The details of the doctors, pulse cases, prescription medicines, and customs in the "Words and Sayings of the Golden Plum Bottle" record the circulation and practice of traditional Chinese medicine in Qinghe County, the hub of the Grand Canal, in that era. In the study of gold science, there is rarely an interdisciplinary discussion of Chinese medicine. From the perspective of TCM literature, the author makes a brief explanation of the medical system involved in the classification of physicians in the book, and tries to make up for the omissions in the TCM literature collation.
Classification of physicians: specific and generic
According to the statistics of Jin Scholars, there are 8 full-time doctors with names written in the "Golden Plum Words", covering the fields of traditional Chinese medicine internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, andrology, and surgery. The 81-year-old He old man, Qiao Dahu, said that he was "big and small." Ming Dynasty Tai Hospital is divided into 13 departments, Dafangmai refers to the special treatment of adult diseases, equivalent to the current internal medicine; Xiaofangmai is another name for juveniles, equivalent to the current pediatrics.
When Jiang Zhushan knew that Li Zhen'er had asked Dr. Hu Tai'er to treat her husband Hua Zixuan's typhoid fever, he said dismissively: "Is it Hu Ghost Mouth who lives in the house of Liu Eunuch on the East Street?" He is not from my hospital, what pulse do you know? The author believes that the medical officer in the book Ren Houxi, the crowned physician He Qixuan, seems to be able to be called a special "Tai Doctor".
The medical officer who often goes to Ximen Province should be the head of the Huimin Pharmacy of Qinghe County. The 76th time, the piano boy went to ask him to see Wu Yueniang, and came back to say that Ren's father had not returned home from work in the house. From the perspective of male clothing, Ren Medical Officer wears a four-corner square scarf and wears a large-sleeved dress, which is a square soft hat and robe worn by Confucians, virgins, doctors, and Xiangshi in the Ming Dynasty, with distinct identity and professional characteristics. In the book, Hu Taiyi, Jiang Taiyi, Bao Taiyi, etc., who call themselves or he calls Taiyi, should all be local folk doctors, which is a common name for the customs of the people to practitioners. As for Zhao Longgang, a gynecologist who boasted that his ancestor was now a judge of the Tai Hospital and that his father was now a good doctor in Rufu, he was a quack doctor.
The Ming Dynasty followed the medical system of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and in the third year of Hongwu (1372), there were health and medical institutions in Nanjing, Beijing, and various provinces, prefectures and counties, the Huimin Pharmacy. The Huimin Pharmacy in liangjing is under the jurisdiction of the Tai Hospital, with 1 ambassador and 1 deputy envoy; the Huimin Pharmacy of each province has a leader, and the prefecture and county have a medical officer. According to the Ming Shi Zhi Iii, the Huimin Pharmacy bureaus in various provinces, prefectures, and counties across the country, as well as medical officers and doctors set up in places such as border guard houses, were dispatched by the Tai Hospital. At the end of the year, the gains and losses of his diagnosis and treatment are examined as the basis for promotion or appointment and dismissal.
When Qiao Dahu inquired about the condition of He Qixuan, the son of Old Man He, he used the term "肄業". Mr. He Said That He said that he "greeted and sent in the county day by day, and he was not allowed to be idle." Karma should refer to the practice of coursework. The words learned in the ancient books are called karma in the square version, and the teacher teaches the students to teach the karma, and the students are subject to the teacher's karma, and the xi is known as the karma. Today's people call those who have not graduated or have not yet graduated in school as "old karma".
According to Li Jingwei and other "General History of Chinese Medicine: Ancient Volumes", in the second year of Ming Hongwu (1369), the Ming government issued an edict, "All soldiers, civilians, doctors, craftsmen, yin and yang households, Xu each is determined by the original newspaper copying the book", and it is not allowed to act arbitrarily and chaotically. The Ming Dynasty began to implement the medical household system, which instructed all practitioners to be doctors for generations. However, due to the humble social status of doctors and their poor income, there are many medical families who try to escape the membership of medical households.
