Huang Zongxi was a great Confucian in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, who had in-depth research in the fields of classics, history, geography, astronomical calendar, education, etc., and achieved a very high attainment, and his advanced thinking and advanced thinking, the democratic ideas he put forward shocked the ancient and modern, and was praised by posterity as the "father of Chinese ideological enlightenment". What is unexpected is that this learned Confucian is bold and courageous, heroic and righteous, and is a lord who dares to face the enemy, and has deduced many wonderful legendary stories.
Huang Zongxi was a native of Yuyao County, Shaoxing Province, Zhejiang Province, in the late Ming Dynasty, and was born in a scholarly mendi. His father, Huang Zunsu, was a jinshi during the Wanli Dynasty, and when Zhu Youxiao, the "carpenter emperor" of the Apocalypse Dynasty, was in power, he was promoted to inspector of imperial history. Zhu Youxiao was addicted to carpentry work, and the grand eunuch Wei Zhongxian controlled the government, and he formed a party for personal gain and acted recklessly, causing the people's resentment to boil. As a member of the Donglin Party, Huang Zunsu was not afraid of the castration party, and repeatedly folded bullets to impeach the castration party for crimes, angered Wei Zhongxian, instigated people to frame him into prison, and finally committed suicide in the rain. At the same time as him, he suffered six other Donglin Party members, who were known as the "Seven Gentlemen of Donglin".
When Huang Zunsu died, Huang Zongxi was only 17 years old, and the fire of revenge for his father was burning in his heart. Fortunately, he did not suppress it for too long, and the year after his father's death, the Emperor of The Apocalypse died, the Chongzhen Emperor took the throne, and soon began to liquidate the crimes of castration, and Wei Zhongxian committed suicide in fear of sin. The 19-year-old Huang Zongxi went to Beijing to seek revenge on behalf of his father, and wrote to the imperial court, requesting that Xu Xianchun, Cui Yingyuan, Li Shi and other castrated party remnants be killed, all of whom were the direct murderers of the "Seven Gentlemen of Donglin". In May of that year, the Ministry of Punishment interrogated Xu Xianchun, Cui Yingyuan and others, and Huang Zongxi testified in court.
He hid an iron cone in his sleeve, and when no one was prepared, he used the iron cone to stab Xu Xianchun, the "great secret agent" of the Jinyi guard, and stabbed him to the point that he was bleeding and begging for forgiveness. Then Huang Zongxi beat up another "big spy" Cui Yingyuan, ripped off one of his beards, and took him to his father's spirit to burn the memorial. Later, Xu Xianchun, Cui Yingyuan and others were all killed by the imperial court, and Huang Zunsu was wronged and revenge. The feats of the scholar Huang Zongxi in avenging his father and making a big fuss about the punishment department spread all over the world, and he was known as "Yao Jiang Huang Xiaozi", and the Chongzhen Emperor also praised him as "the lone son of a loyal subject".
Stills of the Chongzhen Emperor
Huang Zongxi, who became famous in one fell swoop, buried his head in hard reading after returning to his hometown, and had to meet his mentor Liu Zongzhou. Liu Zongzhou was the last Confucian master of the Ming Dynasty, with profound knowledge and good character, and Huang Zongxi followed him and made rapid progress. Within a few years, it was famous in Jiangnan. In the last years of Chongzhen, the situation was critical, the government was in turmoil, and the literati who had no skills and no way to serve the country liked to form associations for warmth. In 1630, Huang Zongxi, by chance, joined the Fu Society, known as "Xiao Donglin". He contacted a group of literati and collectively denounced Wei Zhongxian's lackey Ruan Dacheng. Ruan Dacheng helped Wei Zhongxian to do many bad things in those years, and after Wei fell, Ruan Dacheng became a righteous gentleman and was not prosecuted. Huang Zongxi, Gu Gao, and others jointly signed and published the "Nandu Anti-Disorder Public Disclosure", exposing the face of Ruan Dacheng's hypocrites. This incident made Ruan Dacheng hate Huang Zongxi to the bone.
