The Mamluk dynasty was indeed Turkic and belonged to one of the internal branches of the Turks.
First of all, we need to trace the origin of the Mamluk cavalry, which learned the "Turkic Ghulam" in black, and the "Turkic Ghulam" learned the "Turkic Guard" system of the Turkic Empire during the Tang Dynasty.
Although the founder, Saladin, was a Kurdish, was a confidant of the Turkic Nurdin. Saladin was surrounded by Turkic soldiers. Nurdin commanded the Turkic cavalry to fight several crusaders in disastrous defeats. Saladin has long been influenced by Turkic culture, which was passed down from the Turkic Zangi dynasty. Saladin learned this military organization before forming the Mamluk cavalry, serving in the Turkic army.
Saladin's Ayyubid dynasty not only recruited 3,000 Turkic mercenaries at the beginning of its establishment, but also recruited more Turkic mercenaries from Chincha, the Caucasus, and South Russia, and the main composition of the army was Turkic, not Egyptian Arab. The mamluk cavalry was overwhelmingly Turkic, with only a very small number of Egyptian Arabs serving as auxiliaries in the Mamluk cavalry.
The vast majority of the Mamluk soldiers were Turkic soldiers. Horse milk and horse meat (Turkic consumption of horse milk and horse meat) was widely consumed by Mamluk soldiers, while the Arab Egyptians in the Middle East at that time were forbidden to eat horse milk and horse meat. Apparently, the vast majority of the Mamluk soldiers were Turkic, not Arab, Egyptian, Middle Eastern.
The fighting strength of the mercenaries Arabs and Egyptians recruited from the Arabian Peninsula was far lower than that of the Turkic army. The mercenaries, the Arabs and Egyptians recruited from the Arabian Peninsula, could only be used as puppet armies and could hardly join the Mamluk cavalry.
From the 7th and 8th centuries AD, the Turks continued to move west to many areas such as Chincha, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, killing the local natives and moving into the Turks. 【1】
In his later years, the Ayyubid dynasty was usurped by the Caucasian Turkic general Barcuq due to his uncontrollable Caucasian Turkic soldiers, known in history as the "Burji dynasty". Successive Mamluk monarchs were Turkic. Among them, the fourth monarch, Baibers, was born in South Russia by the Turks (scholars speculate that they are Chincha Turks), not Tatars, but Turks. Therefore, the Mamluk dynasty had a close relationship with the Turks, and it had a great relationship.
Moreover, the Mamluk dynasty belonged to the Turkic forces and belonged to one of the Turkic camps. The wars between the Mamluk dynasty and the Ottoman Empire (indeed of Turkic descendants) and the Turkic Timur were both civil wars between the Turks, and there was no feud with the Turkic camp. The Mamluks and the Mongol camp had a feud with the Mongol camp, which caused the Mongol camp to have a feud against the heavens. So the Mamluk dynasty was a Turkic state.
Just like the many wars between Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Lü Bu, and Sun Quan in Huaxia, as well as the many wars between Wei, Shu Han, and Wu, the many major wars in the Central Plains, the many major wars in Jianghuai, and the slaughter of xuzhou and many places, it cannot be denied that they all belong to the Chinese camp.
Because both the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turkic Empire belonged to the Turkic camp, and their war was a Turkic civil war, the war between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turkic Empire could not deny that both sides were Turkic states. The three Battles of Adana, the slaughter of the Chiliqiya region, could not deny that both the Mamluk dynasty and the Ottoman Turkic Empire were Turkic states.
The Ottoman Turkic army defeated the Mamluk army several times, and finally defeated the Mamluk dynasty, and the Mamluk army, as a Turkic army, soon joined the Ottoman Turk Empire and helped the Ottoman Turk army in battle.
It can be seen that the Mamluk Dynasty and the Turkic camp did not share a feud with heaven. The Mamluk dynasty belonged to one of the Turkic bloc states.
The Mamluk dynasty and the Mongol camp can be said to have a feud that does not share the heavens, resulting in the feud of the Mongolian camp.