Combined with the description in the book, the author deduces that the old man surnamed He should be a world doctor, and his son He Qixuan may have passed the examination of the medical household system, or obtained the title of "Crowned Doctor" through donation, but did not give Feng Lu the position of medical officer. Jiang Zhushan, who said that he was from the Tai Hospital, may have just taken the exam of the Tai Hospital and was not hired, so as to show off. The book says that he had "sold plasters on a string of bells", referring to his career as a bell doctor who walked the streets and alleys. The acquaintance of his colleague He Qianhu's student, Liu Tangering, is a doctor who specializes in treating sores. Because of his visiting relatives, he lived in his home and was a foreign doctor who treated Andrology to Ximen Qing.
In addition, the book also wrote about Wu Daoguan, Liu Pozi, Xue Guzi and other Taoist monks and nuns who also engaged in medicine, and the specific scenes of the three sisters and six wives delivering, acupuncture, and administering medicine, etc., leaving a true record for us to understand the folk medical and health customs at that time and the lifestyle of the people in the city to seek medical treatment and drink medicine. Wu Zongzhe, the Taoist official who "practiced medicine and sold gua" at the Jade Emperor Temple, after Ximen Qing's illness worsened and was repeatedly diagnosed and treated by several doctors, Wu Yueniang invited him to come to the palace to diagnose and calculate diseases. After examining the pulse, Wu Daoguan said: "The officials are excessively drunk, the kidneys are exhausted, and the Taiji evil fire is concentrated in the sea of desire, and the disease is in an anointing and difficult to treat." He mouthed the same rhyme: "Drunk and full of sex, love the woman, the spiritual blood is darkly consumed." Sperm urine blood and white turbidity, the lamp exhausted the oil dry kidney water withered. At that time, there was only hatred and entertainment, and today it is more sick. Yushan is not human, it is always Lu Doctor who can't help it! ”
Interpreting this seven-word poem from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine can be seen as a concise and concise poetic medical case: the causes, mechanisms, symptoms, and prognosis of Ximen Qing's illness are all described in detail and reasonable. A lustful woman, full of drunken intercourse, addictive to aphrodisiac indulgence, sperm blood loss, Yuanyang weakness, there is blood sperm, white turbidity, dizziness, water hernia, chancre and other symptoms of dirty damage and wet poison, accompanied by fatal complications. The illness has reached this point, even if the divine doctor Bian Que regenerates, I am afraid it will be difficult to save the depression. In addition, the barber Xiao Zhou'er in the book gives Ximen Qing grate hair, removes cerumen and performs massage guidance, and uses a physiotherapy instrument - wooden roller. In general, Qinghe County, located at the Grand Canal Pass, the medical officers of the Huimin Pharmacy, the folk doctors and the Taoist nuns who also administer medicine and acupuncture, and the barbers who also practice massage constitute the epitome of the era of local medicine and hygiene.
Medical Proofreading: Interpretation and Addendum
Zhao Longgang, who boasted that he had been practicing medicine for three generations in his ancestors and "attacked Uncle Wang and Dongyuan every day", reported that he had read a large number of ancient and modern medical works. The author noticed that whether it is a dictionary of words and words, an embroidery book and a Commentary on Zhang, Dongyuan Do not listen to the children have not been proofread as Dongyuan and Do not listen, and the annotations are mistaken for a person. Li Dongyuan was one of the four masters of the Jin Dynasty, and the one who did not listen to him was xiong Zongli, a physician of the Ming Dynasty.
