summary:
The comprehensive management of pesticide resistance of agricultural harmful organisms requires innovative theories - plant nutrition immunity, straw aerobic fermentation and heaping of organic fertilizer, etc., guided by China's traditional culture, using the new achievements of modern life sciences to comprehensively manage the problem of pest resistance.
Agricultural production is based on soil, using existing resources, using biotechnology aerobic fermentation straw to make high-quality organic fertilizer, etc. to create soil, combining planting and breeding, restoring the soil ecological environment, creating an ecological environment conducive to crops and beneficial microorganisms, balancing nutrition, balancing the microorganisms in the plant body, and balancing the soil biological population, especially the microbial group; the use of agronomic measures, mechanical measures, pesticides, fertilizer use technology, plant protection machinery and its standardized use of technology perfect combination of comprehensive treatment, and gradually reduce the amount of pesticide and fertilizer, The development of resistance to pests can be controlled.
1. Re-understanding of the development of agricultural pests
1.1 Reasons for the increase in resistance of agricultural pests
In the past hundred years, ignoring the Chinese farming culture, we have blindly studied the West, used material plus technology to solve agricultural problems, the agricultural scientific research system has divided the division of labor too finely, and is seriously divorced from production; attaching importance to science and despising practical technology, taking science that is half-understood as a magic weapon to solve agricultural problems, deifying breeders, fertilizer experts, pesticide experts; simplifying agricultural production into mechanization, chemicalization (pesticides, fertilizers), fine seeds, scale, and so on.
Agricultural pests are agricultural activities in which human beings engage in the cultivation of crops, and human beings separate the organisms associated with or symbiotic with crops in the natural ecosystem according to their own desires, and create harmful organisms, namely diseases, insect pests, grass pests, rodent infestations, etc. With the expansion of the scale of planting and the extension of the planting period, especially with genetic breeding, machinery, fertilizers and pesticides, the agricultural ecological environment has undergone major changes, these pests and crops, the ecological environment has evolved synchronously, the diseases, insects and rats have suddenly occurred, the outbreak is frequent, it has become seriously harmful, the resistance to drugs has increased, the types of grass pests have decreased, and the types of intractable diseases have increased. China is facing the crisis of grain quantity and quality, requiring high land yield and high yield, forcing agricultural fertilizers and pesticides to increase and then increase. These are the reasons for pest resistance.
1.2 Agricultural pests are friends rather than enemies
China has more than 7,000 years of farming culture, unique in the world, the basic theory is the combination of farming and land cultivation, all agricultural pests are biological members of the natural ecosystem, each performing its own duties, making great contributions to the development of natural ecosystems and maintaining the dynamic balance of the system, is an indispensable biological group. There is no absolute "enemy", a so-called "pest", just another "pest" natural enemy, they are born against each other, you have me, I have you. Even weeds in farmland are no exception, and proper retention of weeds in crops can conserve water. As the saying goes, "The benevolent one is one in heaven and earth, and one is prosperous and one is damaged." ”
These pests can not be eliminated by natural organisms, can only be in harmony with crops, symbiosis, co-prosperity, while in the agricultural production process to adopt comprehensive measures, constantly inhibit the specific reproduction of pests, to achieve a new dynamic balance, the harm is controlled within the economic threshold.
2. Innovative theories are needed to solve the problem of pest resistance,
2.1 Plant nutrition immunization disaster prevention and mitigation
Plant Nutrition Immunology - Plant Nutrition Immunology is the study of the relationship between plant nutrition and microecological flora in plants, soil microbial flora, microbial flora and enzyme metabolism and crop disaster prevention and mitigation.
Everyone knows that life is the metabolism of enzymes. Enzymes are the basis of life, enzyme metabolism is normal, crop immune function is strong, growth is robust, not sick, not long; if the lack of a certain enzyme, or a certain enzyme is insufficient, it will reduce immune function, become the cause of disease occurrence, reduce the ability to resist drought, low temperature cold damage, salinity, flooding and other natural disasters.
Plant nutrition immunology believes that nutrition determines the balance of microbial flora in the plant body and soil ecological environment, which in turn affects the balance of enzymes; plant polysaccharides (polysaccharide), phytonutrients (phytochemicals, phytochemicals, plant protection), vitamins (Vitamins), hormones are coenzymes, and their activity is controlled by enzymes in plants.
Soil microorganisms and plant nutrients are homologous, nutrition determines the microbial activity and microbiota balance in plant and soil ecology, and microbial activity affects enzyme activity and plant physiological activity.
