Introduction: The United States is a big producer and trade country in grain and oil crops and animal products, and nearly 50% of grain and oil crops and 40% of animal products are exported every year. With the acceleration of China's economic development and urbanization process, the reduction of cultivated land year by year, the gradual expansion of demand for grain, oil and livestock products, and the further development of agricultural trade between China and the United States. A comprehensive understanding of the basic situation of the production and distribution of grain and oil crops and major animal products in the United States will be of benefit to promoting economic and trade exchanges between the two countries. This article briefly introduces the production and trade of grain and oil crops such as wheat, corn, soybeans, rice and other grain and oil crops in the United States and animal products such as beef, pork, poultry meat, poultry eggs, and milk.
Part I: Production of grain and oil crops in the United States and international trade
1. Wheat production
The United States is a big producer and exporter of wheat, with an annual wheat production of about 60 million tons, and exports account for about half of its annual output. Nearly 50 per cent of the wheat produced is exported overseas, more than 30 per cent for domestic food consumption, nearly 10 per cent for livestock feed and 5 per cent for seeds.
(1) The basic classification and use of wheat in the United States
According to the different hardness, color and sowing season, American wheat is divided into 6 basic categories, such as hard red winter (HARD RedWinter, HRW), hard Red Spring (HRS), hard white wheat (HardWhite, HW), soft white wheat (SW), soft red winter (Soft RedWinter, SRW) and durum (Durum), each type of wheat has its own specific processing, baking and eating characteristics.
Hard red is sown in autumn, its protein content is high, averaging 11-12%, has good processing and baking characteristics, and is mainly used to make bread.
Hard red spring sown in the spring, in addition to good processing and baking characteristics, the highest protein content, the average of 13-14%. According to the difference in chromaticity, hardness and transparency (DHV, i.e. Dark, HardandVitreous), it is further subdivided into three categories: DarkNorthern Spring, Northern Spring and Red Spring. Hard Red Spring is mainly used for the high grade flour needed to grind bread and biscuits.
Hard white wheat, used for noodles, yeastbread, and flatbread, is a new breed of white wheat from the United States.
Soft white wheat has a lower protein content, usually only about 10%, and is further subdivided into three categories: SoftWhite, WhiteClub, and Western White.
The protein content of soft red winter is relatively low, only about 10%. Soft wheat is mainly used to make cakes, pastries, ordinary bread, crunchy and fast food.
Hard wheat is mainly sown in the spring, but also in small quantities in the winter. Durum wheat is the hardest variety of wheat in the United States and is mainly used to make spaghetti and hollow powder.
(2) Wheat production in the United States
1. Geographical distribution of wheat production in the United States
The geographical distribution of wheat classification in the United States is that the planting volume of hard red winter accounts for nearly 40% of the total in the United States, distributed in the Great Plains, that is, from the Mississippi River west to the Rocky Mountains, from north and south Dakota and Montana to texas; hard red spring is mainly distributed in north and south Dakota, Montana and Minnesota and other north-central regions; hard white wheat is produced in California, Idaho, Kansas and Montana; the main production area of soft white wheat is the northern region of the Pacific Coast (PacificNorthern) Soft red winter production in the eastern United States, from central Texas north to the Great Lakes region, east to the Atlantic coast, concentrated in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, the variety has higher yields; hard wheat producing areas are roughly the same as hard red spring production areas, but a small proportion of winter-sown wheat is produced in Arizona and California.
The main wheat-producing areas in the United States are roughly two large and one small with a total of three triangles. One is the large triangle formed by North Dakota, mainly Montana, Minnesota, and South Dakota; the second is the large triangle formed by Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska, and Texas, which is dominated by Kansas; and the third is the small triangle formed by Washington State, with Idaho and Oregon. The chart also lists the top 10 states and productions in the U.S., with North Dakota in first place, Kansas second, Washington third, Montana fourth, South Dakota fifth, Idaho sixth, Minnesota seventh, Oklaho eighth, Colorado ninth, and Nebraska tenth. The 10 states account for 70 percent of total U.S. wheat production. (1 hectare = 2.47 acres)
U.S. wheat middle winter wheat acreage accounts for 70-80%. The following is an introduction to the geographical distribution of the above six types of wheat.