Wei Zhongxian stills
Although Huang Zongxi joined the Fu Society, he also knew that a group of people in the society who were lowly skilled, sat and talked, and attacked each other could not save Daming. He became rarely involved in the revival of the society, nor was he invited by Zhou Yanru, the first assistant of the cabinet, to serve as an official in the capital. He already had a vague feeling that "it was going to change." Sure enough, less than two years after he returned to his hometown, Li Zicheng's rebel army invaded Beijing, the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on the coal mountain, and the Ming Dynasty fell. In May 1644, the Hongguang regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty was established, and Ruan Dacheng regained power and began to seek revenge on the Donglin Party, and Huang Zongxi was arrested and imprisoned. Not long after, the Qing army captured Nanjing, the Hongguang regime collapsed, and Huang Zongxi took advantage of the chaos to escape and fled back to his hometown of Yuyao.
If Huang Zongxi's life has a watershed, then the death of his teacher Liu Zongzhou is a trigger point. In 1645, when the Qing army captured Hangzhou, the Qing court admired Liu Zongzhou's prestige and invited him to go out to the mountains to become an official. However, Liu Zongzhou resolutely refused ShiQing, and in order to show his heart, he actually went on a hunger strike and died. The death of Enshi deeply touched Huang Zongxi, turning him from a speech faction into an action faction. Together with his younger brother Huang Zongyan, he sold his property, recruited soldiers, and defected to the regime of the Southern Ming Lu King to confront the advancing Qing army. However, due to the disparity in strength, he was repeatedly defeated. In a hurry, Huang Zongxi, Ruan Mei, Feng Jingdi and others crossed East to Nagasaki Island, hoping to borrow troops from the Japanese state to compete with the Qing army. Unfortunately, this "whimsical idea" failed to achieve his wishes, and he had to secretly return to his hometown to live in seclusion.
For some time after that, Huang Zongxi was wanted by the Qing court, hiding in Tibet, it was difficult to live in peace, and there were disasters in his family, and several relatives died one after another, and his life fell into difficulties. It was not until the anti-Qing movement in various places came to an end and the small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty collapsed that Huang Zongxi, who was more than half a hundred years old, ended his "ranger" career and studied and lectured at the Dragon and Tiger Grass Hall in Hua'an Mountain in his hometown. Huang Zongxi was able to have a peaceful place in his later years, thanks to the gentle policies of the Shunzhi and Kangxi dynasties towards the Great Confucian, after all, the Manchu Qing was a "barbarian" in the eyes of many Han People, and they urgently wanted to recruit some Big Confucians to decorate the façade, and also wanted to use this to attract readers. Like Huang Zongxi, a great Confucian who was unwilling to be Clean, and who was willing to study and do learning in his old age, the Qing court estimated that he had acquiesced to his life ambitions, and it was good that the two sides were at peace, otherwise Huang Zongxi could not have died well.
Huang Zongxi, who was living in seclusion on Hua'an Mountain, sat and watched Yun Cirrus Yun Shu, entering a state of transcendent being a master. He devoted himself to study and diligently wrote such works as "Ming Yi to be Visited", "Yi Xue Xiang Number Theory", "Ming Confucian Study Case", "Liu Shu", "Present Water Classic", "Datong Calendar Pushing Method", "Siming Mountain Zhi" and other works, leaving valuable wealth for future generations. More than 300 years ago, he put forward the democratic idea of "the world is the mainstay, the king is the guest", advocating that the "law of the world" replace the emperor's "law of one family" with the "law of the world", thereby restricting the power of the monarch and ensuring the basic rights of the people. Such political ideals broke the earth and played an extremely important role in promoting the struggle of the benevolent people against the feudal monarchy in modern times. He was also known as the "father of Chinese ideological enlightenment", together with Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi, he was called "the three major thinkers of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties".
On August 12, 1695, at the age of 85, Huang Zongxi died of illness at home. In accordance with his will, his family carried him to a "naked burial", carrying his body in a brown tent to the grave he had built long ago and placing it on a stone bed. There are no coffins, no Buddhist deeds, no seven sevens, no scenes of chanting sutras to summon souls, burning paper to pay tribute... Huang Zongxi, a young hero, a middle-aged vicissitudes, and an elderly and wise man, quietly walked away, leaving behind his immortal thoughts.
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