Zhu Guangqian: The imagery and interest of poetry

Poetry is the result of the feeling of the mind in things. There are things that are seen as images, and there are feelings that are interesting in the heart. Unless this image cannot give birth to this emotion, this image must give birth to this emotion. The realm of poetry is a realm of emotional intercourse. This communion is not accidental, it is innate, it must be combined by thought or mind. In Greek, the meaning of "poetry" is "to make", and poetry is to be "made", and this "work" is the use of thought.

Human thought can be roughly divided into two types: one is artistic thinking, which uses specific images; the other is scientific thinking, which uses the concept of drawing images. Imagery is the image of something else imprinted in the mind, and the concept is the commonality of many things of the same kind in the understanding. For example, if the word "tree" can make people think of the image of a particular tree, that is the image of the tree, and it can also make people think of the plant called "tree" in general, which refers to it in general and not specifically. This is the meaning or concept of the tree. The process of human thought evolution is to precede the image and then the concept. In the original countries, the nation and the infant used their ideas to emphasize the image of facts, and civilized the relationship between the people and adults who used their ideas to emphasize everything and all things. We think of "heavy," the original people think of mountains and rocks, we think of "love," and the original people think of "birds feeding chicks." This happens to be the difference between love and reason: imagery is easy to induce emotion, and concept is easy to induce understanding. This is where the difference between poetry and science lies. Science promotes universal truth, based on concepts; poetry creates individual contexts and takes imagery as the basis. Science is the matter of reasoning and understanding, and poetry is the image and the matter of emotion.

Imagery can easily evoke emotions, but it may not necessarily evoke emotions. Looking up, I saw houses, trees, roads, people and horses, etc., all of which imprinted images in my heart, but I was indifferent to them, and they did not move me. If they are dispensable to me, if I do not attach importance to them, they will not have the status of becoming poetry. But these images of common things can also touch a certain kind of my heart, so that I feel joy or sorrow that I cannot feel in other situations, so that I cannot wander and play on it. If I combine the vague and implicit love and the scene with the craftsman's camp, so that it is concrete, clear, and condensed into the language, then it becomes poetry. The ups and downs of chaotic, empty images are only "fancy", and the integration of complete images and complete emotions is "poetic imagination". Poetry is a complete life, in which blood cannot leave the flesh, the form cannot leave the body, and in order to understand the solution, we add analysis to show the three elements of imagery and language that cannot be separated but can be separated. Let us take a short poem as an example to illustrate, such as Li Bai's "Jade Order Complaint": "The jade step is born of white dew, and the night has invaded the socks, but it has gone into the water, and Ling Long looks at the autumn moon." In this poem, what we see at a glance is the language —four sentences and five words. These two crosses have a sound and a meaning. In terms of sound, it has a neat rhythm, and the sound and rhyme are composed into a harmonious sound, which is smooth to read and pleasant to the ear. If carefully played, the music is also very suitable for the mood of the poem. In essence, it writes some images of specific objects, such as "jade steps" and "white dew". These images can be understood individually with sensory awareness. The sense of warmth is most prominent in this poem, and many images make people feel "cold". Secondly, visual sense, jade steps, white dew, water essence curtains, autumn moons, etc. all have visible forms and colors. The four verbs of "raw", "invading", "down", and "looking" can be used to move the sense of muscle and flesh." Raw white dew" and "sewer curtain" may also have audible sounds. Images that are not cluttered together cannot be written into poetry. Many of the images here are produced towards a total effect, and they merge into one, forming a complete realm that can be seen as a painting or a play. In this play, there is a main character, a lonely girl; a scene of quite a magnificent backdrop, a house with jade steps hanging with water crystal curtains; a very cold atmosphere, white dew, Late night, water crystal, autumn moon; a very vivid drama, a lonely girl pregnant with people do not sleep, wandering on the jade curtain until the late night, wait until the white dew wet the socks, cold and cold, before putting down the water crystal curtain, After entering the room, I still refused to sleep, and a person was looking at the beautiful autumn moon. If we look into her heart, the drama there is even more tense and lively. Behind the curtain, it is obvious that there is also a boy who has not yet come out of the stage, and she and him have had an intriguing marriage in the past, but the situation has changed now, but he has gone, leaving her alone to relive the memories of the past. Sentimental today's desolation, sorrow for the clutches of the coming days, and the white dew and autumn moon are so cold and lovely. This cut becomes an animated realm, a complete image. If we cannot see the situation at a glance, no one will understand the poem; but if we can only see it at a glance and be indifferent, we will not be happy. Without it, it is not enough to understand the depth of this poem. The poet was going to use this complete image to convey what he called the "jade grievance," and we must understand the meaning of this "grievance" before we can understand this poem. Emotions are not purely intellectible. Understanding the "feeling" is bound to "feel" the feeling. We must be in a place where we are, in small form, and in a flash we must abandon ourselves and become the lonely woman in the poem, who will personally receive the twists and turns of her state of mind and live the same inner life as her. All poetry must be "sympathetic understanding", and empathy can never be understood, and the purpose and function of the poem can be achieved.