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, edited by historian Francis, records that "the Mamluks repeatedly defeated the Mongols" (").
The Mamluk Turkic cavalry annihilated the Mongol army in 1260, the Mongol army three times in 1280, and the Mongol army in 1303, basically annihilating the main Mongolian army, making the Mongols no longer able to compete for supremacy to the west;
The Mongols were never able to defeat the Mamluk Turkic cavalry. It was the Turks Timur who defeated the Mamluk Turkic cavalry; and later the Ottoman Turks completely defeated the Mamluk Turkic cavalry.
There were a total of 5 battles between the Mongols and the Mamluk Turks, each time the Mongol army was much larger than the Mamluks, but the result was 5 major victories of the Mamluk Turks, annihilating a large number of Mongol troops;
The Mamluk dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate, and the Timurid Empire were all Turkic states, and all were "not only ruled by Turks, but also by Turks."
At the Battle of Ainjaru, 10,000 Mamluk troops annihilated 20,000 Mongol troops (another record is that 20,000 Mamluk troops annihilated 120,000 Mongol troops), which caused the Mongol Western Expedition to suffer a crushing defeat, and the Mamluk army captured Syria with fewer victories and more annihilation of the Mongol army;
After that, the Mamluks broke both the Crusaders and the Mongol armies; the Mamluks defeated the Crusaders three times in 1263, 1265, and 1268; in 1280, the Qaravin Mamluks defeated the Mongol army with fewer victories and the greater Mongol army at Homs, and The Son of Gyravin, Nassir, commanded the Mamluks to win more and more Mongol armies three times, especially in 1303 AD, Nassur commanded the Mamluk army to win more than a few victories, and the Mongol army led by the Great Destruction of the Ilkhanate Hezan Khan himself, killing the Mongol army thousands of miles. This made it impossible for the Mongols to march west to compete for dominance.
Supplementary【1】
Later, the Turks also carried out this plan in Anatolia and some European regions, and scholars record that the Turks killed the local Greeks and moved in, making the Turks the vast majority of the local population. After the Ottoman Turk invasion suppressed Europe for more than 300 years, after the Ottoman Turks weakened many times, Europe rose, and a large number of Turks who remained in Europe accepted European culture to become Greek Europeans, resulting in genetic testing of many Greeks And europeans with autosomal similarities to Turks.
The historian Finlay records that "the Turks, in order to turn themselves into masters of the conquered regions, adopted a plan aimed at exterminating the indigenous population on the vast plains, so that the area could be easily occupied by them (the Turks)..."
Laurent records: "After the Turks passed by, the destruction of the ruins left behind by them was unimaginable. Where they arrive, there will be no more living people. ”
Laurent also records that "the native inhabitants of Asia Minor (Anatolia) were killed by the Turks. From caesar city and Hipbas to Nicea and Sardis, all the valleys and plains in between have become completely vacuumed..."
Supplement【2】
Timur the Great was Turkic, as evidenced by the historical records of many national histories, and archaeological genetic testing also proved that Timur the Great was Turkic.
1. Zafarnama (translated as Tamerlane Martial Arts or Memoirs of Tamerlane) left by Tamerlane himself records that Timur admitted to being a Turk and a Descendant of Turks. Timur said that "our ancestors ab-al-atrak were the ancestors of the Turks";
2. Yazdi's Biography of Tamerlane records that Timur was a Turk. Tamerlane once said in front of the crowd, "We are Turkic, we are sons of Turks";
3. When Timur marched west at the request of the Turkic princes of Asia Minor, Timur claimed that he and his men were Turkic warriors;
4. Forbes Manz Beatrice's The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane records that Timur could not speak Mongolian, only Turkic and Persian, and although he later learned a little Mongolian, Mongolian was not the language of Timurid's people;
5. Timur invaded Syria and massacred him. Syrian natives record that "the Turkic Timurs are more terrible than the Mongols."