Balanced nutrition can regulate the balance of beneficial microbial flora in the microecology of plants and soil ecological environment, promote the metabolic balance of enzymes in plants, and make crops grow healthily; in order to maintain the good biology of the soil, promote the balance of soil biology, physical and chemical properties, effectively control harmful organisms (pests and diseases, etc.) and prevent and reduce disasters.
Learn from nature, straw aerobic fermentation return to the field, mineral fertilizer aerobic fermentation use, soil creation, not only to provide a balanced biological flora to provide a good ecological (reproductive) environment for crops and microbial flora, so that crop roots can be freely stretched in the soil, is conducive to the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms, is not conducive to the reproduction of harmful organisms.
It was reported in the 1970s that when American scholars isolated microorganisms in soil microbiology research, they sometimes found that when actinomycetes were more than 3% of the soil, there were very few pathogenic bacteria in the plant, and conversely, there were more pathogenic bacteria in less than 2%.
Balancing plant nutrition is the basis for pest control, which can reduce the amount of pesticides and fertilizers used, and prevent pests from becoming resistant to pesticides, or delaying the development of resistance.
2.2 Straw aerobic fermentation heap organic fertilizer is the only way to solve the problem of soil ecological environment.
All things grow by the sun, and life depends on the soil. Soil has the function of digestion and the function of nurturing life. The function of soil in nurturing life under natural ecological and environmental conditions is maintained by the balance of organisms, especially the microbial population, and nutrition determines the balance of the microbial population. Soil nutrition is based on animal and plant residues left on the soil surface mainly by saprophytic bacteria for aerobic fermentation to produce organic fertilizer return to the field, and constantly create soil (also known as soilization) - increase the content of soil organic matter, studies have proved that 67 tons of straw aerobic fermentation organic fertilizer can increase organic matter by 1%, 100 ∼ 2 million years to increase the black soil layer of 1 cm. China has ignored organic fertilizer for many years, a large number of chemical fertilizers, most of the soil organic matter is almost exhausted, has been unable to provide functional nutrition for beneficial microorganisms and crops, nor can it provide an ecological environment for crops and beneficial microorganisms to grow and reproduce, resulting in serious harm to harmful organisms, such as frequent pests and diseases, rat infestation, serious harm, increased dosage, resistance.
If all the straw grown in the field is aerobic fermentation and heaping organic fertilizer returned to the field, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced by 50%, and this technology is to create soil and control agricultural pests (the new concept is to refer to diseases, grass pests, insect pests, rodent infestations, etc. as droughts, low temperature cold pests, wind disasters, floods, salinities and alkalis, in order to attract the attention of the government) The only effective agronomic measures.
2.3 Paying attention to the balance of soil three sexes is the basis for controlling the resistance of pests
Farming (also known as agricultural farming) is to balance the three natures of the soil, that is, the biological, chemical, and physical properties of the soil, which are important. Soil is a resource, grow crops, harvest products for human consumption, can not return to the soil as is, straw if aerobic fermentation heap organic fertilizer returned to the field only 50%, if the straw is burned, or burned as fuel is equal to no return, owed 100% of soil resources. In this way, the soil biology is getting worse and worse, the three sexes will break the balance, deteriorate the ecological environment, and the pests will occur frequently and the harm will be serious. Marx said it in the 19th century, the 1940s. Soil resources are unusable and are returned as they are after use.
In fact, cultivation is to cultivate fertility, and cultivation is to consume soil power. The problem is that after liberation, the study of the West, the cultivation and cultivation of cultivation are divided into two disciplines, and the cultivation of farming only emphasizes the physical and chemical nature of the soil, and no one systematically studies the biology of the soil.
Attaching importance to the balance of soil three sexes, special attention should be paid to the balance of soil biology, which is the basis for controlling the resistance of pests.
2.4 Biological aerobic fermentation mineral fertilizer is the basis for the treatment of pest resistance
The fertilizer industry was developed based on the theory that Libisi organic fertilizers are absorbed by crops after mineralization. Although more than 80% of plant nutrition is inorganic nutrients, it is a big mistake to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers only as the supply of inorganic components such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Liebisi's mineral theory is unsustainable as science, or a half-understood science, rather than culture. Why? Because he didn't understand microbiology.
Under the conditions of natural ecological environment, minerals are decomposed into inorganic substances by microorganisms before plants can absorb, there is a biological process, and the factory production of chemical fertilizers is essentially different, stones through pure chemical processes to produce fertilizers, some minerals and fertilizers in the form of salt in the soil with medium and trace elements combined, the formation of difficult to be absorbed by plants substances.
