Inscription: In the article "In the face of the killing of the inspector, Jiajing's reaction was not as good as Xianfeng", I made a summary statement in 2017 on the 5 "The Case of the Murder of Inspector Deng Erheng of the Xianfeng Dynasty" and 3 articles in 2020 "The Case of the Torture and Murder of Inspector Xu Ming of the Jiajing Dynasty". But to be honest, there are still some issues that are not explained in detail.
That is, why did the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties adopt different methods for "the same type of case": Xianfeng was decisively removed (less than 40 days before his death at that time), Cixi adopted the same method as Jiajing when he could not do so, and Jiajing adopted the most "appeasement and adultery" method when it was not critical?
We should study this question of thought. For new friends, because the above 9 articles may not have been read, I will briefly introduce the two cases, but because there is a 9th article - Jiajing's reaction is not as good as The Xianfeng article to do the accumulation, my introduction is also a summary introduction, and there is no similarity with the previous 9 articles, if you want to fully understand this issue, please also understand the 9 articles in the previous two years or so.
<h3 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > what is the reason why Jiajing's "nine-sided problem" has been going on for 20 years</h3>
After the death of Emperor Mingwuzong, seventy years after the "Change of Tumu Fort" (1449), the "Nine Sides Problem" broke out again. The reason why the "Tumu fort change" occurred was not only the problem of Ming Yingzong and Wang Zhen, but also the "Nine Sides" in terms of management. Because it has nothing to do with this article, it will not be introduced for the time being. So, why was the problem of the nine sides so serious during the Zhengde Jiajing period? The reasons for this are as follows:
The "Nine Sides Problem" is the inevitable reaction of Beiping after Yongle moved the capital to Beijing. The emperor and his talented elite class are not far from the nine sides, and in addition, the various "good policies for governing the country" in ancient feudal society will undergo qualitative changes every few years and more than ten years under the interests of the "elite class": good policies are implemented by the executors into policies that are beneficial to the power class, that is, good policies are changed from the whole people to only the power class.
As a result, many problems have gradually accumulated, such as the problem of official governance, especially corruption (the rule of officials is a very broad scope, and also includes the governance of mediocre officials and the evaluation of officials), the problem of land annexation, the problem of taxation in the process of turning grain planting to cash crops, and the "open middle system" such as opening salt and horses to open grain.
The root cause of the constant mutinies in the more than twenty years since Jiajing ascended the throne is the above reason. For these things, Jia Jing said from his ability that it was impossible to solve them fundamentally. But not being able to solve it fundamentally does not mean that there is no way to soothe and lower. In particular, the direct trigger of the "mutiny" was the "corruption of military generals" and "corruption of border ministers" that led to "mutinies without food, money and unable to support their families." The fundamental problem of the emperor in feudal society could not be solved, but the problem broke out on which emperor was the biggest problem of which one.
To be fair, Jiajing was more unlucky, all the problems broke out after he ascended the throne, and the Zhengde period was a period of rapid accumulation of the above problems. After Zhengde's death, the Ganzhou Mutiny broke out in December (January 1522) of the sixteenth year of Zhengde's ascension to the throne.
Inspector Fu and Du Yushi Xuming were brutally killed by the rebels, first stunned and then burned, and in the fire they woke up and fled, and were crushed and burned by the rebels with a door panel. Thus began the prelude to the "outbreak of the first mutiny".
As for the outcome of this case, Jiajing did not severely punish Li Long, the commander-in-chief of the mutiny, according to the requirements of the civilian officials (he only wanted to warn Xu Ming, but did not expect to cause chaos), he only demoted Li Long and transferred him to another place (which should also be other border towns in the Nine Sides). The reason given by later generations for this was that Jiajing was afraid that Li Long would lead the Mongol cavalry south. In fact, in the above article "In the face of the killing of the inspector, Jiajing's reaction was not as good as Xianfeng", I have refuted it, and the reason is not valid at all.
The risks Xianfeng faced in dealing with similar problems were many times more dangerous than Jiajing's.
<h3 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Xianfeng's different handling of the case of the inspector's murder</h3>
Speaking of which, there is a problem that needs to be clarified: the inspectors of the Jiajing Dynasty and the inspectors of the Qing Dynasty are completely different in nature, and the size of power, term of office, and scope of application of power are different. The governors of the Jiajing Dynasty had little power, irregular terms of office, and were temporary assignments. Because this is not related to this article, I will not expand on it.
The Qing Dynasty had relatively large powers and fixed terms of office. Although it mainly manages the people, it also manages the army in actual operation, such as the Inspector of Shandong, the Inspector of Henan, and the Inspector of Shanxi, etc., which can directly intervene in the military, because these provinces do not have governors. However, in the chaotic world and in real life, various human or interest factors, the boundaries of the power of officials are actually blurred.
