First, the main types of pests and diseases
1. Major diseases
(1) The pathogen of rot disease belongs to the fungus of ascomycete phylum semi-known fungus, which harms the branches, infected by frostbite, insect wounds, shear saws and natural wounds, and the disease on the trunk can cause the death of large branches or whole plants.
(2) Physiological diseases of yellowing disease, high groundwater level, large salt content of * soil, heavy load on trees, large use of chemical fertilizers, excessive irrigation, * high pH value of * soil and other factors are easy to cause yellowing disease. The cause of the disease is related to the absorption disorder of iron, zinc and other elements, the leaf color turns yellow when the disease occurs, the leaves become white and fall off when the disease is severe, and the orchard tree body is weak in severe disease, which is easy to induce decay, resulting in the death of large branches or the whole plant.
2. Major insect pests
(1) Spring inchworm lepidoptera Ulla, which occurs once a year, the activity period is from early March to early May, with larvae harming leaves, flowers and young fruits, and the old mature larvae enter the * pupae in early May to overwinter in summer.
(2) Pear stem bees of the bee family, one generation per year, the activity period is from late March to mid-to-late May, with adults and larvae endangering new shoots, and old mature larvae in mid-to-late May cocooning in the branches for more summer and wintering.
(3) Leaf mites are true mites, more than 10 generations occur every year, the activity period is from late February to October, endangering flowers, leaves and fruits, causing defoliation and rusty fruits in severe cases, and female adult mites overwinter under the skin, * slits and dead branches and leaves in October.
(4) Chinese pear carp lice with the order Pterodactylaceae, 4 to 6 generations per year, the activity period is from late February to October, with a variety of insect states to harm buds, leaves, young shoots, fruits, when serious, the leaf surface, fruit surface is polluted by black mold, winter-type adult insects in the old skin, under the buds overwinter.
(5) Olive shield borer with the order Shield borer family, occurs 2 to 3 generations per year, the activity period is from late March to September, with a variety of insect states to harm branches, leaves, fruits, serious caused by large branches or the whole plant death, female adults overwinter on the branches.
(6) Pear round shield borer with the order Shield ants, occurs 2 to 3 generations per year, from early March to September activities, with a variety of insect states to harm branches, leaves, fruits, severe formation of jatropha fruit, loss of commodity value, mainly with second-instar nymphs on the branches overwintering.
(7) Fragrant pear spotted borer occurs in 3 generations every year, from early March to September, the larvae endanger the branches, stems and fruits, and in severe cases, the concomitant rot disease causes the death of the large branches or the whole plant, and the old mature larvae overwinter under the old warp skin.
(8) Apple beetle moth Lepidoptera curl moth family, 3 generations occur every year, the activity period is from early April to early October, with larval borer fruit hazards, old mature larvae under the skin of the old warp, trunk cracks cocoon overwintering.
(9) Pear small heartworm Lepidoptera roll moth family, occurs 2 generations per year, the activity period is from mid-to-late May to late August, larval borer fruit hazard, late August with old mature larvae in the old bark, trunk cracks, shear saws at the cocoon overwintering.
(10) The Torun bulbous thrush is in the family Homoptera, which occurs in one generation per year, and the activity period is from mid-March to October, endangering the branches and leaves, and overwintering on the branches with second-instar nymphs.
2. Integrated prevention and control technology
1. Clean the orchard and scrape the old bark
In the autumn before the freeze, the winter irrigation is turned, the dead branches and leaves are removed, the diseased and insect branches are cut off, and the old warp skin is scraped off and burned from the winter to the end of February of the following year, eliminating the overwintering pear wood lice, leaf mite, apple beetle moth, pear small heartworm and pear spot borer and other pests.
2. Glue the trunk bundle film
In mid-February, a 15 cm wide plastic film belt was tied at a distance of 30 to 50 cm from the ground from the main trunk, and it was required to flatten and seamless to prevent the female moth of the spring inchworm from going up the tree; in late March, a circle of sticky insectoid glue was applied at the junction between the upper end of the plastic film and the trunk to prevent the larvae of the spring inchworm. Mucosal shellac formula: the ratio of castor oil, rosin, diesel, paraffin is 10:10:1:1, and after mixing, it is boiled into a paste.
3. Spray stone sulfur compound
In late March, a 5~7° Be stone sulfur mixture was sprayed to prevent overwintering pear psyllids, leaf mites, pear round shield mites, olive shield mites, and Turen ball solid mites.
4. Lighting, sexual attractants, sweet and sour liquid moths
In mid-April, sweet and sour liquid bottles and frequency vibration insecticidal lamps began to use to lure moths, sweet and sour liquid bottles hung 2 to 4 bottles every 667 square meters, and changed every 3 to 5 days (sweet and sour liquid formula: the ratio of liquor, sugar, vinegar and water is 1:3:6:10); the frequency vibration insecticidal lamp 2 to 3 hectares and 1 lamp can trap apple beetle moths, pear small heartworms, pear spotted borer adults; hanging apple beetle moths, pear small heartworm sex attractants, every 667 square meters hanging 2 bottles, can play a role in booby traps and confusion for male moths.
5. Cure rot disease
In the spring, carefully examine the tree body, found that the spots should be completely scraped, and then applied to protect, the first two uses of 9281 fungicide 5 times liquid + 40% dichlorvos 20 times liquid can also treat pear spot borer, the third use of 843 rehabilitation agent, the interval of 5 to 7 days.
6. Cut off the insect shoots
The removal of new shoots from late April to mid-May isp, ending before May 20, and the removal of aphid-infested new shoots during summer shearing.
7. Chemical control
The middle of May is the key period of chemical prevention, the main control of pear carpenters, leaf mites, optional 1.8% avermectin 4000 times liquid, 4000 times liquid agent of pear tick, 3% acetamiprid 2000 times liquid + 20% triazoltin 2000 times liquid. Pear wood lice produce a lot of mucus, first washed with water and then sprayed to improve the effectiveness.
Late May to early June is a critical period for the control of insect pests, Turen bulbous insects can be sprayed when the hatching nymphs emerge from 70% to 80%, and sprayed again at intervals of 7 to 10 days, and the agent can be sprayed 2.5% kung fu 2000 times liquid or 4.5% high efficiency cypermethrin 1000 times liquid. Olive shield borer and pear round shield mite can be sprayed when the hatching nymphs emerge from the shell of 60% to 70%, and then sprayed once every 7 to 10 days, and the agent can be culled 1000 times liquid at a speed of 40%; from mid-June to late August, according to the disease and insect detection, the drug can be controlled by pear carpenters and leaf mites, and the agent can choose 1.8% avermectin 4000 times liquid or 5% nisolone 2000 times liquid.
8. Trunk bunch sack pieces
In early to mid-August, the trunk of the tree is bundled with sack pieces, trapping overwintering leaf mites, apple beetle moths, pear small heartworms, pear spotted borers, released after winter, boiling water soaking.
9. Yellowing disease
After the leaves fall and before germination, the trunk is injected with 30 times the Guangtai nutrient solution to prevent yellowing disease, and each tree is used for 2 to 4 kg, and the holes at the base of the trunk are injected in three directions.