Learning from nature, using biotechnology to aerobic fermentation mineral fertilizers, and moving fertilizer plants into the field not only improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers, reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers by 50%, and overcome the drawbacks of chemical fertilizers. The minerals decomposed by microbial aerobic fermentation have affinity with the soil, which can not only improve yield, improve crop quality, but also increase crop autoimmune function, inhibit the reproduction and occurrence of harmful organisms, reduce the amount of fungicides and insecticides, and avoid drug resistance.
2.5 Weeds should talk about controlling hazards
2.5.1 cannot be eliminated
According to the united States, the former Soviet Union research, soil tillage layer 30cm / m3 has more than 50,000 weed seeds, in the same land, the use of various methods (agronomic, mechanical, chemical, ecological and other measures) to eliminate grass, after 20 years of time the tillage layer weeds only reduced by 50%, in the natural state soon recovered to more than 50,000 seeds. No matter what the cost to people to eliminate weeds, weeds cannot be eliminated. Each herbicide has a limited herbicide spectrum, and there are only more than 120 species of glyphosate, a biotic herbicide. There are nearly 1,000 kinds of weeds in farmland, and there are 20 to 30 main types of crops that cause harm and reduce yields.
2.5.2 Control weed hazards, crops and weeds coexist in harmony
The new theory is to control weed hazards rather than eliminate weeds. Farmland weeds are symbiotic and symbiotic with crops, which makes an important contribution to maintaining the ecological balance of agriculture.
Farmland weeds are defined as plants that grow in the wrong place, called weeds here, and the other place is medicinal materials, or cash crops, or pastures, or vegetables, such as soybean stubble corn, autobiosis soybeans in corn fields are weeds, corn stubble soybeans, and autopoietic corn is also weeds. Under natural ecological conditions, there is no concept of weeds, and humans grow crops in order to obtain high yields and benefits, creating enemies according to human desires. Agronomic, chemical, mechanical and other measures are used to control the harm of weeds within the allowable threshold of economic, ecological and social effects.
We must change our minds, overcome the science of half-understanding and human selfishness, and we must learn to live in harmony with weeds.
2.5.3 Change the method of evaluating the effect of herbicides
There are three traditional evaluation methods, one is to calculate the weed control effect by the percentage of weeds, the amount of weed residues after medication is 95.1% to 100% effective, 90.1% to 95% is good, 80.1% to 90% is a certain effect, 80% to 70% is poor, and less than 70% is ineffective. The second is to calculate the control effect based on the residual fresh weight of weeds, and the standard is the same as above. The third is the visual survey method, which calculates the control effect based on the weed coverage rate. The first is widely used, the second is used in the middle and late stages of weed investigation, and the third requires experience and a high level of technology, and is rarely used. According to perennial production practices, the second evaluation method is more scientific, with a reduction in weed fresh weight of more than 80%, and the impact on crop yield is less than 5%, or even no impact. It is recommended to determine the new weed control effect evaluation method based on the weed fresh weight reduction rate, and formulate a new grading standard for weed control effect.
3. Fitness disease prevention comprehensive treatment of disease resistance new technology
Mr. Chen Yanxi of The Chinese Agricultural University's innovative theory, plant microecology, believes that "the plant body is a natural ecological system, a complex composed of cell tissue and microorganisms in vivo". Germs can not be eliminated, according to the principle of microecological regulation, the number of bacteria infecting the host is suppressed low and small; the invading bacteria are controlled in an incubation state, even if the disease occurs, the symptoms appear late and appear mildly.
On the basis of Mr. Chen Yanxi's plant microecological theory, Heilongjiang Kenqu District has developed a new technology for crop fitness and disease prevention, ripening and increasing yield after more than 30 years of research and practice, proposing that plant nutrition determines the balance of microbial flora and enzyme activity in plants, increases plant autoimmune function, fitness and disease prevention, and solves the problem of disease resistance to pesticides.
3.1 Comprehensive management of disease resistance at the seedling stage
Since the 1990s in The reclamation area of Heilongjiang, functional plant nutrients have been promoted, such as the micro-ecological preparation beneficial care (Bacillus cereus), hesheng, biological fermentation preparations, etc. created by Mr. Chen Yanxi, which have obvious synergistic effects on disease control control by mixing seeds with seed coating agents, avoiding the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to fungicides; preventing and solving the residual drug pests of herbicides, seed coating agents, fertilizers, virus diseases and nematodes at the seedling stage; resistance to low temperature cold damage, promoting seedling germination, excavation, and cultivating strong seedlings.
3.2 Comprehensive management of disease resistance during crop growth
The selection of functional plant nutrients and fungicides is mixed, which not only increases the efficacy, but also reduces the number and dosage of use. The innovative theory is that functional plant nutrients are used alternately with fungicides or mixed before crop disease infestation, and disease resistance is induced by balancing nutrients and microbial flora in crops.