Xiong Zongli (1409-1482), also known as Zongli, Also known as Daoxuan, was born into a family of medicine, and his grandfather Xiong Jian was proficient in medicine. Xiong Zongli was ill since childhood, liked to read medical books, learned medicine from his grandfather, and later studied school books, engraving books, yin and yang, and the art of medical divination with Liu Tan, which was deeply rooted in his mysteries. Xiong Zongli has inherited the family lineage and has a rich academic background. Combining ancestral medicine, he engaged in the writing, proofreading, and engraving of medical and medical books, thus becoming an engraver and medical scientist who sorted out and published medical books. From the Ming Dynasty Ding Wei (1437) to Chenghua Jiawu (1474), Xiong engaged in medical research for 37 years, and edited and edited 24 kinds of TCM works, including 11 kinds of collation and collation of medical books, 7 kinds of annotated and supplementary medical books, and 6 kinds of self-written medical books, totaling 182 volumes, covering the interpretation of doubts and puzzles in the classic works of Chinese medicine such as "Neijing", "Difficult Classics", "Typhoid Fever" and other classic works of Chinese medicine, as well as pulse science, Chinese medicine, gynecology and pediatrics clinical medical works. He used various forms of annotation and printing, such as class evidence, customary interpretation, annotation, appendage, supplement, etc., and was the physician with the most self-compiled and self-engraved medical books in fujian history. His authors include "Don't Listen to the Eighty-One Difficult Classics of the Sub-Customs", "Uncle Wang and the Pulse Trick Diagram to Explain the Customs", "The Treatise on the Compilation of Typhoid Fever Living People", "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classics Su Qing Lingshu Luck Interpretation Supplement" and so on.
Most of the medical prescription books described by Zhao Longgang are a series of classics edited and engraved by Xiong Zongli. This reflects the current situation of the Chinese medicine classics learned by the practitioners at that time, and also reflects the popularity of xiong's collation and publication of books. Among them, the "Danxi Jiao" is the two volumes of the "Danxi Mr. Danxi Doctor's Medical Book Compendium" compiled by the Ming Dynasty Physician Lu He during the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty, published as the "Danxi Jiaojiao" for short; the "JieGu Pulse Recipe" refers to the "Jiegu Notes and Pulse Recipe" by the Jin physician Zhang Yuan; the "Addition and Subtraction of Thirteen Fangs" is a prescription book compiled by Zhu Rihui, a famous physician of Wuyuan in the Ming Dynasty, using Confucianism to weigh medical theory; "Shouyu Shenfang" is a single test fang compiled by Zhu Quan (1378-1448), the seventeenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang; "Sea Fang" It is a prescription book compiled by Sun Simiao, a famous name entrusted by Qian Zhen in the Song Dynasty, which contains practical prescriptions and is simple and easy to apply.
Most of these medical classics, including the famous works of the Song Dynasty and the Jin Yuansi, as well as the writings of contemporary famous doctors, are mostly before the words and phrases are written into books, which provides an index to the TCM literature for the chengshu in the study of Jin. What Zhao Longgang expressed should be that he was studying the works of Wang Shuhe, Li Dongyuan and other doctors who were engraved by Xiong Zongli.
It is worth mentioning that in addition to the "Shouyu Shenfang" mentioned by Zhao Longgang, there are also Zhu Xu's "Saving the Wilderness Materia Medica", "Pocket Fang", "Pu Ji Fang" and "Baosheng Yulu". Zhu Xu (1360-1425) was the fifth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the ming emperor, and the younger brother of Zhu Di, the ancestor of Ming Cheng. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Zhu Xu asked the painter to draw 414 edible plants into a book and compile them into "Saving the Wilderness Materia Medica" and publish it. Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), a famous scholar of the Ming Dynasty, included the full text of the book in his "Complete Book of Agricultural Politics: Desert Politics". In view of the current situation of lack of medical treatment and medicine in the territory, Zhu Xu organized the good doctor Zheng Li Bai and others to compile a convenient and practical family heirloom formula "Pocket Fang", which included more than 3,000 single test prescriptions, which were engraved more than ten times in the Ming Dynasty alone and were highly respected by doctors. In the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Zhu Xuling's "General Prescription Formula" was published, which was a famous prescription monograph in the history of Chinese medicine, originally 168 volumes, and later the "Siku Quanshu" was changed to 426 volumes, divided into 217 categories, a total of 788 laws. The book contains a total of 61,739 pieces and 239 drawings. The content includes general theory, internal organ shape, typhoid fever and miscellaneous diseases, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, acupuncture, etc. It summarizes the clinical treatment experience before the Ming Dynasty, retains the content of the scattered medical books of the Song and Yuan physicians, and is a collection of medical literature.
