The history of the city of Jerusalem dates back more than five thousand years, so it is one of the oldest cities in the world. Its many names are enough to indicate the depth of this history. The settled peoples and nations here gave it a different name, and the Canaanites who migrated to it in the third millennium BC called it "Ursalem", which means City of Peace or City of the God salem. The word "Jerusalem" is derived from the name, pronounced "Yereshalim" in Hebrew, meaning sanctuary. It is mentioned 680 times in the Torah. Then it was called Elia in Greek times, meaning the house of God. One of the most important works carried out by the Canaanites in Jerusalem was the construction of tunnels to ensure that water entered the city from the Kixun Springs (located in the Valley of Kipham (known today as Ain Silwan)).
The original inhabitants of Jerusalem
The Tribe of The Jebs – one of the hinterlands of the Arab Canaanites – lived in the city around 2500 BC, so they called it Yabus.
Pharaonic age (16th–14th centuries BC)
From the 16th century BC onwards, the city of Jerusalem was influenced by the Egyptian pharaohs. During the reign of King Akhenaten, it was invaded by the Bedouin tribe "Habiru", the Ruler of Egypt Abdi Hiba was unable to defeat them, and the city remained in their hands until it returned again, already in 1317-1301 BC, when Egypt was ruled by Seti I.
Jewish era (977 BC - 586 BC)
Jewish rule over Jerusalem lasted 73 years, spanning more than 5,000 years. David successfully took control of the city in 977 OR 1000 BC, he named it the City of David and built a palace and several fortresses in it, and his reign lasted 40 years. His son Suleiman succeeded to the throne and ruled her for 33 years.
After Solomon's death, the country was divided during the reign of his son Rehoboam, and the city was called "Jerusalem", a name derived from the Arabic Canaanite name Shalem or Salem, and Torah indicated that he was the ruler of the Arab Yabs and he was a friend of Abraham. (Genesis and the Epistles to the Hebrews in the Gospels).
Babylonian era (586–537 BC)
The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II captured the city of Jerusalem after defeating the last King of the Jews, Siddhiah ibn Josiah, in 586 BC and transferred the remaining Jews as captives to Babylon, including the Zededian king himself.
Persian era (537-333 BC) BC
In 538, Cyrus, king of Persia, allowed those who wanted refuge from Jewish prisoners in Babylon to return to Jerusalem.
Hellenistic era (333-63 BC)
Alexander the Great seized Palestine, including Jerusalem, in 333 BC, and after his death, his Macedonian and Ptolemaic successors continued to rule the city, and Ptolemy seized it in the same year and incorporated it with Palestine into his kingdom of Egypt in 323 BC. NS。 Then, in 198 BC, after it was annexed by Seleucuni Kato, Syria, the population of which was influenced by Greek civilization.
Jerusalem under Roman rule (63 BC - 636 AD)
Pompey, the commander of the Roman army, captured Jerusalem in 63 BC and incorporated it into the Roman Empire. Roman rule over Jerusalem lasted until 636 AD, witnessing many events, from 66 to 70 AD, the Jewish rebellion in Jerusalem, the Roman ruler Titus suppressed civil disobedience by force, so he burned the city, captured many Jews, and after the Romans occupied the holy city, everything returned to normal. Then the Jews revolted twice in 115 and 132 AD and declared rebellions, and they actually managed to take control of the city, but the Roman Emperor Hadrian inflicted violence on them, which led to the destruction of Jerusalem for the second time, and the expulsion of the Jews living in it, leaving only Christians, and then ordered the name of the city to be changed to "Elijah" and stipulated that no Jews should be inhabited.
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
The Roman Emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium and declared Christianity the state religion, a turning point for Christians in Jerusalem, where the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was founded in 326 AD.
The return of the Persians
The Roman Empire split into two warring parts in 395, which prompted the Persians to attack Jerusalem and successfully capture it between 614 and 628 AD, and then the Romans recovered it again, and it remained in their hands until the Islamic conquest in 636 AD.