Hard red winter produces nearly 35 percent of the nation, making it the largest and most widely distributed wheat species in the United States. In 2001-2002, the hard red winter was planted on 29 million acres, the harvest area was 20.9 million acres, and the yield was 36.7 bushels per acre. Hard red winter is found in the Great Plains, from the Mississippi River west to the Rocky Mountains, from north and south Dakota and Montana to south to Texas, including washington state. The main production area of hard red winter is the central triangle dominated by Kansas.
Hard red spring production accounts for nearly 30% of the united States, ranking second in the national wheat production. In 2001-2002, hard red spring was planted on 14.8 million acres, harvested on 13.7 million acres, and produced 34.7 bushels per acre. Hard red spring is mainly produced in the northern regions of North and South Dakota, Montana and Minnesota; washington, Oregon, California and Colorado are also produced in part.
White wheat production accounts for about 17% of the united States, of which hard white wheat accounts for 3% and soft white wheat accounts for 14%. In 2001-2002, white wheat was planted on 4.3 million acres, harvested on 4.1 million acres, and produced 57 bushels per acre. American hard white wheat is mainly produced in California, Arizona and Kansas. The main production area of soft white wheat is the northern Pacific Coast, including Oregon, Idaho, Montana and other northwestern states; the eastern states of Michigan and New York also produce this wheat.
Soft red winter production accounts for about 16% of the united States. From 2001 to 2002, soft red winter was planted on 8.6 million acres, harvested on 7.2 million acres, and produced 55.7 bushels per acre. Soft red winter is mainly produced in the eastern region of the United States, that is, from central Texas to the north to the Great Lakes region in the south, from the central and western Kansas in the west to the atlantic coast, concentrated in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio.
Hard wheat production accounts for 5% of the United States, and in 2001-2002 hard wheat was planted on 2.9 million acres, harvested on 2.8 million acres, and produced 30 bushels per acre. It is mainly produced in the northern region of the United States, including the four states of North and South Dakota, Montana and Minnesota, and a small proportion of winter-sown wheat is also produced in Arizona and California.
2. Planting and harvesting area of wheat in the United States
According to the USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural Statistics Division (NASS) shows that wheat acreage in the United States has been on a downward trend since the early 1980s. From more than 86 million acres in 1982 to 61.7 million acres in 2003.
In 2004, the total area planted with winter wheat in the United States was 43.46 million acres, a decrease of 14,000 acres from the previous year.
In 2003, the U.S. wheat harvest was 52.84 million acres, an increase of 7 million acres or 15.0% over the previous year. The main reason is a significant increase in the harvest area in the main wheat-producing areas.
3. Changes in wheat production in the United States
The United States is the fourth largest wheat producing region in the world after China, the CIS and the European Union. Judging from the changes in wheat production in recent years, the proportion of wheat in the United States is about 9-10% of the world's wheat, while consumption accounts for only nearly 6% of the world's total consumption.
Since the 1990s, U.S. wheat production has been fluctuating, with a considerable range of changes. Production peaked at 2.54 billion bushels in 1998 and fell to 1.62 billion bushels in 2002, a drop of 36 percent. It rose to 2.34 billion bushels in 2003, up 25 percent from the previous year. (1 bushel wheat = 60 lbs = 27.24 kg)
(3) Storage of wheat in the United States
U.S. wheat storage is roughly divided into two levels. The first level is the countryelevator. There are more than 1,000 rural warehouses in the United States, many of which belong to farmers' cooperatives (farmercooperativeassociations), others to large grain export companies, and some to grain companies, flour mills or local traders. The second stage is terminalelevator. Terminal warehousers buy wheat from rural warehousers and generally store them in grades after grading. Terminal warehousing is generally located in wheat trading centers and ports, and some terminal warehouses can reach more than one million tons.
In 2001, the proportion of wheat storage in the United States in the world's storage volume was 12.4%, which fell to 11.6% in 2002 and is currently maintained at about 12%.
The vast majority of U.S. wheat storage is privately stored for commercial purposes, and government departments maintain only a small portion of wheat storage, mainly for international food aid.