Medicine Song Tips: Transplantation and Editing
The American sinologist Dr. Han Nan once explored the origins of the novels, scripts, operas, history books, and poems cited in the "Words and Sayings of the Plum in the Golden Bottle", believing that these quotations "form a strange collection of literary antiques". Throughout the transplantation and editing of poems and songs related to traditional Chinese medicine in the book, it is not uncommon, which constitutes another feature of this realistic novel at the end of the Ming Dynasty.
The 79th time in the dictionary, it is written that Ximen Qing died of greed and illness. The first poem of this time quotes Shao Wei's "Ren Ren Yin" of the Song Dynasty: "Many refreshing things will eventually become ill, and if you are happy, your heart will be ruined." Instead of being able to seek medicine after illness, it is better to be able to defend yourself before illness. From the perspective of health care, this is a concise commentary on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine to treat pre-existing diseases, which is used at the beginning of this retrospective article with profound meaning.
Lan Ling Xiaoxiaosheng wrote about zhao longgang, a quack doctor in the jianghu, who boasted that he was born in the third generation of the door and read the classics of the famous xinglin again. The 61st time, Zhao Longgang treated Li Zhen'er's collapse disease but showed his feet, he said that he had a magic recipe, just manage the situation, "licorice, licorice and sand, quinoa, croton and coriander." People speak of being born in the middle of summer, using aconitum, almonds, and gastrodia. These flavors are added, and the shallots and balls are only one, and they are sent down with shochu in the morning." Old Man He asked rhetorically, "If you eat such a thing, won't you kill people with medicine?" "Tell Ximen Qing that this Zhao trickster sells canes and rings bells, and specializes in coaxing pedestrians on the street."
"Eighteen Antis" is a drug taboo summarized by the ancients, which was first seen in the "Confucian Affairs" of Zhang Zihe, one of the four masters of the Jin Yuan, who attacked the Fa Master Zhang Zihe. The song knows: "Materia Medica clearly states eighteen antis, half of the shellfish and attack wu." Algae and coriander war grass, all ginseng xin peony rebel quinoa. In the book, Zhao Longgang lists the poisons that violate the contraindications of drug compatibility, but says that they can treat gynecological collapse, and Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng uses humorous and spicy pen and ink to write the image of Xinglin Quack Doctor.
In the 85th time of the dictionary, after Hu Taiyi prescribed a fetal medicine to Pan Jinlian, he chanted a poem of Xi Jiangyue: "Ox-knee crab claws Areganese, Fixed Magnetic Euphorbia Coriander, Spotted Ochre and Gou (硇) Sand, Mercury Mango Nitrate Research." Add peach kernels through the grass, musk with linghua. More (stone) swallow vinegar boiled safflower, tube to take the baby to fall. What is said in the word is actually contraindicated in gynecological pregnancy, and the "safflower sweep" he prescribed for the next fetus is speculated to be compatible with the drugs.
Reviewing the literature of traditional Chinese medicine, Li Gao' "Pearl Sac Tonic Medicinal Endowment", one of the four masters of Jin Yuan, contains the contraindication song of pregnancy medication: "Vermiculent leeches and flies, aconitum with tianxiong; wild kudzu mercury and croton, ox knee coix and centipede; triangular coriander generation ochre musk, euphorbia cicada metamorphosis male and female; tooth salt nitrate peony cinnamon, locust flower morning glory soap horn tong; half summer southern star and tong grass, qu wheat dried ginger peach rentong; sand dried lacquer crab claw nail, ground gall grass root are lost." The Ming Dynasty physician Zhang Jiebin's "Jingyue Quanshu Women's Rules" and Liu Chun's "Medical Classics Primary School" also contain forbidden songs of pregnancy medicine, which are roughly the same as those included by Li Gao. This XiJiangyue poem by Hu Taiyi should be a re-creation of the author after the content of this pregnancy taboo song.
A realistic love novel, Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng depicts a picture of life in the late Ming Dynasty. Among them, the details of life, old age, illness and death, and seeking medical treatment and administering medicines are worth exploring from the perspective of the history of Traditional Chinese medicine.
Author/Hara So-hyun