(1) Sowing at the right time is the most important
After years of research and practice, experts in Heilongjiang Reclamation District have changed the 10 °C temperature as the starting temperature of crop development to 13 °C as the effective accumulated temperature starting temperature from crop safety considerations to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Retreating to a cumulative temperate zone to select crop varieties to ensure crop safety is conducive to disease control and the cultivation of strong seedlings, and it is recommended that all localities should re-determine the suitable crop sowing period according to production practices.
That kind of early sowing, that is, grabbing the accumulated temperature, using the accumulated temperature, ignoring the spring in northern China affected by the Siberian cold current, the temperature is volatile, and the metabolic problems after the absorption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides cause drug damage, fertilizer damage, inhibit growth, or postpone the growth period, induce disease.
(2) The application of key technical measures at different growth stages of crops
As the saying goes, 80% of the strong seedlings harvest, focusing on the crop seedling stage, the nutritional balance in the early stage of growth, and the fungicide is used before the invasion of pathogenic bacteria. All the recommended periods of use of fungicides are the initial use of the disease, the pathogenic bacteria have gone through the invasion - latent diffusion stage, has missed the best defense period, people take the poor control of fungicides often mistaken for pathogenic bacteria have developed resistance.
(1) Crop growth period, when the early crops after seedlings are sprayed with herbicides, such as soybeans (kidney beans, red adzuki beans, mung beans, beans, beans, peas, etc.) 1 to 2 pieces of compound leaf stage 2, corn (sorghum) 3 to 4 stages, wheat (barley, etc.) 3 to 4 leaf stages, potato seedlings after the plant height of 5 cm, rape, sugar beet 4 to 5 leaf stage, etc., the selection of herbicides and functional plant nutrients balance nutrition.
(2) Before the pathogenic bacteria are infected, or the weather is better than good, the rain is continuous, or 3 ∼ 5 days continuous cloudy days, such as soybean 2 to 3 pieces of compound leaf stage, corn 5 to 6 leaf stage, wheat before jointing, rice tillering late stage, before jointing the use of fungicides and functional phytonutrient mixing.
(3) Frequently serious diseases such as potato late blight fungicides mixed with functional plant nutrients, or fungicides and functional plant nutrients used alternately, which can reduce the amount of fungicides used, broad-spectrum disease resistance, avoid resistance, and promote ripening and increase production.
(4) In the later stage of crop growth, if there is a disease, it must be mixed with functional nutrients and fungicides, or functional plant nutrients alone are mixed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
(3) Mechanical cultivation is very important
The best medium-tillage in the north is 4 times, the first medium-tillage is in the crop arching stage; the second medium-tillage is after the spraying operation after the crop seedlings; the third medium-tillage is carried out before the infection of pathogenic bacteria, and this period is combined with mechanical cultivation of soil, which is not only an increase in yield measures, grass control measures, but also an important agronomic measure to control disease infestation and increase the control of disease occurrence in the later stage; the fourth medium-tillage is after the crop ridge is sealed.
Heilongjiang reclamation area, has become a routine measure, especially in the Inner Mongolia Daxinganling Agricultural Reclamation Bureau in the past three years, the selection of yihu + grass bion and seed coating agent mixing seeds, to solve the herbicide residue drug harm, seed coating agent and seedling pre-herbicide drug harm, after the early spraying of herbicides, herbicide and yihu + hehe pigment + brewing biological vinegar mixed, to solve the herbicides, viral diseases, nematode diseases, warm and cold pests and other issues, before the disease infestation, spray functional phytonutritics, such as yihu + grasshosin + brewing biological vinegar mixed, or with fungicides, Insecticides and other mixed use. Soybean drum grain stage, corn filling stage, potato flowering, rape pod drum grain stage, wheat, rice filling stage, etc., the selection of functional plant nutrients such as yi care + hehe pigment + brewing biological vinegar + potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixed, with mechanical cultivation, to solve the soybean sclerotia disease, brown spot disease, gray spot disease, etc., corn large, small spot disease, stem base rot, grain rot, etc., anti-lodging, drought resistance, promote early ripening, increase yield by more than 30%.
4. Comprehensive management of insect pest resistance
4.1 Insect and crop health
Insect cell wall (including crustacean) has chitin composition, the natural ecological environment of insects after death into the ground, under the action of microorganisms, decomposition of chitin into the soil, to beneficial microorganisms - actinomycetes provide nutrients, while with the crop to absorb nutrients into the crop body, under the action of enzymes to produce chitinase, increase crop immune function, crops have disease resistance, insect resistance function. On the other hand, pest teeth and feet have chitin, insects in the plant leaf surface to feed on chitin to plants, in the plant body into chitin, chitosanase, can also increase plant immune function, such agricultural products are beneficial to human health.