(4) Trade in wheat in the United States
1. The trade process and trading method of American wheat
Wheat farmers are the starting point of the wheat trade. After the wheat harvest, wheat farmers have a variety of choices, one is to sell directly to rural warehousers at the current market price, the other is to store themselves or be stored by rural warehousers, waiting for the price to sell; the third is to sell wheat futures. Wheat from rural warehousers is generally sold to flour or food processing plants, or to terminal warehousers. Large wheat processing enterprises use a large amount of wheat, generally buy wheat from terminal warehousers, not directly from rural warehousers.
From 1995 to 2004, the sales price of wheat for American farmers fluctuated considerably, as high as $5.7 per bushel and as low as $2.2 per bushel, and the price trend was U-shaped. The large price movement means that wheat trading is also more risky. In order to avoid price risk, wheat trading generally adopts hedge (hedge) method.
Wheat trading is divided into cashgrain trading and futures trading. Spot trading most often occurs between wheat farmers and rural warehousers. Bulk wheat trade generally adopts hedging methods and is therefore closely traded with futures. U.S. wheat futures are traded through The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), Kansas City (Kansas City Board ofTrade) and Minneapolis Grain Exchange (Minneapolis Grain Exchange). In the long-term practical operation, three natural divisions of labor for futures trading of different wheat varieties have been formed. Soft Red Winter traded in Chicago, Hard Red Winter traded in Kansas City, and Hard Red Spring and White Wheat traded in Minneapolis.
2. Export trade of U.S. wheat
U.S. wheat production is significantly higher than its domestic consumption, with nearly half of it exported abroad. United States wheat exports, which accounted for 26.1 per cent of world exports in 2001, rose to 27 per cent in 2002 and are currently at the level of 31.2 per cent. Wheat exports, which accounted for 47 per cent of United States production in 2001, fell to 46.1 per cent in 2002 and were at the level of 48.7 per cent in 2003, with exports of 24.43 million tonnes, accounting for 7 per cent of agricultural exports.
Judging from the classified exports of wheat, hard red winter exports account for nearly 40% of the national wheat exports; hard red spring exports account for more than 20% of the united States; soft white wheat exports account for about 20%, the main export regions are Asia and the Middle East; soft red winter exports account for about 14%; hard wheat exports account for about 5%; hard white mainly supply the US domestic market, the export volume is very small, but it is expected that the proportion of exports will gradually increase in the future.
There are three ways in the wheat export market: public tender, private tender (PrivateTender), and open market.
Wheat exported overseas passes through four ports. One is Gulf of Mexicoports, where nearly half of U.S. wheat exports pass. The second is pacific ports on the west coast, through which about 44% of the exported wheat is loaded. The third is the Great Lakes region and the St. Lawrence Seaway, through which wheat exports account for 5% of the country's wheat exports, and the fourth is the Atlantic ports, through which wheat accounts for only 2% of the country's wheat exports.
U.S. wheat exporters are generally divided into three categories. One is large private multinational corporations. Such companies are generally organized vertically and have representative offices in major wheat-importing countries. The second is small and medium-sized private multinational corporations. Such companies do not directly own or operate major grain storage and transportation facilities, but have an international network of representatives of wheat agents in importing countries. The third is a cooperative wheat distribution company or a cooperative owned by the wheat farmers themselves.
There are several companies in the U.S. that export wheat, with the larger multinational exporters being Cargill, Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, LDC Corporation (Louis DreyfusCorporation) and ZEN-NOH ( NationalFederationofAgriculturalCo-operativeAssociations)。 These exporters account for most of the U.S. grain export market. Cargill is a private company that exports the largest amount of grain from the United States, accounting for about 35 percent of total U.S. grain exports, and wheat exports account for nearly 20 percent of total U.S. wheat exports. ADM is a U.S. public company. LDC is a private company in Europe. ZEN-NOH is a Japanese cooperative company.
Due to the problem of wheat smut disease (TCK), China has rarely imported wheat from the United States. < the signing of the U.S.-China Agricultural Trade Agreement >, Chinese and American scientists jointly assessed the risk of TCK's introduction to China. Until 2003, the amount of wheat imported from the United States in China was also very limited, maintaining the level of 100,000-200,000 tons per year. At the beginning of 2004, our relevant departments sent a procurement delegation to the United States, and signed a contract for the purchase of 800,000 tons in March, and it is expected that the annual procurement volume will exceed 2 million tons.
