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When it comes to Indonesian coffee, the average person immediately thinks of musk cat coffee (cat coffee), and the charming flavor was once listed by Forbes as the most expensive coffee in the world. It is not known that musk cat coffee was a sacred product of the Dutch rule in Batavia (now Jakarta), when the indigenous people picked up wild musk cat feces coffee and hid it without turning it in, they would be locked up for 1-2 weeks.
Musk cat coffee originated from the era of Dutch rule Indonesian people can not drink coffee
Such a delicious discovery is actually a history of colonial blood and tears. After the Dutch took control of Indonesia, in addition to preventing Indonesians from growing their original local crops to survive, they forced Indonesians to switch to a high-value crop: coffee. However, the Dutch also did not allow Indonesians to steal coffee themselves, so hungry Indonesians had to pick up coffee beans left in the feces of musk cats and boil them to drink. Later, the Dutch also discovered this matter, and strictly forbade Indonesians to pick up private treasures and hand them all over.
The Dutch imported Indonesian coffee from India
Coffee was officially a cash crop from Ethiopia in Africa to Yemen on the Abel Peninsula, to India around 1600, and to Ceylon in 1658, where it has not been a good harvest. It was not until 1696 that the Dutch governor sent a batch of Arabica coffee seedlings from Yemen to Batavila (now Jakarta) in Malabar, the Dutch governor. This batch of bean seedlings died because of flooding and no disease. In 1699 a second batch of bean seedlings was sent, where the coffee trees flourished, domesticated into Java varieties, and in 1711 the first seedlings were exported to the European Dutch East India Company (Dutch abbreviation VOC Vereeningde Oost-Indische, founded in 1602).
Java coffee grown in Indonesia, within 10 years, exports increased to 60 tons / year. Indonesia was the first country outside Yemen and Ethiopia to grow coffee extensively. Coffee was monopolized by VOCs for more than 60 years (1725 to 1780).
Indonesian coffee is shipped from batavian ports to Europe.
In 397 AD, the then King Purnawarman built the port of Kelapa (Sunda Kelapa), the port of Sunda Kelapa, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River. At that time, Kelapa Harbor was full of merchant ships from Europe, China, India and the entire Indonesian archipelago, carrying precious nutmeg, peppers, tea, coffee, ceramics, cloth and other exotic products.
Batavia was established in 1619 as a typical colonial castle town, combining European planning with local traditions that in turn are derived from the characteristics of indigenous port towns. In this town, founded and run by the Dutch East India Company, an astonishing amount of space was used as a warehouse and a dock.
Java is the junction of New World coffee and Old World coffee
Early in the dutch reign, Arabica Tipica coffee beans were grown, and coffee seeds were introduced from the island of Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). In the 17th century, the Dutch colonial government originally cultivated coffee in Batavia, extending south to Sukabumi. It also spread to Java in central East Java, parts of West Java and Sumatra and Sulawesi, and opened the marketing of coffee nobility. The coffee trees of java were exported to the Netherlands in 1711, cultivated in the greenhouses of Amsterdam, and sent to the Palace of Versailles in France in 1715, after which the Netherlands and France spread coffee to Asia and the Americas, which is the New World Coffee.
Batavia: Queen of the East
In the 18th century, coffee shipped from Batavia to Amsterdam sold for 3 guilders per kilogram. The per capita annual income in the Netherlands at that time was only 200 to 400 guilders, which is equivalent to hundreds of dollars per kilogram today. At the end of the 18th century, the price fell to 0.6 guilders per kilogram, as coffee drinkers spread from the social elite to the general public.
Coffee has played an important role in economic growth in Indonesia's colonial history. Indonesia is located in a very ideal coffee growing belt. The whole country is suitable for the growth of coffee regardless of latitude and longitude, and the environment for growing coffee is quite complex with the microclimate, which is currently the place with the most unique varieties of coffee in the world.
The coffee trade at that time was a very lucrative business practice, but the peasants' production was far less than the Indonesian colonial government demanded. Theoretically, the production of exported crops could be used as cash as a tax payment for Javanese villagers. Known in the Netherlands as Culturstelsel (ecosystem), it also contains spices and a variety of other tropical cash crops, while coffee cultivation was promoted in the Prestiger region of West Java. Unfortunately, the price of cash crops set by the government is too low, and farmers prefer to cultivate rice, making it extremely difficult to promote coffee cultivation.
In 1860, a Dutch colonial official, Edward Decker, Douwes, wrote a book called Max Havelaar and the Dutch Trading Company at the Coffee Auction, which exposed the exploitation of coffee farmers by corrupt and greedy officials. This book changes public opinion in the Netherlands about the "ecosystem". The name Max Haveriaar also became the name of the first Fair Trade organization.
