In the early morning of April 26, 1986, a violent explosion occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, 130 kilometers north of Kiev, the capital of the Ukrainian Republic of the Ussr union, destroying the building of the reactor engine room, and at the same time a fire broke out, a large amount of radioactive material from the reactor was leaked out, and the surrounding environment was seriously polluted, causing the worst accident in the history of nuclear power so far. At the same time, the loud explosion of the nuclear power plant brought everything to zero and turned all soviet plans and ambitions about nuclear energy into a bubble.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > explosion</h1>
On April 26, 1986, at 1:23:47 a.m. local time, the nuclear reactor power of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant surged massively and catastrophically, causing a steam explosion, tearing the reactor's top, exposing the core, and emitting a large number of radioactive particles and gaseous debris (cesium-137 and strontium-90), exposing the air (oxygen) to 1,700 tons of flammable graphite moderators in the ultra-high temperature core; the burning graphite moderator accelerated the leakage of radioactive particles. The radioactive particles then crossed the border with the wind.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > the cause of the explosion</h1>
There are two conflicting official explanations for the cause of the accident. The first was announced in August 1986, completely shifting the blame for the accident to the operators of the nuclear power plant. The second, published in 1991, suggests that the accident was caused by a design flaw in the pressure-tube graphite slowed boiling water reactor (RBMK), particularly the design of the control rods. Both missions were lobbied by various sources, including reactor designers, Chernobyl nuclear power plant staff and the government.
Another important factor contributing to the accident was that the staff did not receive a report on the reactor problem. According to Anatoli Dyatlov, a staff member, the designers knew that the reactor would be dangerous in some cases, but deliberately concealed it. This situation is caused by the fact that the plant supervisor is basically composed of employees who do not have RBMK qualifications: the factory director V.P. Bryukhanov, who only has training experience and work experience in coal-fired power plants, is basically the supervisor in charge of political warfare, and was not present at the time of the midnight exercise, but the deputy director who led the exercise was a nuclear energy major. His chief engineer, Nikolai Fomin, also comes from a conventional energy plant. Anatoli Dyatlov, deputy chief engineer at Reactors 3 and 4, had only "some experience with small reactors."
The second "Explanation of Defective Design", published by Valeri Legasov in 1991, blamed the accident on defects in the design of the RBMK reactor, in particular due to defects in the control rods. A government commission of inquiry report published in August 1986 noted that the operators had extracted at least 205 control rods from the reactor core (211 for this type of reactor), leaving six, while technical specifications prohibited the use of fewer than 15 control rods in the core area during the operation of the RBMK-1000.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > related losses</h1>
At 1:23 local time on April 26, 1986, a serious leak and explosion occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian Republic of the Soviet Union (originally named after Lenin). The accident resulted in 31 deaths on the spot, tens of thousands of fatal or serious illnesses due to the long-term effects of radioactive materials, and still have the birth of deformed fetuses due to radiation. It was the worst nuclear accident ever recorded. The leaked radioactive dust drifted with the atmosphere to the western part of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Scandinavia in northern Europe. Ukraine, Belarus and Russia are the most polluted, and it is estimated that about 60 per cent of the radioactive material falls on Belarusian soil due to wind direction. The accident caused public concern about the safety of nuclear power plants in the Soviet Union, and the accident indirectly led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Independent countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union, including Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, still devote their money and manpower to the aftermath of the disaster and the health care of their inhabitants every year. The number of people who died directly or indirectly as a result of accidents is difficult to estimate, and the long-term consequences of accidents remain unknown until now.
Immediately after the accident, 203 people were taken to hospital for treatment, of which 31 died, including 28 deaths from excessive radiation. Most of those who died were firefighters and ambulance crews because they were unaware of the dangers of radiation in the wild. In an effort to control the spread of radioactive soot from nuclear power, authorities immediately sent 135,000 people to evacuate their homes, about 50,000 of whom were residents of the town of Pripyat near Chernobyl. The health unit predicts that the proportion of people who receive cancer from 5–12 Ibeck radiation will increase by 2% over the next 70 years. In addition, people have been exposed to radiation and died of cancer as a result of the accident.
By 2006, Greenpeace, based on data from the Belarusian National Academy of Sciences, found that over the past 20 years, more than 90,000 victims of the Chernobyl nuclear accident had totaled and could die at any time. As a result, Greenpeace believes that official statistics are at least 90,000 fewer deaths than those from the Chernobyl nuclear spill, which is 20 times the number of official statistics. There is a lack of theoretical support for Greenpeace's "estimates."
Number of deaths: 93,000
Carcinogenesis: 270,000
Economic loss: 18 billion rubles
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > short-term effects</h1>
The Chernobyl disaster not only polluted the surrounding townships, but it was also able to spread out irregularly with the help of air currents. According to reports by Russian and Western scientists, 60% of the radioactive dust that falls in Russia is in Belarus. A 2006 report by TORCH 2006 indicates that half of the volatile particles fell outside Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. In the vast southern region of Bryansk, Russian Federation, and parts of northern Ukraine, are contaminated with radioactive material.