6. Timur's father, Tara hai, was a Turk of the Baruch tribe. Prior to this, a large number of Turkic people joined the Baruch tribe, so much so that the entire Baruch tribe was of Turkic blood and culture. After the bloodline and culture of the Baruch tribe became Turkic, Timur was born in the Turkic Baruch tribe.
7. According to The excavation records of Gresimov's tomb of Timur, Timur was relatively tall, with a prominent nose and no Mongolian folds, which were not the characteristics of the Mongols, these were more in line with the characteristics of the Turks;
8. Babur, a descendant of the Turkic Timur the Great, discriminated very much against the Mongols. Babur said that the Turks were noble, while the Mongols were lowly. If Timur had been Mongol, Babur would not have said so. Apparently Timur was Turkic, not Mongol.
Babur, a descendant of Timur the Great, later invaded India and established the Hindustan Empire. Babur, a descendant of Timurid the Great, called the empire he had built an empire called the Hindustan Empire, not the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire is a disparaging and derogatory term for the Hindustan Empire established by Babur.
Babur and his countrymen gave their country the official name of the Hindustan Empire. Outsiders called the Hindustan Empire founded by Babur the Mughal Empire in order to disparage it.
9. The American "History of Afghanistan" records that Timur was Turkic, and the Uzbeks belonged to one of the internal branches of the Turks, belonging to the Turks.
U.S. History of Afghanistan: "Most of the loyal soldiers who pioneered the steppe empire in South and West Asia for Timur were Uzbek Turks, who formed the nucleus of Timur's legions. Today, the Uzbeks are the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, and Timur is considered a national hero of the Uzbeks."
10. The French "Steppe Empire" records that Timur was Turkic, not Mongol, not Turkic Mongol. The French Empire of the Steppes records that Timur "was not in fact Mongol, but Turkic." ”
11. According to the patrilineal DNA test (Y haploid group test) of Tamerlane descendants, the genes of the Timurid family belong to the Turkic J2-M172, not the Mongolian C2 and O2.
The historical records of many countries record that Timur the Great was Turkic, not Mongol, not Turkic Mongol. Archaeological genetic testing also proved that Timur the Great was Turkic, not Mongol, not Turkic Mongol.
Supplement 【3】
According to the logic of Song Chui saying that other dynasties are song dynasty, Song Chui is going to say: "Is the Song Dynasty a miscellaneous hu in the end?" First of all, we must trace the origin of the Zhao Song Guards, the founder Zhao Hongyin (zhao Kuangyin's father) is actually a Zahu people, the culture is passed down in the north of Central Asia, although the Zahu Guards recruited 30 Chinese mercenaries at the beginning of its establishment, but there are more mercenaries recruited from The Zahu, and the main composition of the troops is the Zahu people, supplemented by slave mercenaries.
Zhao Kuangyin bowed his knees to please Chai Rong, and Zhao Kuangyin pretended to be very loyal. In his later years, Chai Rong feared that Zhang Yongde, the most powerful, would usurp Later Zhou Jiangshan, so he weakened Zhang Yongde's power and promoted Zhao Kuangyin. Chai Rong died suddenly of illness, and since Zhang Yongde had been stripped of power, Zhao Kuangyin's personal ambitions exploded, usurping the Later Zhou Dynasty and establishing the Song Dynasty. The history is called the Zhao and Song Dynasties. Among them, Zhao Kuangyin was a Zahu whose ancestors migrated from north of Central Asia to the Central Plains (academic patrilineal chromosome tests prove that Zhao Kuangyin was Zaohu), so the Zhao song dynasty had little to do with China. The Zhao and Song dynasties were miscellaneous.
Moreover, the Zhao Song Dynasty and the Huaxia camp can be said to have a feud with the Chinese Houshu, Southern Han, and Jiangnan successively engaged in many wars, slaughtering the Sichuan region and slaughtering the Jiangzhou (Jiangxi) region, so the Zhao Song Dynasty was not a Chinese state, and the Zhao Song Dynasty was a Zahu state. ”