4.2 Pest control and pesticide issues
(1) Human overuse of pesticides has interrupted the insect-soil-plant-human chitin cycle chain, affecting crop disease resistance, insect resistance, and human health. According to foreign media reports, data collected in more than 60 nature reserves in Germany show that the total number of flying insects has dropped by 76% in the past 27 years, affecting not only crop health, but also the ecological balance of other organisms such as insect-eating birds.
(2) Pesticides affect crop immune function
Insecticide spray can destroy the waxy layer of crop foliar surface, crop drug damage, and at the same time induce disease; kill the natural enemy of pests, resulting in aggravated pest damage; long-term heavy use of pesticides, pests develop resistance. Insecticides are added to seed coating agents to control pests at the seedling stage, which can cause drug damage in case of low temperatures, inhibit the root growth of crop seedlings, root deformity, and do not grow whisker roots. In 2005, Professor Wu Jincai of the College of Agriculture, Yangzhou Nongyang University, Jiangsu Province, reported that the photosynthetic rate of rice decreased by 19 to 26%, 4 to 18%, and 3 to 29% using the insecticide imidacloprid, trizophosphate and chlorpyrifos, and the occurrence of rice planthoppers in balanced fertilization fields was significantly lighter, and the drug was used twice.
(3) Insecticide auxiliaries and spray auxiliaries induce diseases
Insecticide auxiliaries and spray auxiliaries use nonionic surfactants, which are conducive to the adhesion and destruction of insecticides on the surface of the pest body, increasing the efficacy, and also hurting the foliar wax layer of crops, opening several doors for pathogenic bacteria to invade, causing insecticides to induce diseases after use. For example, in 2015, six generations of rice planthoppers occurred in the Yangtze River Basin in China, and insecticides were used as many as ten times in some places, and the disease losses were greater than the insect pests.
4.3 Maintain the balance between natural enemies and insect pests, which is conducive to the treatment of pest resistance
Learn from nature, increase crop autoimmune function and use natural enemies to control pests.
According to the United States reports, rice dimorphism occurs, rice to the surrounding 5 km range of red-eyed bees send information, red-eyed bees receive information, will quickly fly to the rice field, the eggs laid into the body of the dimorph borer, a few days later the dimorph borer is controlled. Mr. Zhang Yuzhan of Hunan Rice Institute has been to Brazil, Ghana, Brunei and Uruguay to grow rice. It is often encountered that a large number of dimorphic borers occur, and the local insecticide is not used, and it dies naturally after a few days. Locust control uses one spray by aircraft and one spray at intervals, which not only controls the microflora, but also protects natural enemies.
Alien species of potato beetles were first introduced to Xinjiang, causing local serious harm, with the prolongation of time, potatoes produce anti-heavy enzymes, so that potato beetles have a decline in harm, after a period of time, potato beetles on potato anti-insectase resistance, potato beetles occur again aggravated, so the cycle, Kunzhong and crops synchronous evolution, and constantly reach a new balance.
The rice soil locust in the reclamation area of Heilongjiang has a certain number of occurrences every year, and it has not been controlled by drugs for many years, and there has been no major development and caused obvious harm.
In 2005, 6 generations of rice planthoppers occurred in the Yangtze River Basin, and insecticides were commonly used 10 times, and Professor Wu Jincai of the College of Agriculture of Yangzhou University occurred lightly in the balanced fertilization experimental area, using only 2 insecticides.
Pesticides are recommended to do the following:
(1) Re-evaluate the control effect of insecticides and develop new prevention indicators, do not pursue 100% of the control effect, there are 70-80% of the control effect on it.
(2) Attach importance to the protection of natural enemies, and choose insecticides that are safe for natural enemies
(3) When using killers to control pests, strip spraying should be designed, and there are regular leakage sprays, which is conducive to protecting natural enemies and is a good measure.
(4) Re-evaluate the safety of pesticide dosage forms for crops, and promote safe vegetable oil spray additives or pesticide auxiliaries.
(5) Insecticides are mixed with functional phytonutrients to increase the efficacy and safety of crops, while avoiding resistance to insecticides.
4.4 Agronomic measures to control pests
(1) Reasonable rotation is conducive to the control of insect pests, especially large-scale rotation, which is conducive to the control of pests with poor flight ability. Such as soybean solid worm.