If he was dead in the bull's horns, he would not understand why Xu Zhiming, who had been dismissed from the post of acting inspector, could firmly control the Yungui region, and why Zhang Liangji, the governor of Yungui, was forced away by him.
In fact, Xu Zhiming's way is very simple: use the money of the Qing court to buy good children for yourself, listen to me, I will give you funds, and I will ask you for credit from the imperial court. Don't listen to me, you have merit, I give your credit to others, you have had me and I will kill you!
In the real life of ancient feudal society, although this method is very dirty, it can quickly enhance its own strength.
In the eleventh year of Xianfeng (1861), the murder of Deng Erheng, who had changed his post three times in more than a month in 40 days before Xianfeng's death (showing that the envoys of Yunnan were transferred to Guizhou, Shaanxi, and Yunnan) tested the political courage of Xianfeng and Sushun, Cixi, and Yishi Ci'an.
Xian Feng was worried that Xu Zhiming already controlled the military and political power in the Yunnan-Guizhou region, and through the different appointments of Deng Erheng who had the ability to balance Xu Zhiming, first prevented Xu Zhiming from controlling Guizhou, then prevented Xu Zhiming from contacting his former colleagues in the northwestern Shaanxi-Gansu region, and finally directly appointed Deng Erheng as the governor of Yunnan to absorb Xu Zhiming's political forces.
It can be said that from the very beginning, Xianfeng hoped to solve this problem in a "tough" way, that is, after Deng Erheng returned to Kunming as an inspector, I am afraid that there will be no good fate for Xu Zhiming, who has been deposed but has no new post and new task. At this stage, Deng Erheng was killed by people sent by Xu Zhiming to pretend to be robbers and killed in the courtyard of the prefect's Yamen.
Xianfeng later wanted to regain military and political control of the Yunnan-Guizhou region by transferring people into Kunming. However, two Governors of Yungui, one Inspector, and many provincial-level officials all delayed entering Kunming for various reasons. It can be seen that the Yunnan-Guizhou region has basically lost control. Xu Zhiming has become the "Earth Emperor".
<h3 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Cixi and Yi Bi used exactly the same method as Jiajing, but the consequences were relatively large</h3>
After Xianfeng's death, Cixi and Yi Bi chose Pan Duo as the new governor of Yungui. When Luo Bingzhang, the governor of Sichuan, and two former governors of Yunnan and Guizhou confronted each other on the border between Yunnan and Sichuan, Pan Duo suddenly parachuted into Kunming. Xu Zhiming was tied up in this situation.
Pan Duo also made a big mistake at this time: that is, advocating the demotion of Xu Zhiming and continuing to retain. Of course, Pan Duo only suggested the right, and it was Yi Bi and Cixi who had the big idea. Because, he is more familiar with the situation in Yunnan-Guizhou region. However, Pan Duo's death may also have been secretly committed by Xu Zhiming. Pan Duo was killed by Ma Rong, who was a rebel who surrendered to the official army, and was made a staff general after being incorporated by Xu Zhiming.
In the first month of the second year of Tongzhi (1863), Ma Rong led his men and horses to besiege Kunming. Pan Duo ordered Ma Rong to move out and went with Xu Zhiming to reprimand Ma Rong. Who knows, Xu Zhiming did not go on the grounds that there was a sudden war, resulting in Pan Duo finally being killed by Ma Rong.
After Pan Duo's death, Ma Rong led troops to plunder Kunming. Cen Yuying, who was recommended by Pan Duo (his son was the later famous "Northern Yuan Nancen"; the "Tuguan" Cen Chunxuan, the "Tuguan" of the Late Qing Dynasty, the Tuguan Tumin Tucai, who was very anti-corruption, so he was called "Tuguan", and the other two were the tumin Yuan Shikai and Tucai Zhang Zhidong) desperately resisted, but Xu Zhiming saw the situation but fled.
At this time, Ma Rulong, the leader of the Hui uprising in southeastern Yunnan, who was surrendered by Pan Duo, was guarding Jianshui in the town at that time, and his official position was linyuan general, and when he heard that Pan Duo had been killed, he immediately led his army back to Kunming and drove away Ma Rong.
After that, Xu Zhiming and Ma Rulong pushed the post of "Inspector of Yunnan" several times, and Xu Zhiming knew that he could only "secretly control" in his life. Ma Rulong also knew that he could not be an inspector, because there were too many people who could be inspectors and his identity was relatively special - one of the leaders of the Muslim uprising.
Finally, the Qing court appointed Ma Rulong to the post of Viceroy of Yunnan. So, what is Xu Zhiming's ultimate fate? Historical records are unknown, but he fell ill and died before the southwest national uprising was suppressed. Of course, it is difficult to say what kind of disease this "disease" is.
In summary, we can see that Xianfeng's disposal is the most radical, and Jiajing and Cixi's disposal is similar.
