The state of Ren mentioned in the "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" is actually a full country

The state of Ren mentioned in the "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" is actually a full country

Zhang Wanfu

Because the Eastern Jin Dynasty Chang Xuan had the words "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" in the "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi": "The elders of Tangqu County said that The Tangqu Cover is the old state of The Land", thus, "The State of Gong" turned out to be a world. However, after carefully studying the relevant historical materials, people found that the "State of Qi" mentioned by Chang Xuan here is actually the "Chongguo" that was once built in Langzhong.

(1) During the Qin Dynasty, the world was unified, the qin was strong, and how the people of Qin were able to establish a country in the canal

"賨人" is a specific name given to some of the Snake People who enjoyed special tax treatment from the imperial court during the Qin and Han Dynasties.

According to legend, the Chongren who had earlier lived in the northeastern part of the Sichuan Basin and around the Yushui (present-day Langzhong and Jialing Rivers in Quxian County) had always been a clan under the command of Xuan You in the Yanhuang era. Due to the defeat and demise of Xuan You in the battle for supremacy with the Second Emperor of Yanhuang, all the tribes under his command were merged into the Yanhuang tribe.

In the first summer, the Ba people, who originated from Jingchu, went up the Yangtze River and established their own slave state in the area of present-day Daba Mountain. Later, he joined the Xia Dynasty and became one of the princely states.

At this time, the Chongren, who lived in the Yushui area, as one of the members of the Xia tribal alliance, were the oldest tribes in the northeast of the basin. In the history of many major conquests of dynastic succession, the revered people are invincible, brave and good at war, and have become the world-famous brave warriors.

The revered people of Langzhong have different names in different historical periods. During the Yanhuang period, they were called Puren; during the Xia Shang Period, they were called Chongren; when King Wu of Zhou destroyed The People, because these descendants of Chongren used a shield called "Pengpai" in battle, they were also called "Ban Yan Man".

After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou had long been integrated with the Chongren as his sub-kingdom, and the capital was located in Jiangzhou.

The descendants of the Chongren in the northeast of the basin, although they have long been integrated with the Ba people of Jiangzhou, are also known as the Ba people. But the totems they worship are different. The Ba people in the Jiangzhou area use the white tiger as a totem; the Ba people in the Langzhong area use the dragon and snake as the totem. Within the Ba clique, the Huba are dominant and the Sheba are enslaved. In order to get rid of the control of the Ba people in Jiangzhou, the Snake Ba people separated from the Ba state in 588 BC and established themselves as "Chongguo". In order to suppress chongguo, for more than 270 years, the Ba people of Jiangzhou have been suppressing Chongguo. It was not until the third year of King Shenliang of Zhou (316 BC) that the Ba people used the power of the Qin to destroy the Chongguo. Since then, the SnakeBa people and the Huba people have formed a feud. In the fifth year of King Shenliang of Zhou (314 BC), when King Huiwen of Qin ordered the general Sima Guo to suppress the State of Ba with his bare hands, for more than thirty years, when the Huba people had been resisting the rule of the Qin people, the Snake Ba people did not cooperate with them to resist the rule of the Qin people, but instead cooperated with the Qin people to attack the Huba people.

The Tang Dynasty Lu Qiu said in the "Preface to the Records of Chengdu": Qin "When the king of Zhaoxiang was in trouble, there were white tigers, and the soul of Gai Liujun was also." The "white tiger" mentioned here is not a real tiger, but an armed rebellion of the Huba people. King Zhaoxiang of Qin adopted the strategy of "using Yi to control Yi", taking advantage of the contradiction between Huba and SnakeBa to recruit the SnakePa people in Langzhong and quell the huba people's uprising.

Since then, the Snake Ba people have been highly trusted by the King of Qin. In 308 BC and 280 BC, Sima Cuo's two chu commanders were mostly snake-based people from the northeastern part of the basin. In the battle against Chu Qianzhong, the two armies of Qin and Chu came and went, fighting repeatedly. During the battle, the tenacious style of the Snake Ba people who were brave and good at war was once again fully demonstrated, and finally the Qin army completely occupied Qianzhong. These performances of the Snake Ba people were highly appreciated by the King of Qin. After that, in terms of merit and reward, the King of Qin gave the meritorious Snake Ba people the preferential treatment of paying only one-third of the tax per year per mouth. Northern Wei Cui Hong said in the "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms": "Qin and the world, thinking that Qianzhong County, Bo gave his people, the mouth of the age of forty, the Ba people said to be endowed as a bribe, so because of the name."

