Clinically, I've seen cases of antibiotic abuse that have left no cure at the end, far more than one or two. Some patients are resistant to several types of existing antibiotics, penicillin cephalosporin, macrocyclic lipids, aminoglycosides, quinolones, carbapenems, etc., and multi-drug resistant bacteria are produced in the body, all antibiotics can not kill infectious bacteria, and finally die due to ineffective anti-infection.
Amoxicillin, cephalosporin and other antibiotics are very common in daily life, and some homes are even used as family essentials, taking the most common colds, whether it is fever, cough, or nasal congestion, headache, you have to eat a few amoxicillin, feel better faster.
In fact, colds are also called upper respiratory tract infections, almost all of which are caused by respiratory viruses, and eating amoxicillin and cephalosporin is useless, and it will also cause antibiotic abuse. For colds, people with slightly better resistance will heal themselves without taking medicine, and people with slightly weaker resistance can choose to take antiviral drugs, such as broad-spectrum ribavirin, morpholine, or choose proprietary Chinese medicine four seasons antiviral oral solution.
The reason why there has always been a phenomenon of antibiotic abuse is due to long-term awareness, which mistakenly confuses antibiotics such as amoxicillin and cephalosporin with anti-inflammatory drugs.
Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs can not be equated, because inflammation is infectious and non-infectious, if it is infectious inflammation, such as purulent tonsillitis, lobular pneumonia, etc., it is possible to use antibiotics. However, it is not recommended to take antibiotics such as amoxicillin and cephalosporin at home without authorization, because it is not necessarily effective, and it will also cause antibiotic abuse and bring serious consequences. Because bacterial infection is very complicated, it is necessary to comprehensively determine what bacterial infection may be based on the patient's physical basic situation, infection site, historical medication, etc., and only in a targeted manner can it effectively resist infection. Hospital blood routines, bacterial cultures, and susceptibility tests are all for more accurate screening of pathogenic bacteria types, and for more accurate selection of antibiotics. It can be seen that the choice of antibiotics is a very systematic and precise operation process.
Looking at non-infectious inflammation, such as: arthritis, frozen shoulder, herpetic angina, etc., non-infectious inflammation directly does not have a pointer with antibiotics. Similarly, instead of infectious inflammation, the use of antibiotics is not only ineffective, but also causes antibiotic abuse with serious consequences.
Today, take the common amoxicillin and cephalosporin as examples to talk about why antibiotics cannot be abused. In terms of antimicrobial spectrum, amoxicillin and cephalosporin are very different. In fact, amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic, but penicillin is naturally formed, while amoxicillin is semi-synthetic penicillin.
Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that, as the name suggests, has a very wide range of antimicrobials and kills infections caused by sensitive gram-positive bacteria (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus, Listeria spp., and Staphylococcus penicillinase-free), as well as sensitive gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Gonococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella). It can treat tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and infections of the ear, nose, throat, skin, urethra, etc.
Relatively speaking, cephalosporin is not so broad-spectrum, because cephalosporin has a division of labor, cephalosporin is divided into cephalosporin generation, cephalosporin ii generation, cephalosporin iii generation, cephalosporin ivy generation, cephalosporin five generations.
The first generation of cephalosporins mainly acts on Gram-positive cocci, which has a strong effect on purulent infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus, and can effectively treat skin soft tissue purulent infections, commonly including cefazoline, cefotiam and so on.
Compared with the first generation of cephalosporin, the effect on gram-positive bacteria in the second generation is slightly weakened, but the antibacterial effect on gram-negative bacteria is enhanced.
It is often used to treat respiratory tract, biliary tract, intestinal urinary tract and soft tissue, bone and joint, obstetric and gynecological infections, such as cefuroxime and so on.
The third generation of cephalosporin is more active against gram-negative bacteria, and the effect on gram-positive bacteria is not as good as the first and second generations, and the common ones are ceftazidime and cefoperazone. Clinically, it is mainly used for serious infections caused by sensitive bacteria such as urinary tract, respiratory tract, meningitis, sepsis and other infections.
The fourth and fifth generations of cephalosporins are relatively comprehensive antibiotics, but they are generally not commonly used, unless they encounter other antibiotics that are not effective enough, and are generally used for more complex infections!
Next, let's talk about the most important content today, the adverse consequences caused by antibiotic abuse.
When introducing the antibacterial spectrum of the broad-spectrum antibiotic amoxicillin earlier, you may notice three words "sensitive" xx bacteria, indicating that some bacteria are obviously within the antibacterial spectrum of amoxicillin, but they are not sensitive, so amoxicillin is useless to it, this is the phenomenon of drug resistance, this phenomenon is actually very deadly, it can be imagined that the antibiotics that were useful for bacteria are now useless, and in the end we are not at all capable of fighting back on bacteria and letting them be slaughtered. In recent years, the world, countries and governments at all levels have been vigorously curbing antibiotic abuse.
So how does antibiotic resistance arise? In fact, the most direct cause is the abuse of antibiotics. I don't know if you have this feeling, it used to be very effective when I was young with penicillin, and the medicine was eliminated! But penicillin is hardly used now, why? Because it has no effect, most of the vegetarian bacteria are already resistant to penicillin.
So how do you stop the abuse of antibiotics?
1. Do not use antibiotics without authorization, suspect that you are infected must go to the hospital or clinic to let a professional doctor to judge which bacterial infection is most likely, and choose narrow-spectrum antibiotics targeted anti-infection, rather than using a broad spectrum like casting a net, killing probiotics that should not be killed, but also increasing the contact opportunity between antibiotics and unrelated bacteria, so that unrelated bacteria become resistant, and the next time they are using this antibiotic to sterilize, it has no effect on it.
2. Especially do not use antibiotics when there is no bacterial infection, not only useless, but also will produce toxic side effects, such as cephalosporin generation kidney toxicity is very strong, gentamicin, amikacin and other aminoglycosides on the ear, liver is very toxic, which is also the reason why many people are deaf in those years, but the most deadly is still the production of drug-resistant bacteria.
Imagine, to the extreme, that if antibiotic abuse is not effectively curbed and all bacteria become resistant, humans will eventually become drug-free. There is no cure...