(2) Traditional and effective mixed crops or grasses are effective in inhibiting the occurrence of insect pests
According to the study of plant protection station in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, the planting of honey source plants such as sesame seeds around rice fields and in the fields can effectively extend the lifespan of pests such as rice planthoppers, borer yellow red-eyed bees, borer velvet cocoon bees, erhua borer cocoon bees and black-shouldered blind bugs, and improve the control ability of rice planthoppers, dihua borers and rice longitudinal curl leaf borers. According to the differences in the situation of each country, Thailand is planted with loofah and legumes, and Vietnam grows plants with Asteraceae.
The orchard breeds the natural enemies of the red thistle to cultivate blunt mites, long-whiskered mites, and six-point thrips citrus red spiders, which can not only control the harm of red spiders, but also make green manure to raise fields.
(3) Reasonable farming is conducive to pest control
Soybean autumn tillage increased the mortality rate of overwintering soybean solid worms and reduced the source base of wintering insects; soybean solid worms had obvious control and excavation effects in time before they were moved upward in the soil.
(4) Treat straw to eliminate insect sources
For example, collecting straw in the field aerobic fermentation to make organic fertilizer, or as feed, etc., can effectively reduce the source of insects parasitic in the straw overwintering.
5. Practice of comprehensive management of weed resistance
In 1965, Heilongjiang Reclamation District established a comprehensive weed eradication measure based on mechanization. In 1978, the import of herbicides, plant protection machinery (spray rod sprayer, agricultural aircraft), while the introduction of foreign advanced pesticides, plant protection machinery use technology, after years of practice summed up a set of farmland weed comprehensive treatment technology effectively control the grass shortage, drug damage and resistance generation.
5.1 Farmland weed agronomic control measures
5.1.1 Ecological control measures for weeds
(1) Reasonable rotation measures
Crops and weeds evolve synchronously, all kinds of crops have associated weeds and crop ecological types similar, it is difficult to effectively control with herbicides, through crop rotation, herbicides can effectively control the mixed weeds of crops. For example, before the 1980s of the last century, more than 15 million mu of wild oats in the reclamation area were infested, and through wheat and soybean rotation, the soybean field selected Fleurin in the autumn or spring before sowing and then used mechanical deep mix soil, which completely solved the problem of wild oat grass shortage.
(2) Strengthen phytosanitary
Adhere to the quarantine system, select seeds, and prevent the spread of quarantine weeds such as wild oats, soybean silk seeds, flax silk seeds, and ragweed.
(3) Sowing at the right time and sowing in stages
Adjusting the sowing period is a favorable measure to control weed hazards Sowing at the right time and the depth suitable for increasing the safety of crops. According to the natural conditions, the appropriate sowing period is selected, such as heilongjiang rice transplanting high yield period and soybean and corn sowing period on May 15 to 25, kidney beans, red adzuki beans in late May, etc. In the spring preparation, the grass germinates, which is conducive to mechanical control of the grass.
(4) Adjust the structure of the herbicide
Soybeans, corn, potatoes, rice (closed weeding before transplanting in the transplanted field) should be mainly herbicides before seedlings, supplemented by post-seedling herbicides, and should account for more than 85% before seedlings (of which autumn application accounts for more than 20%, spring application accounts for 50 to 60%), and post-seedling application accounts for less than 15%.
Rice transplanting field to the soil closed mainly, supplemented by post-seedling stem and leaf spray, the north should promote phased application, 5 to 7 days before transplanting 100%, after transplanting according to the occurrence of weeds in the field, if you need to carry out the second application, if there is no weed occurrence, you can not carry out the second application.
Autumn spraying is safer than spring pre-seedling application, increasing yield by 5 to 8%, and has a good effect on the control of refractory weeds. Spring pre-seedling application increased the yield by 10 to 15% compared with post-seedling application, especially in areas where plant protection machinery is backward and its use technology is not standardized.
Adjusting the herbicide structure is effective for weed resistance control. The structure of herbicides such as soybeans, corn, potatoes and other herbicides in the vast rural areas in the north is unreasonable, almost all of them use herbicides after seedlings, mechanical quality and mechanical use technology are not standardized, blindly increasing the amount of medicine, crop medicine is heavy, the weeding effect is poor, anti-amaranth and quinoa produce resistance, grass famine is serious, in the past two years, in the Daxinganling Agricultural Reclamation Bureau soybean, corn will adjust the herbicide structure to pre-seedling, completely solve the resistance of weeds anti-amaranth, quinoa and other hazards.