In the late nineteenth century, Dutch colonists established large coffee plantations on the Ijen Plateau in the eastern part of java. In the 1920s smallholder farmers throughout Indonesia began growing coffee as an economic crop. However, the disaster occurred in 1876 when coffee leaf rust swept across Indonesia, destroying most of the Typica variety. In 1900, the Robusta tree species was introduced and widely cultivated in East Java as an alternative, especially at low altitudes.
ICCRI corporations are nationalized
In the late 1880s, most of the coffee plantations were destroyed by insect pests, and the plague spread to parts of Java in central and eastern Java. At the beginning of the 20th century, Arabica coffee was severely damaged by leaf rust, destroying most of the Dutch coffee variety system, so in 1911 the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Institute (ICCRI) was established, continuing the knowledge base of coffee trees and cocoa cultivation introduced by the Dutch in the 16th century.
ICCRI pioneered the Coffee and Cocoa Research Initiative, which has a national mandate to carry out coffee and cocoa research activities to produce innovative technologies applicable to the farm-to-coffee and cocoa processing sector. The degree of expertise goes far beyond the SCAA Association and is an international research institution recognized worldwide.
ICCRI serves coffee and cocoa farmers and aims to address persistent problems and enhance technology transfer. It consists of more than 300 employees and involves 3 main responsibilities, research and service, business and support staff. There are 36 researchers, including 12 PhDs, 7 masters and 17 specialist university researchers. The researchers were grouped into 11 principal research scientists, 9 research scientists, 11 associate scientists and 5 assistant scientists. And provide relevant data and information to smallholder farmers, private and real estate companies, national and regional governments, associations and other stakeholders.
Java Coffee is nationalized on separate estates and heavily stacked with new Varieties of Arabica coffee beans, which are handed over to smallholder farmers through government and various development projects.
More than 90% of Indonesia's coffee is grown on small farms with less than 1 hectare of per capita cultivation area. Most of the production is organically grown, with 19 farmers' cooperatives and exporters obtaining internationally certified market organic coffee. There are more than 20 Arabica coffee varieties that are commercially grown in Indonesia. It can be roughly divided into six categories:
TYPICA is an original variety introduced from the Netherlands. Most of TYPICA was destroyed in the late 1880s by coffee leaf rust that swept across Indonesia. However, the TYPICA mutant varieties of Bergandal and Sidikalang can still be found at high altitudes in Sumatra.
H ibrido de Timor (HDT), also known as "Tim Tim, Tim Tim", is a hybrid of Arabica and Robusta. It seems to be a single-product coffee variant from 1917-18 years, planted in Aceh in 1979.
Linie S: This strain originally evolved from bourbon in India. The most common are S-288 and S-795, which are often found in the provinces of Aceh, Flores, Lindon.
Ethiopian lines, which include Ramboung and Abyssinia, are varieties that were brought to Java in 1928. Has been grown in Aceh. Another group of Ethiopian variants was found in Sumatra and was introduced to Indonesia in the 1950s, called the "USDA."
Caturra Varieties: Caturra is a bourbon mutation of coffee that originated in Brazil.
Catimor: Cross-breeding for Arabica and Robusta to enhance flavor. There are many types of Catimors, including the name "Ateng-Jaluk", which is currently being studied to see if the variety is suitable for cultivation in Aceh and can achieve excellent cupping results.
Characteristic processing: Indonesian coffee is known for its very characteristic "wet planing method" wet-hulled, known locally as Gilling Basah, and the drying method in coffee processing varies depending on the situation. All coffee beans to be exported from Indonesia must be first screened by machines, and finally the defective beans are manually picked out and graded.
Resources:
1)De Landbouw in de Indische Archipel/published under the editorship of C.J.J.van Hall and C.van de Koppel,'s-Gravenhage[The Hague,N.V.]:Uitgeverij W.Van Hoeve,1946-50.
2)A Review of Coffee Literature in Indonesia,published by Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Turrialba,Costa Rica/Cramer,P.J.S.(1957)
3)Coffee(Indonesia):1900 to present:East and Southeast Asia.In A.Stanton,E.Ramsamy,P.Seybolt,&C.Elliott(Eds.),Cultural sociology of the Middle East,Asia,&Africa:An encyclopedia. (pp. III240-III242). Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE Publications,Inc./Neilson,J.(2012).
4) Jakarta in dutch times/zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Jakarta/Encyclopedia
5)Agronomic description of coffee culture in the southern Toradja countries Communications of the Division agriculture No.11.,Department of Agriculture,Industry and Trade,Batavia./Paerels,B.H.(1927).
6)Global private regulation and value-chain restructuring in Indonesian smallholder coffee systems"./Neilson,J(2008)."
7)ICCRI/http://iccri.net/
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