the plant resources of the black tiger (Bufona).