5.2 Weed mechanical control measures
Soil tillage measures include basic tillage in this (tillage, soil cultivation), topsoil tillage (harrowing, rotary tillage, suppression, trenching, ridge raising), and medium tillage (medium tillage, soil cultivation). These tillage measures control weed young shoots and plants to varying degrees, as well as cutting off the reproductive organs of perennial weed seeds, to achieve different degrees of control effect. Different tillage measures will change the distribution of weed seeds in the tillage layer, resulting in differences in weed germination and growth, or effectively inhibiting weed germination or emergence, or promoting germination or emergence.
In the summer, the rhizomes of perennial weeds die more than 70% of the deep ploughing, rake the field, and the rhizomes are chopped, and the stubble is easily controlled with herbicides. For example, in the low-lying areas of reclamation areas, perennial weeds reeds, alkali grasses, white grasses, small leaf camphor, lettuce, spiny vegetables, and thorns are turned deeply in time after the harvest of summer harvest crops such as wheat fields and rapeseed, and then used heavy rakes and light rakes to rake the ground many times, and the next year, soybeans, corn, sugar beets, potatoes, red adzuki beans, kidney beans, etc. are controlled with pre-seedling herbicides.
The best way to prepare the paddy fields in the north for many years is to use a rotary tiller, according to the depth of soil thawing, multiple layers of land preparation, effective control of weeds for many years.
Northern traditional agriculture in order to kill grass has the habit of three shovels and four trips, with herbicides can not use artificial hoeing, should adhere to four times of cultivation, the first time in the cultivation of crops in the arch period, the second time in the early rise after the seedlings (1-2 days after spraying herbicides after seedlings), the third time according to the crop growth trend (such as corn 5 to 6 leaf stage, soybean 2 to 3 pieces of compound leaf period is conducive to the control of late diseases, weeds), after rain after the seedlings after the herbicide effect should be carried out in time, the fourth time before the crop ridge sealing.
5.3 Pay attention to the use of herbicide technology
5.3.1 Determine the dosage of pre-seedling herbicide according to soil texture and organic matter
The amount of herbicide dosage should be increased or decreased according to the content of soil organic matter and clay particles. General pre-seedling herbicide application data should indicate the amount of drugs used in clay soil, loam soil and sandy soil with less than 3% soil organic matter, soil organic matter above 3% or 4 to 5%, or 4 to 8% clay soil, loam soil and sandy soil. Special attention should be paid to the obvious increase in soil organic matter content after the application of organic fertilizer in farmland, and the amount of local organic fertilizer application should be simulated, and the organic matter content should be determined by rotary tillage after application.
5.3.2 Soil pH and herbicide dosage
Soil pH is also a factor to be aware of, please consult the herbicide instructions.
5..3.3 How to use good pre-seedling herbicides under drought conditions?
5.3.3.1 Mixed soil application before sowing in autumn or spring
In arid areas, the mixed soil application method should be promoted, and the main points should be applied before sowing in autumn or spring, and the main points should be (1) the land should be flat and fine, (2) the spray should be uniform, and (3) the mixed soil should be thorough.
5.3.3.2 Mixed soil application before seedlings after sowing
(1) Shallow mixed soil before seedlings after sowing Herbicide ridge sowing and applying shallow mixed soil 2 to 3cm, soil mixing machinery can be used cultivator, rotary hoe and so on.
(2) Cultivating soil before seedlings after sowing Northern soybeans, corn and other cultivated crops can be applied after sowing in their ridges, suppressed, and cultivated 2 cm of soil with a medium tillage machine, and then suppressed.
5.4 How to use good post-seedling herbicides under drought conditions?
Choose "two drops and one plus" pesticide spraying heart technology
(1) Reduce the amount of spray liquid (according to the current plant protection machinery standard deviation, the general amount of spray liquid is too large).
Standard spray volume: 75∼100 l/ha for spray rod sprayers, 7∼10 l/ha for manual sprayers.
Selection of low-pressure nozzle: Spray rod sprayer select 80015 type fan nozzle, with 100 mesh column type anti-drip filter.
Manual sprayer select 8001, 80015 type fan nozzle, with 100 mesh column type anti-drip filter
High-horsepower self-propelled sprayer sprayer selects 8002 type fan-shaped nozzle, with 50 sieve column type anti-drip filter.
(2) Add vegetable oil type spray additives
Under suitable meteorological conditions, add 0.5% vegetable oil spray additive.
It is not suitable for meteorological conditions (high temperature and drought) to add 1% of the amount of spray liquid 1% vegetable oil-type spray additive.
(3) Reduce the amount of herbicide medication
Under suitable meteorological conditions, the dosage can be reduced by more than 50%.
Unsuitable meteorological conditions (high temperature and drought) can reduce the dosage by 20 to 30%.