Second, corn production in the United States
(1) American corn species
More than 90% of U.S. corn is used for feed, which is divided into three categories: molar corn (DentCorn), sweet corn (SweetCorn) and popcorn corn (PopCorn). Molar corn is corn with a depression on the top of the corn kernel, and this species is subdivided into three types: yellow corn, white corn and mixed color corn. Yellow corn yields much more than the other two types of corn, mainly for feed and processed sweeteners, starches, and other residential and industrial products. White corn is processed into cornmeal, polenta (hominy) and coarse corn flour (grits). Mixed-color corn is used in the production of feed.
The United States molar corn acreage accounts for 99% of the united States, sweet corn production area accounts for only about 1% of the united States, popcorn corn area accounts for less than 0.5%. 1/3 of all corn crops remain on the farm for livestock feed, and the rest is sold by farmers to rural warehousers.
(2) Planting distribution
Corn is a temperate crop. Most states grow corn in the United States, and the main corn production area is in the southwest of the Great Lakes, that is, the heartlandregion of the United States, including Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, South Dakota and eastern Nebraska, Kentucky and western Ohio, and northern Missouri. Corn production is ranked first in Iowa, followed by Illinois, and the two states produce about one-third of the country's production. Other states in the top 10 for corn production are Nebraska in third place, Minnesota fourth, Indiana fifth, South Dakota sixth, Kansas seventh, Missouri eighth, Wisconsin ninth and Ohio tenth. These 10 states account for nearly 90 percent of total U.S. corn production.
(3) Planting and harvesting area
U.S. corn cultivation is directly driven by domestic and international market demand, and after the 1980s, the general trend is to continue to grow. In 1983, the planting area was more than 52 million acres, soared to more than 84 million acres in 1985, grew by 60% within two years, and fell to 58 million acres in 1988. Since then, it has grown steadily, ups and downs around 1994, and has remained at about 80 million acres per year since 1997.
In 2004, the total area planted with corn in the United States was 79 million acres, a slight increase from 2003. The area and variation of maize cultivation by state can be found in Figure 13. The number above for each state indicates the area planted in the current year, and the number below indicates the number of changes from the previous year. States marked in red indicate that their corn acreage is lower than the previous year, states marked in blue indicate that their planting area has increased compared with the previous year, and states marked white indicate that their planting area is the same as the previous year.
The U.S. corn harvest in 2003 was 71.14 million acres, an increase of 1.83 million acres or 2.6 percent over the previous year. The area harvested in the United States has increased slightly every year in recent years.
(4) Changes in U.S. corn production
The United States is the world's largest producer of corn, accounting for 20% and 42% of the world's planting area and production in 2003, respectively. In second to fifth place are China, Brazil, Mexico and India. Judging from the changes in corn production in recent years, the total yield and yield of corn in the United States rank first in the world. The yield reached 8.92 tonnes/ha in 2003, double the world average and 1.8 times higher than China's, so the United States was able to produce 42 percent of the world's corn from 20 percent of the world's acreage. 70 percent of U.S. corn is used for domestic consumption, which accounts for 34 percent of world consumption.
In the early 1990s, U.S. corn production showed a fluctuating trend, and the yield change was quite large. Production was 6.34 billion bushels in 1993, peaked at 10 billion bushels in 1994, and fell to 7.4 billion bushels in 1995, a 26 percent drop. After rebounding to 9.23 billion bushels in 1996, it did not fall below 9 billion bushels. In 2003, the production of 9.01 billion bushels, totaling 228.8 million tons, was the lowest in the past eight years. (1 bushel corn = 39.37 kg)
(5) Export trade of corn
The United States is the world's largest exporter of corn, accounting for more than 50% of the world's total exports in the past decade. In 1995-96, it accounted for 80%. In 1999, 52 million tons were exported, and then the quantity declined, falling to 41 million tons in 2003, accounting for 52% of the world's exports that year, 20% of China's, Argentina and Brazil accounted for 16%, and the four countries accounted for 90% of the world export market.
Russia was once the largest buyer of corn in the United States, importing 8-10 million tons a year, and now it is basically no longer importing in large quantities. At present, the main importers of corn from the United States are Japan (15 million tons per year), and Mexico and Taiwan Province of China import about 5 million tons per year. Other Asian countries such as South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Eastern European countries are also important markets for U.S. corn exports.