The radioactive dust leaked from the meltdown of the atomic furnace drifted through Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, as well as parts of Europe, such as Turkey, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Lithuania, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Poland, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Ireland, France (including Corsica) and the United Kingdom. At the time of the earliest accident, it was thought that the Chernobyl nuclear leak came from Sweden rather than Russia.
Soviet authorities began evacuating residents living around the Chernobyl reactor 36 hours after the incident. In May 1986, a month after the incident, about 116,000 residents living within a 30-kilometer radius (equivalent to 18 miles) of the nuclear plant were evacuated to other areas. For this reason, this area is often referred to as the Zone of Alienation. However, the range of radiation can actually spread to more than 30 kilometers away.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > long-term effects</h1>
Experts estimate that it will take at least 800 years to completely eliminate the impact of the catastrophe on the natural environment, while the ongoing risk of nuclear radiation will last for 100,000 years.
Environmental impact
After the accident, the quarantine area became a paradise for some wild animals. Although animals also suffer from radiation, they are very little harmful to them than humans, so accidents are a good thing for them. Animals in quarantine areas, such as rats, have adapted to radiation and live about the same lifespan as mice in areas not affected by radiation. The following are re-emerging or introduced animals in the quarantine area: Bobcats, Owls, Great Egrets, Swans, Suspected Bears, European Bison, Mongolian Wild Horses, Badgers, Beavers, Wild Boars, Deer, Elk, Foxes, Hares, Otters, Raccoons, Wolves, WaterBirds, Grey-Blue, Black Grouse, Black Storks, Cranes, White-tailed Eagles. The Chernobyl Forum report was submitted in September 2005 and the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, the Governments of Ukraine and Belarus, and other United Nations groups worked together to complete an overall report on the nuclear accident. The report notes a total of 4,000 deaths, including 47 relief workers who died from radiation and nine children who died of thyroid cancer. The United Nations published the World Health Organization's results in April 2006, and perhaps more than 5,000 other victims died in areas of radiation dust (including Ukraine, Belarus and Russia). So, the total number is about 9,000 victims.
The International Atomic Energy Agency and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) believe that the polluted areas reported by TORCH are not comprehensive enough, and that there are many more areas with pollution levels of more than 40,000 or 4,000 Bq/m, cesium-137.
Human effects
The TORCH report in 2006 additionally noted that "more is expected, and the radioactive material iodine-131 (the main substance that increases thyroid cancer) caused by this accident will be dispersed beyond the Soviet Union." Regions that have a chance of developing thyroid cancer, such as the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom, have suggested that more research is needed to address cancer in Western Europe. "The report mainly expects an additional 30,000 to 60,000 deaths from cancer, and 18,000 to 66,000 Belarusians are expected to develop thyroid cancer. In addition, the authorities say there will be many potential factors in these conditions. As a result, the authorities will not be able to accurately predict the correct information in early 2006. Not only that, but the authorities also pointed out that "the incubation period of most solid cancers is about 20 to 60 years." In the two decades since the accident, an average of about 40 per cent of cancer cases have risen in the Belarusian region, the region most contaminated with radioactive dust that year. "From the 2005 seminar, the number of women under the age of 45 developing breast cancer has also increased. In addition, the TORCH report also stated that "the Chernobyl nuclear accident was linked to two non-cancer diseases, which are cataracts and cardiovascular diseases." According to the report just now, the natural organization of human beings wrote a paragraph that read: "Radiation is known to alter and destroy human genes and chromosomes." "Genetic variants and future disease evolution and injury are associated, but the results are harder to predict." On the other hand, to explore this issue, some people have studied the evolution of genes affected by accidents. The results showed that there was indeed a double growth in the Germline minisattelite stem cells of Belarusians. ”
Vegetation impacts
A new 2013 study in the United States showed that the Chernobyl nuclear accident had a sustained adverse impact on local trees that year. A joint study by the University of South Carolina and other institutions in the United States shows that due to long-term exposure to radiation, many trees in the Chernobyl area have developed very abnormal morphology, which is due to mutations in the genes of trees. The increasing number of genetic mutations has significantly affected the growth, reproduction and survival of trees. In addition, studies have found that trees that survive accidents, especially those that are relatively younger, are increasingly struggling to withstand environmental pressures such as drought.
This is the first large-scale study of the ecological effects of radiation leaks. Tim Musso, an expert at the University of South Carolina who participated in the study, said: "Our results refer to many previous small-scale studies and reports of genetic influences on trees in the region. The researchers noted that they hope to follow the experience of this study and conduct a similar study in the Fukushima nuclear leak area of Japan to measure the ecological and economic effects of nuclear radiation.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > shut down completely</h1>
Even with such a serious accident, the operation of Chernobyl did not immediately stop. After the accident, only the No. 4 machine was shut down.
In 1991, a fire broke out in Aircraft 2 and the government declared The 2nd out of service.
In November 1996, downtime was stopped on the 1st.
December 2000, shutdown 3.
At this point, Chernobyl never functioned again, becoming a tragic name in history.
Since 1986, 35 years have passed, and the current Chernobyl is called "ghost town", "death village", etc., as well as the Chernobyl giant rat produced by the mutation, which is enough to show the far-reaching impact of this disaster!