5.5 Plant protection machinery should be standardized and the use of technology should be standardized
5.5.1 Plant protection machinery standards
The use of standard plant protection machinery is the basic requirement for spraying herbicides, and the non-standard performance is manifested in the poor quality of key components formulation, non-standard spraying, insufficient pressure or excessive pressure, running and dripping, speed is too fast, and finally spraying is uneven, heavy spraying or serious leakage, resulting in grass shortage or drug damage.
5.5.2 The use of plant protection machinery should be standardized
Vigorously popularize the technical specifications for the use of plant protection machinery. The use of plant protection machinery technology belongs to the agronomic measures, every agricultural technician, spray rod sprayer operator should be able to use, agricultural technology and operators for plant protection machinery standards and use of technical specifications coaching training.
The use of plant protection machinery is not adjusted and operated according to the norms, resulting in heavy drug damage and poor efficacy. The evaluation criteria are as follows:
(1) Take the size and density of spray droplets as the evaluation criteria
After spraying seedlings, the herbicide sprays the droplet diameter of 250 to 400 microns, the density of the droplets of the systemic pesticide spray is 30 to 40 /cm2, and the density of the droplets of the contact killer pesticide is 50 to 70 /cm2. The spraying of droplets before spraying seedlings with herbicide is 300 to 400 microns in diameter and the density of droplets is 30 to 40 pcs/cm2.
(2) Take the amount of liquid sprayed as the evaluation criterion
The amount of herbicide spray before spraying seedlings: the manual piggyback sprayer is 225~300 L/h㎡. The spraying volume of the spray rod sprayer is 180~200 L/h㎡. The amount of herbicide spray after spraying seedlings: the manual piggyback sprayer is 100~150 L/h㎡. The spraying volume of the spray rod sprayer is 75~100 L/h㎡.
(3) The duration of herbicide residence in the foliar surface of the plant after application is taken as the evaluation criterion
There are requirements for the time spent on the foliar surface of the plant after the application of each herbicide after seedling application, please refer to Wang Jianfeng, Xin Mingyuan, editor-in-chief, Herbicide Safety Use Manual, published by China Agricultural Press in 2013.
(4) References to quality standards and technical specifications for the use of plant protection machinery
For the quality standards and technical specifications for the use of plant protection machinery, please refer to Wang Jianfeng's book Technology for the Safe and Efficient Use of Herbicides, 2016 Chemical Industry Publishing.
6. Comprehensive treatment technology of rat pest resistance
6.1 Protecting natural enemies is the most effective measure to control rat resistance
The use of natural enemies to control rat infestations will also be an effective measure to control rat resistance. The natural enemies of rats are eagles, weasels, wolves, snakes, dogs, cats and so on.
6.2 Agronomic measures
In 1978, the American agricultural expert Han Ding modernized agriculture in the Reclamation Area of Heilongjiang, focusing on the no-till technology of crops, and the next year he went to the Friendship Farm, he introduced that no-tillage cannot be carried out for a long time, I was born of no-till corn for many years, rat infestation, and ate all the thousands of acres of corn I planted, and the government cancelled my farmer qualifications. The reason is that the voles have stored the corn in the underground rat hole before the autumn corn harvest, and the mechanical deep turn is ineffective for the voles.
Therefore, heilongjiang reclamation area adheres to reasonable crop rotation, planting a stubble of summer harvest crops in three years, such as rapeseed and wheat harvest, timely carry out deep ploughing in autumn, drive out voles, and the larger the rotation area, the better the effect of controlling rat infestation.
7. Alien pest species – discussion
Alien harmful species are not terrible, and over time, native crops will produce a series of enzymes to fight, or adapt, or reduce the harm of alien harmful species, and alien harmful species will gradually become ordinary species.
8. Pest-resistant breeding issues – discussion
In the process of pest resistance breeding, pests will evolve in tandem with crops, and when new pest-resistant varieties are bred,
The pest adapts in the first year, loses resistance in the second year, and completely loses resistance to the pest in the third year. The same is true for drug-resistant breeding.
9. Pest resistance control to create soil is the foundation and the most effective way
Soil making (straw aerobic fermentation heap organic fertilizer + fertilizer aerobic fermentation), restoring the natural ecology of the soil, can not use pesticides such as pesticides, fungicides, plant growth regulators, or use functional plant nutrients and pesticides mixed, can inhibit the resistance of harmful organisms to pesticides (except herbicides) resistance to pesticides.
Author: Wang Jianfeng, Source: Wang Jianfeng Agricultural Network, Graphic Editor: Tianshan Plant Protection, please indicate the source when reprinting!