China is the main competitor of U.S. corn exports, exporting 11.67 million tons of corn in 2002 and 15.24 million tons in 2003. South Korea (9-10 million tons per year), Malaysia, Indonesia and other countries are the markets where China and the United States compete for corn exports, and I have geographical advantages and price advantages in exporting to these countries. U.S. experts predict that with the rapid decline in China's corn stocks, exports will be greatly reduced. In the first quarter of 2004, China issued only 1.4 million tons of corn export quotas, compared with 6.7 million tons in the same period in 2003, the United States corn will fill the vacated market share, and the United States is expected to recover to the level of 51 million tons in 2004, accounting for 65% of the world export market.
The United States imports a small number of corn blended varieties from neighboring countries every year, in quantities of 300,000-400,000 tons.
3. U.S. soybean production and trade
Soybeans are one of the world's four largest oil crops. The United States is the world's largest producer of soybeans, producing about 2.5 billion bushels of soybeans a year, accounting for more than half of global production. More than 150 kinds of soybeans are produced, 62% for domestic consumption, 33% for export, 5% for seeds, feed, etc., and the rest for reserves. Soybean production in the United States is mainly soybeans, in addition to mung beans, brown beans and black beans.
(1) Planting distribution
The main soybean producing areas in the United States cover the central and southern parts of its main corn producing areas, and the reason for the overlap between soybean and corn producing areas is the rotation of corn and soybeans. The main U.S. soybean producing regions are southwestern and surrounding the Great Lakes region (Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin), the Midwest (Nebraska, South Dakota, Kansas), and the southeast (Arkansas, Tennessee, Leftia). The top 10 U.S. soybean producers in 2003 were Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska, Ohio, Missouri, South Dakota, Arkansas, and Kansas. These 10 states account for 95 percent of the nation's soybean production.
(2) Planting and harvesting area
Soybean acreage in the United States has continued to grow steadily since 1992, when it was more than 58 million acres, and by 2000 it had grown to more than 74 million acres, an increase of 27% in eight years. There was a slight decline in 2002-2003, with 73 million acres under cultivation.
Total soybean acreage in the United States reached a record 75.4 million acres in 2004, up 3.2 percent from 2003. The area and variation of soybean cultivation in U.S. states can be found in the figure. The number above for each state indicates the area planted in the current year, and the number below indicates the number of changes from the previous year. States marked in red indicate that their soybean acreage is lower than the previous year, states marked in blue indicate that their planting area is increased compared with the previous year, and states marked white indicate that their planting area is the same as the previous year.
(3) U.S. soybean yield and total yield
U.S. soybean yields vary greatly from grown region to region. The Midwest and Great Lakes regions had the highest yields, averaging more than 40 bushels/acre in 2002 and 48 bushels in Iowa, the highest. Soybean yields are lower in the southeast, averaging less than 20 bushels/acre before 2000 and have increased to more than 30 bushels in recent years due to the use of biotechnology. There are two main reasons for the high yield of soybeans in the United States: First, these areas are blessed with unique light and heat conditions, which are particularly suitable for soybean growth. The second is the application of biological genetic engineering technology. The United States is the first country in the world to apply transgenic technology to soybean production, accounting for more than 90% of the promotion area, mainly weed-resistant transgenic soybeans. Although the application of GM technology has reduced the use of herbicides and increased yields, its environmental and human impacts remain uncertain in the short term, and many countries are cautious.
Soybean acreage in the United States has grown steadily for nearly 10 years, but total production declined after reaching 2.89 billion bushels in 2001. It was 2.75 billion bushels (88.73 million tonnes) in 2002 and fell further to 2.42 billion bushels (75 million tonnes) in 2003, the lowest level since 1995.
The United States produces 52 percent of the world's soybean production, followed by Brazil and Argentina at 20 percent and 14 percent, respectively. China ranks fourth, accounting for about 10% of the world's total output.