After the fall of Qin, when Gaozu Liu Bang was fighting with Xiang Yu, the king of Chu, the Langzhong man Fan Mu led the seven Ba people surnamed Luo, Pu, Zan, E, Du, Xi, and Gong, and in August 206 BC, quietly marched west along the Han River, until Baishui suddenly turned north, passed through the Starry Night, crossed the Great Scattered Pass, crossed the WeiShui River to Chen Cang, west of Yongcheng, attacked the Three Qins, and made a contribution to the Han Dynasty's seizure of the world. To this end, Gaozu Liu Bang compared the preferential tax treatment given by the King of Qin to the Snake Ba people in those years, and also levied forty yuan per mouth per year. That is, one hundred and twenty dollars per port per year is levied on other areas. For the "Seven Barbarians" warriors and descendants of Langzhong, only forty dollars per mouth were taxed every year. This kind of taxation is called "giving".

Why is it called "賨" endowment and not something else? It is because there was an ethnic group called "Chong" that the taxes they paid were called "money" and "money". The name of this "賨" originated from the Xia Chongren in ancient times. Over time, people will call some of the snake people who enjoy this tax treatment "slingers".

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Book of Jin Zhongxing also said: "Thin its taxes, people pay 40, the Ba people call it a gift, so because of the name", clearly telling posterity, it is precisely for this reason that there is the title of "Fortune Teller".

The Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen, in his "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts", also said that "賨" is: "Southern Barbarian Endowment". And the "southern barbarian, snake species" Ba people also.

The "Southern Barbarians" mentioned here are "Snake Breeding Ba People" or "Snake Ba People", and the historical "Snake People" refers to the "Snake Ba People" who enjoy this tax preferential treatment.

At the time of the appearance of the title "Renren", Qin Shi Huang had already merged with the Six Kingdoms. At this time, the world was unified, the qin was dominant, and the people had no conditions to establish their own country in the canal at that time.

(2) The "saying of the state of The State of Fortune" cannot be examined and is really not credible

Since the "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" first opened the "Theory of The State of Fortune", there are many theories of "the Country of Fortune" in later generations. Some people say: "At the time of the Shang Zhou Dynasty, the Qi people took Tangqu County (present-day Qucheng Chengba Village) as the center of their activities, and established the city around the 10th century BC, which was later called the 'capital of the State of Qi', which was the political, economic, military, and cultural center of the Qujiang River Basin from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. ”

I think that such a statement is really not credible.

First, there are no "cultural relics" to examine in the country

If "10th century BC", Tangqu County is the seat of the capital of the state of Ganguo, and is the political, economic and cultural center of the northeast of the basin. Such a capital city, such a "center", how it should also leave a little "cultural heritage".

For example, the earliest capital city in Chinese history - Yindu. Although after the fall of the Shang Dynasty, the city gradually fell into ruins. But there is still evidence for future generations.

Another example is the capital city of Fenghao, which lasted for more than 100 years in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was renamed Chang'an during the Western Han Dynasty. Thirteen later dynasties built their capital here. Today, Chang'an, renamed Xi'an, has become a megacity with a population of more than 10 million in western China.

Another example is the Shu capital chengdu in the basin, and the ba capital Jiangzhou (present-day Chongqing).

Chengdu is the birthplace of ancient Shu civilization, and the Sanxingdui ruins and Jinsha ruins carry the glorious history of the ancient Shu kingdom. Historically, the Shu Han, Chenghan, Former Shu, Later Shu and other regimes successively established capitals here; in ancient times, it has always been the seat of state and county administration of various dynasties. Today, Chengdu is an international megacity.

Jiangzhou, the capital of Pakistan, is also like Chengdu, which is today a megacity directly under the direct administration of the state. In the history of Jiangzhou, since king Wu of Zhou, the sons of Feng Ji were the kings of the Ba kingdom, the land of the Tongba people, and the capital of Jiangzhou was established. At that time, the story of General Ba Manzi staying in the city and being faithful to both sides was highly praised.

If the "Kingdom of Qi" was a country alongside Ba and Shu as early as the tenth century BC. It should also leave a trace of "cultural heritage" to be examined. But the location of this legendary capital city, after thousands of years of development and evolution, is still a small village called Chengba Village, which is really regrettable.

Second, the "theory of the state of The State" contradicts itself, just like a joke

Those who hold the "theory of the kingdom of the country" have two theories:

It is said that in the tenth century BC, the Xian people established their own state in Tangqu County. In 316 BC, Sima Que and Zhang Yi sent troops to attack Shu. After the destruction of Shu, the 'yi greed for the wealth of Ba Tho' was destroyed, and the state of Yi, which had been established for more than 700 years, also collapsed.

The second said: The Chu state was founded by the clan of the Qi surname, which lasted for 74 years. In 388 BC, King Chu sent the clan of Qi to Chengba Village, Tuxi Town, Qu County, to establish the State of Qizi, which was named after the State of Chu.

Both accounts are inconsistent with written sources and contradict themselves.

The people began in the Qin and Han Dynasties. In the tenth century BC, where did the "gamblers" come from? How did the "kingdom" come about?