Al-Isra and Al-Miraj (621 AD)
Around 621, Jerusalem witnessed the visit of the Prophet Muhammad, and may God bless him and grant him peace.
National service for the first Islamic era (636 AD to 1072 AD)
Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may Allah please him, entering the city of Jerusalem in 636 AD (alternatively, 638 AD) after the islamic State's victory, the army led by Abu Ubaidah Amer Ibn Al-Jarrah, and patriarch Sophronius stipulated that Omar take over the city, with whom he personally wrote the "Omar Pact", A document granting them religious freedom in exchange for a tribute. And he changed the name of the city from Elias to Jerusalem, and the document stipulated that no Jews lived in it.
Since then, the city has taken on an Islamic character, with the Umayyad dynasty (661-750 AD) and the Abbasid dynasty (750-878 AD) taking care of it and witnessing a scientific revival in various fields. One of the most important Islamic monuments of that period is the Dome of the Rock, built by Abdul Malik bin Marwan between 682 and 691 AD, the Al-Aqsa Mosque rebuilt in 709 AD, and since then, the city has experienced turmoil due to military conflicts between the Abbasids, the Fatimids, and the Kalmats, with Jerusalem coming under Seljuk rule in 1071 AD.
During the Crusades
Jerusalem After five centuries of Islamic rule, Jerusalem fell into crusader hands in 1099 AD due to power struggles between the Seljuks and Fatimids and between the Seljuks. After entering Jerusalem, the Crusaders killed nearly 70,000 Muslims and violated the holiness of Islam. From that day on, a Latin kingdom was established in Jerusalem, ruled by a Catholic king who imposed Catholic rituals on Orthodox Christians, provoking their anger.
The second Islamic era
Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi regained Jerusalem from the Crusaders after the Battle of Harding in 1187 AD and treated its people well, removing the cross from the Dome of the Rock and taking care of the city's architecture and fortifications.
Crusades again
But during the reign of King Frederick of Sicily, after saladin's death, the Crusaders succeeded in taking control of the city.
Mamluk and the city were invaded by the Mongols in 1243/1244 AD, but mamluks defeated them at the Battle of Ain Jarut in 1259 AEin Jarut under the leadership of Sayfdin Gutuz and Zahir Baibar, including Palestine, including Jerusalem, until 1517 when the Ayyubid dynasty ruled Egypt and the Mamluks of the Levant.
Ottoman Empire
After the Battle of Marjidabik (1615-1616 AD), the Ottoman army entered Palestine under the leadership of Sultan Selim I, and Jerusalem became a city belonging to the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Suleiman the Great rebuilt the city walls and domed mosque. Between 1831 and 1840 AD, Palestine became part of the Egyptian state established by Muhammad Ali and then returned to Ottoman rule. The Ottoman Empire established the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem in 1880 and demolished the old city walls in 1898 to facilitate access by the German Emperor Wilhelm II and his entourage during their visit to Jerusalem. The city remained under Ottoman rule until World War I, when the Ottoman Turks were defeated and expelled from Palestine.
British rule (1917 - 1948)
Jerusalem was captured by British troops following a statement broadcast by British General Allenby from August 12, 1917, and the League of Nations granted the British Trusteeship of Palestine, and Jerusalem became the capital of Palestine during the British Mandate (1920-1948). Since then, the city has entered a new era, one of the most prominent features of which was the increase in the number of Jewish immigrants, especially after the Balfour Declaration of 1917.
Internationalization of the Holy City Project
The issue of Al-Quds Al-Sharif after World War II was referred to the United Nations, an international body that issued a decision on the internationalization of Al-Quds Al-Sharif on November 29, 1947.
End of UK hosting
In 1948, the British declared the end of the Mandate and withdrawal of troops from Palestine, and Zionist groups took advantage of the political and military vacuum to declare the state of Israel. On December 3, 1948, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion declared West Jerusalem the capital of the nascent Israeli state, while East Jerusalem was under Jordanian sovereignty until its defeat in June 1967, leading to the incorporation of all of Jerusalem into Israel.