(4) U.S. soybean trade
1. Domestic trade in soybeans
U.S. soybean farmers and farmers' cooperatives have their own storage facilities, and big grain merchants have set up their own storage and buying stations in various states. After the soybeans are harvested, the farmer either stores themselves or entrusts them to rural warehousers for storage, or sells them directly to large grain merchants. Soybean prices are determined based on the Chicago Futures Exchange (CMOT) price plus a certain discount (basis). Depending on the price, the farmer decides whether to store itself or store it on behalf of the farmer, or sell it directly. Large grain merchants often set different market prices according to the urgency of the goods and the different locations of the acquisition. Multiple acquisition stations of companies and warehousers in the same location create a competitive situation in the acquisition process, with the result that farmers receive the best service and the most reasonable price.
U.S. farmers sell soybeans with significant seasonality, with more than 70% of soybeans generally sold out within 6 months of acquisition, especially in October, when the month of January accounted for 25% of the total annual sales.
After the acquisition of soybeans, 60% of its total is used to process oil domestically, 35% is used for export, and the rest is used for seeds and feed, and soybean exports have become the main driver for U.S. farmers to grow soybeans.
2. International trade in soybeans
The United States is not only the world's largest producer of soybeans, but also the largest exporter. 40% of the annual soybean production is exported, with annual exports ranging from 24-28 million tons. There are a considerable number of farmers in the United States who grow soybeans exclusively for export, and the demand and market changes in the international market directly affect the production of soybeans in the United States.
China is the origin of soybeans, once an exporter of soybeans, has now become the world's largest importer, imported 20.74 million tons from the international market in 2003, an increase of 83.3% over the previous year, of which about 50% comes from the United States, is the largest buyer of American soybeans, imported 11 million tons of American soybeans in 2003, of which 70% are genetically modified soybeans. Although the EU has a lot of criticism of genetically modified soybeans in the United States, its imports from the United States rank second after China, with an average of 6-7 million tons imported per sales year (September 1 to August 31 of the following year). In third and fourth place are Mexico and Japan, which imported 4.1 million tonnes and 3.7 million tonnes from the United States in 2003. Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand ranked 5-7 respectively, importing about 1 million tons per year.
U.S. soybean production is concentrated in the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi River Delta, and the Southeast. In order to facilitate transportation, the main ports for soybean exports are divided into two major blocks: one is the Gulf of Mexico port. Soybeans produced in the Great Lakes region and the Midwest states are transported to grain depots along the Mississippi River through the Inland Waterway Transport System and the Land System, where they are transferred to barges, each loaded with about 1500 tons, and 10-20 barges form a tugboat fleet to be transported to ports in the Gulf of Mexico. Since then, 80% of soybeans exported have been shipped to sea. The Gulf of Mexico has become the world's largest soybean transshipment center. The second is the St. Lawrence River and Atlantic ports in the Great Lakes region, through which soybeans account for 16% of the country's soybean exports.
Fourth, the planting distribution of oats in the United States
Global oat production is currently about 2.5 billion bushels a year, and the United States only produces 300 million bushels, accounting for about 12% of global production. In the 1970s, the United States was the largest exporter of oats, but now it has become an importer, importing 500-800 million bushels of oats per year, equivalent to 15-18% of its domestic consumption.
Oats are divided into four types: white, red, gray and black. White oats are mainly grown north of the Ohio River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, and are the largest part of oat production; red oats are grown south of the Ohio River in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas; gray oats grow in the northern Pacific coast; black oats are rarely grown and scattered in many U.S. states.
The main oat-producing regions in the United States are the north-central United States and the southern part of the Great Lakes region. The top 10 states in the U.S. for oat production are South Dakota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Ohio, Illinois, and New York. The above 10 states account for 74% of the country's oat production.
Fifth, the planting distribution of sunflowers in the United States
Sunflower is also one of the world's four largest oil crops, first produced in Mexico and Arizona in the United States. At present, the global production of sunflower seeds is about 21 million tons, of which the CIS countries account for 1/4 of the world's output, ranking first in the world, followed by Argentina, France, Spain, the United States ranks fifth, accounting for 6% of the global output. China ranked sixth. The United States exports only 10 percent of its sunflower oil production, but sunflower oil exports account for 60 percent of sunflower oil production.