From this, we can conclude: Why do our descendants approve of Jiajing and Cixi's handling? Think Xianfeng's disposal is radically dangerous? What makes us willing to resort to "procrastination" tactics?
This is actually the Qing Dynasty system, which was influenced by the northern Song Dynasty thinking.
<h3 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > ming and qing, how should it be understood? Both dynasties in general belonged to the closed mind and were deeply influenced by the thinking of the Northern Song Dynasty</h3>
The Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, because of the difference in the ethnic groups that held power, were forcibly disapproved by some people of having the "idea of unity".
Some people say that the Qing Dynasty implemented a two-track system - external khans and internal emperors; implemented their own original governance systems for Mongolia, Tibet, Guangxi and other regions, and adopted Confucian rule in the traditional Great Central Plains within the Great Wall. However, we have to say that these ways of ruling were not the same in the Han and Tang Dynasties? For example, toast governance also existed in the Ming Dynasty, and this was true in the Song Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.
Therefore, the general rule is the same, of course, the specific details will be changed, which is normal for historical development. It is normal for specific details to change from time to time. Also in the art of domination, the cabinet and the military aircraft department were "secretarial" institutions that served the imperial power at the beginning of their establishment. However, in detail, because the Qing court was a minority regime, it was often led by Manchus within the military aircraft department, and the number of Han Chinese gradually increased.
Therefore, in the governance of the whole country, administrative management, and social management, the integration of the Ming and Qing dynasties and the succession of the later dynasties are the same. The Ming Dynasty also inherited many of the administrative systems of the Yuan Dynasty. Ideologically, the Qing Dynasty's inheritance of the Ming Dynasty is very obvious. Whether it is a "literal prison" or an "external retreat", it is inheritance. However, because the Qing court was ruled by Manchus, it often did more ruthless things for the sake of its own control. But in the "art of domination" as one.
In this vein of thought, the Ming and Qing dynasties thought in the same way as the Northern Song Dynasty. Since the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, because "civilian rule" has completely replaced "warrior rule", after hundreds of years of gradual deepening, the "loyal monarchy thought" of the Northern Song Dynasty has gradually strengthened, and the typical representative is that the Northern Song Dynasty literati began to "reorganize" history.
For example, the evaluation of Cao Cao was completely reversed, and more of a "traitor" was called; for example, Qin Qiong's participation in the "Xuanwumen Mutiny" was weakened, resulting in "the idol of loyalty becoming perfect". The Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty also began to reciprocate the Confucian literati, giving them a strong "right to suggest and criticize." At the same time, this phenomenon was also evident in the Ming Dynasty. On the one hand, this is because the emperor cannot rule the country without them, and on the other hand, it is consciously "tolerated" - for the sake of one's own country, then bear with it.
For their own Jiangshan, especially the Jiangshan under the agricultural civilization, the three points of the Song Ming and Qing dynasties are very similar.
The Song Dynasty's "Alliance of The Yuanyuan" completely abandoned the recovery of Youyun Sixteen Prefectures, and some people say that the Northern Song Dynasty did not actually give up the recovery of youyun areas. In fact, those who are interested can go to see how the Confucian courtiers opposed the Song and Liao Wars in the "Qingli Coin Increase" (Chongxi Coin Increase), and from top to bottom, they all used the term "covenant" as a term. This point and the "agreement" signed by Li Hongzhang in later generations, no matter how bad it is and how unfavorable it is to us, we should not regret it, and we must implement it without hesitation.
For the sake of his own country, Emperor Xuanzong took the initiative to retreat inwards, abandoning most of the territory expanded during the Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di periods. From this period onwards, the Ming Dynasty also basically adopted the measure of "exclusive defense". Of course, compared to the Northern Song Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty had more backbone.
The Qing Dynasty also compromised with the outside world since the beginning of the Kangxi Dynasty for its own sake, of course, regardless of the reason for this compromise. The later it gets, the more obvious this "selfishness" becomes. For example, Tsarist Russia cut off a large area of territory almost "without much resistance". The reason for this is also to prevent internal civil unrest.
Li Hongzhang and Xu Zhiming's methods of co-opting others are similar
Comparing the Han and Tang dynasties before the Northern Song Dynasty and the Ming and Qing dynasties after the Northern Song Dynasty, we will find that the Northern Song Dynasty is the "key to change". Before the Northern Song Dynasty , those who insult me, I will destroy them; after the Northern Song Dynasty , those who insult me, I will ignore them or I will continue to endure them.
This is how after Confucianism was gradually used by the ruling class, imperial power and Confucianism gradually formed a state: for their own country, they could not care about anything. Even in this case, "loyal jun" still requires loyalty, and the normal relationship between the past "monarch" and "sheji" has become "the lord is the society", the society is the self, the self is everything, and everything that is not me can be thrown away.
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