What is the relationship between image and emotion here? Strictly speaking, they are not two things, but there is emotion in the image, and the interest is expressed in the image. For example, the title of this poem is "Jade Order Grievance", but the whole poem does not have a word "grievance", but every sentence is written with resentment. All words that express (and do not express) emotions, such as "sorrow," "joy," "love," "resentment," "excitement," and "sorrow," are very vague and empty. For example, if you say "joy" to people, "I rejoice," people can only use reason to understand the meaning of this sentence, which is only a concept of drawing images. The situation of joy is different, and the taste of joy is also different. From the predecessors, there is a poem that is like "joy": "Long morning when it is sweet rain, other hometowns are known, the cave house flowers candle night, when the gold list is titled." Although it is not a good poem, it can explain this truth. You only say that you are happy, but you do not say why you are happy, and if you are happy, the specific situation of joy, people do not know whether it is the joy of "a long drought and a sweet rain" or the joy of "other people's hometowns". He has no basis for this, and he cannot understand empathy. I say that this poem is not yet a good poem. Because the four sentences have their own words and a situation, they are casually pieced together, and cannot be seen as a complete image. Moreover, each sentence is only a title, and "If he is happy" has not yet been written, the personality of the poet who wrote it cannot be seen in the poem, so it is still empty. Like Du Fu's "Wen Guanjun Harvests Henan And North": "Outside the sword, it was suddenly rumored that the jibei was harvested, and the first smell of tears filled his clothes." But where is the sorrow of the wife and son? Scrolls of poetry book Ecstasy. Singing songs during the day must indulge in wine, and the spring should be accompanied by good return to the hometown. That is, from the Ba Gorge through the Wu Gorge, it will go down to Xiangyang to Luoyang. When people are left in chaos, they are prepared to return to their hometowns, and the specific situation of the whole situation is as active as it is in the present, and only then can it be a good poem that expresses joy and can arouse the understanding of empathy.

The poem expresses a specific emotion with concrete imagery. Concrete imagery must be an active situation in which one is placed and naturally wants to develop that specific emotion. To create a situation that intrigues emotions, morality is what behavioral theorists call "ditioned reflex." Oh the itch (the condition) and naturally feel the itch (reflection). "For example, drinking water, cold and warm self-knowledge." Talking about cold and warm instead of asking people to drink water themselves, what he understands is not the cold and warm of drinking a certain special smell of water. The poem does not tell people about warmth and coldness, but only asks people to drink water to know that they are cold and warm. Emotions such as cold and warmth, drinking water such as watching imagery.

Life is born and life is endless. The Greeks have a wonderful metaphor for "pumping the rapids of the foot and then inserting the water that is no longer the former water.". The context and mood of each poem is only alive, concrete, and therefore special, "unique only." There are many daughters in the world who have sorrows and grievances because they are lonely, but each has a historical background, each has its own embrace, and the sorrows and grievances cannot be completely the same. The Jade Order Grievance is the kind of resentment that can only be written in the twenty words written by Li Bai. Change a situation, change a statement, and the meaning will completely change. From this, it can be seen that the poem cannot be translated, but cannot be interpreted in another language. The poem itself is the only and most appropriate interpretation of it. If it is still a poem, it must be another poem, and it cannot replace the original.