Secondly, the area around Tangqu County is located in the northeast of the basin. In the middle of the Warring States period, the area was not under the actual control of the Chu state. In the middle of the Chu state to the northeast of the basin lies a Pakistani state. How did the King of Chu divide the land into his vassal states as a clan of the Qi surname?

Therefore, in the Huayang Guozhi Bazhi, "The elders of Tangqu County said that the tangqu cover is the old country" is not credible.

Chang Xuan, the author of the Huayang Guozhi, was born in the last year of the Western Jin Dynasty (c. 291). During the Chenghan Dynasty, Chang Xuan served as a regular attendant on a loose horse. In 347, the Eastern Jin dynasty general Huan Wen (桓文) was a General of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Chang Xuan persuaded the Han Emperor Li Shi to surrender to The Jin Dynasty. After the fall of the Cheng Han Dynasty, Chang Xuan entered the Jin Dynasty, but was discriminated against and despised by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so he focused on the revision of history and compiled the "Huayang Guozhi". Chang Xuan said here: Listen to the elderly: The Canal was once the seat of the ancient state. At this time, according to Qin, nearly 700 years have passed since the destruction of Bashu. When Chang Xuan wrote this passage, he was not very sure! To this end, he said: Listen to the elderly. That is, he did not have rigorous research, etc.

Huayang Guozhi is a twelve-volume book, which is the earliest and most complete local history in China, and an important historical material for the study of mountains, rivers, history, people, and folklore in southwest China. However, in writing such books, the ancients were limited by a variety of conditions, and there were individual flaws. This alone determines that it is not advisable what country, what city, and where it is.

(3) The State of Ren in the Huayang Guozhi Bazhi is actually a full country

Some people say: Very early on, the bench barbarians (Snake Ba people) established a country in the northeast of the basin, along with the Ba and Shu at that time. When Qin destroyed Bashu, there were three large ethnic or armed forces in the basin: Shu, Ba, and Gansu.

I think: there is such a thing. However, this country, which was juxtaposed with Ba and Shu, was not a state centered on TuxiBa, but a state centered on Langzhong; when Qin destroyed Bashu, the three larger national armed forces in the basin were the three kingdoms of Ba, Shu, and Chong.

In the Neolithic Age, there were ancestors living in Langzhong.

Although the descendants of Fuxi who lived in the Yushui area of Langzhong had different names in different historical periods, they eventually belonged to the Snake Ba people.

After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang, the Sheba people coexisted with the Huba people whose capital was located in Jiangzhou. However, due to the different gods enshrined by the two, the contradictions between them increased day by day, and the cracks deepened day by day, and eventually the Snake Ba people and the Hu Ba people parted ways and established themselves as a country.

Some scholars have verified that chongguo spanned the two periods of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States, the monarch was called "Grand Duke" in the early period, and "King" in the later period, counting fourteen generations, and its sphere of influence in the basin once reached the whole territory of today's Nanchong, southwest of Bazhong, west of Guang'an and parts of southeast Mianyang, which lasted for 271 years.

Book of Poetry Yun: King Wen of Zhou "both cut down in Chong, yi in Feng", which means to build the position of the king's court in the middle of the world.

The Xunzi Sketch also says: "The king will dwell in the world, and the ceremony will also be."

During the Warring States period, the Qi state minister Guan Zhong also said: "The Lord respects the subjects, the superiors and the lows, the pedestrians obey, and the rule is also the best." ”

In the era of feudal despotism, the king was humble and humble; the subjects feared the authority of the king and obeyed the king's decrees, which was the number of rituals set by Zhou Tianzi.

In the area of Yushui in Langzhong, in ancient times, it was the "old nest" of the ancient Pu people; in the pre-Summer period, it was the center of the gathering of the Snake Ba people; when the country existed, it was also the center of power of the Chong king, and the "middle" in Langzhong was born. Historically, some counties and cities around Langzhong were named after them as coordinates. The Northern Song Dynasty's compilation of the geographical chronicle "Huanyu Ji" clearly states that the south "lives in the south of Langzhong, so it is called the south." "Nanchong, because it is in the south of the country, is named Nanchong."

Before and after the emergence of the Chongguo, although there were many small and medium-sized princely states in the basin, the three kingdoms of Ba, Shu and Chong were in the basin, with the largest territory, the strongest strength, and the longest duration. At one time, the basin also formed a situation in which Ba, Shu and Chongxiong stood side by side. The "General History of Sichuan" also says: During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Langzhong was already one of the three largest cities in Southwest Yi, along with Chengdu and Jiangzhou.

For this reason, I say: There is no such thing as a state of interest. The kingdom of Renguo is actually the country of Chengguo. "賨" and "充" are pronounced similarly, and it is entirely possible for people to misread and write "Chongguo" as "賨国".

October 31, 2021