Poetry is an experience and play with life. Emotionless (which is tantamount to saying that there is no life) cannot have poetry, and those who have emotions do not necessarily have poetry. Many people think of themselves as "poetic" and owe only a show of what they want. In fact, "poetry" is still an illusion, and at best it is only a vague and implicit germ. For it to truly become poetry, it must be made clear through the experience of craftsmanship. This clarity is the concrete emotion that is seen in the concrete image. The English poet Wordsworth said it well, the poem begins with "emotions recollected in tranquillity". Feeling emotions is a matter of actual human life, and feelings of retribution is an artistic matter. Feeling is capable people, and echoing is being able to come out. From feeling to echoing is to jump from the position of the self to the position of the bystander, from the hot vibration to the cold observation. In this moment of taste, emotions have been thought together in relation to the realm of emotions, and they have more or less been transformed into images. It is in this remembrance that the whole body of the situation and the situation has been melted and refined, and has been implicitly reduced to a clear certainty. Therefore, this taste is what critics call "creative ideas."

If we call the raw and natural emotions that we originally felt as the first emotion, and the emotions that arise back to taste the feelings called the second emotion. Their distinction can be judged in this way: the first degree of emotion is like a flood of water dragging mud with water, the second degree of mood is like the water of autumn pond clear and clear to the bottom; the first degree of mood has the sense of pleasure and unhappiness of various degrees of process at the end of the two poles of sorrow and joy, The second degree of emotion, sorrow, joy and sorrow are the same object of appreciation; the first degree of emotion arises from a specific situation and the specific situation cannot be reflected in the consciousness, and the consciousness is completely blocked by the situation. The second degree of emotion, connected with the specific situation from which it arises, is at the same time clearly reflected in the consciousness and is a realm of emotional intermingling. In short, the first degree of emotion is human life and nature; the second degree of emotion is imagination and art. Art borrows from nature, but it is also detached from nature. It is an ideal world based on nature and built outside. It is realistic, and it is realistic, and it is theoretical and transcendent. It is a reflection of human life and a complement to human life.

The reason why ordinary people have interest and no poetry is that there is nature but no art. There is a feeling but no return, can go in but not out. Emotions are separated from the image and hang alone in the air. All poems must go through the stage of feeling and penetrate into the "self-self"; all poems must also go through the stage of repercussions, jump out of the trap of "self-self", and obtain an image that can be observed. All poems must be subjective and objective at the same time. Neither purely subjective poetry nor purely objective poetry can exist. There is a solid distinction between things and me, and poems are either written about personal feelings or about contemplating things. Ordinary people call the former subjective and the latter objective. The experience of its actual writing of the subject must be able to come out, and the experience of writing the objective must be able to be able. One turns the Lord into an object, and the other transforms an object into a Master, which is the same as the opposite. Compared with Ban Jie, she is good at writing "Complaint Song Line" to write about herself, but she is "painfully thinking about pain", and she treats her own life as a drama to watch, only to see that she herself is just like a fan in the autumn wind. The image of this fan shows her emotions. Li Bai wrote "Jade Ladder Grievances" to write about the bystanders, but he must also personally receive the feelings of the lonely girl in his imagination before he can understand that her "grievances" originate from such a situation. There is such a smell.

Nietzsche discusses the Greek tragedy, saying that it arose from the meeting of two spirits, Apollo (the god of the sun, symbolic contemplation) and Dionysus (dionysus, symbolizing the change of life). These two spirits are completely opposite, and the Greeks were able to integrate them into tragedy, to transform the changing life into a beautiful image, and it was in this image that the suffering of life was liberated. Nietzsche thought this was the highest achievement of Herod Wisdom. In fact, not only in tragedy, but also in all poetry, the mood is moving, subjective, emotional, Dionysus, and the imagery is static, objective, resembling, Apollo. These two opposite spirits are the same, so that there is poetry. Only Dionysus's uninhabited change (life) is not enough, and this change must be cast in Apollo's mirror (contemplation) to appear. So the god of poetry is Apollo.