American sunflowers are divided into two categories: oilseed sunflowers and edible sunflowers. Oilseed sunflowers account for 90% of the total number of sunflowers, and edible sunflowers account for only 10%. Oilseed sunflower in the United States is mainly grown in north and south Dakota and Minnesota, and the main production areas of edible sunflower are North Dakota and Minnesota, and some grow in South Dakota, California and Texas. The top 7 states for sunflower production are North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Minnesota, Colorado, Nebraska and Texas, which account for 99% of the U.S. production.
Sixth, the planting distribution of rice in the United States
From 2002 to 2003, the U.S. rice was planted on 3.02 million acres and harvested at 3 million acres, with an average yield of 6,578 pounds per acre. In 2004, 3.26 million acres were planted. This represents an increase over 2003.
As shown in Figure 20, the main rice producing areas in the United States are the South and California. The Southern Region is a panhandle spanning five states, including Arkansas, Missouri, Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi, and its rice cultivation area accounts for 83.5% of the United States, of which Arkansas is the king of rice growing states in the United States, and one state accounts for 46.8% of the total planting area in the United States. The entire California region accounts for only 16.5% of the United States. The other four southern producing states are planted in 16.7 percent in Louisiana, 7.9 percent in Mississippi, 6.4 percent in Texas and 5.9 percent in Missouri.
American rice is divided into three categories according to the shape of rice grains: long grain( LongGrain), medium grain (MediumGrain) and short grain (ShortGrain), and its planting area accounts for 78.3%, 20.9% and 0.8% of the total rice planting area in the United States, respectively. Among them, long-grain rice is concentrated in the southern production area, while medium- and short-grain rice is concentrated in california.
Part II: U.S. Animal Product Production and International Trade
First, the characteristics of animal product production
The United States attaches equal importance to the production of animal products and the production of planting, and the output value of animal husbandry accounts for 48% of the total agricultural output value, and the production and trade show the following characteristics:
1. The absolute quantity of livestock products is large, and the per capita occupancy is high. The United States is a superpower in livestock production, and the production of various livestock products is among the highest in the world. Total meat production in 2003 was 3910 tons, accounting for 15.6% of the world's total meat production. With 96.1 million beef cattle, it ranks first in the world, and its beef production and per capita share rank first in the world. The United States is the world's second largest poultry meat producer, poultry meat production exceeds the entire European production, egg production is second in the world after China. Per capita meat consumption began to reach 100 kg in the mid-1990s, 125 kg in 1997 and 140 kg in 2003. The per capita ownership of poultry meat and eggs is among the highest in the world.
2. Animal husbandry production is distributed in bands. Similar to the planting industry in the United States, animal husbandry production is also distributed in a band, such as the dairy livestock belt in the northeast, north and central regions, which concentrates 70% of the dairy production in the United States, and the meat animal husbandry belt south of the dairy livestock belt and the nearby areas, which concentrates more than 50% of the beef cattle production and more than 80% of the pig production in the United States. Texas is the largest U.S. producer of animal products with more than $10 billion in sales, followed by Nebraska and Iowa.
3. Animal husbandry and planting are closely linked. The high output of livestock production in the United States mainly depends on the high input of resources, so the food consumption is large. In order to reduce production costs, achieve rational allocation of resources and the best economic benefits, all the livestock production in the United States that consumes a lot of food is located in the grain producing areas. The states where pig farming is concentrated, such as Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, and Missouri, are located on the corn belt produced by the plantation industry, where 70% of the country's corn production is produced, which improves sufficient and cheap feed corn for pig production.
4. The scale of animal husbandry farms is getting larger and larger, and the number is decreasing year by year. As U.S. livestock production becomes more industrialized and specialized, the size of all kinds of livestock farms is expanding and the number is decreasing. In 1984, there were 430,000 pig farms in the United States, and by 1996 it had dropped to less than 200,000. The pig produced by large-scale pig farms with more than 1,000 heads rose from 34% of the U.S. market in the 1980s to 65% in the 1990s. The three largest broiler companies in the United States are already able to produce 42 percent of the U.S. broilers.
5. High level of intensive production. Driven by economies of scale and profits, the livestock production in the United States is very high in all livestock breeds in the industry. The average size of each chicken farm in layer production is 200,000-250,000, the largest layer farm raises 18 million layer chickens, and the largest broiler farm can produce hundreds of millions of broiler chickens per year. More than 1/4 of the beef cattle fattening farms produce more than 100,000 beef cattle per year, and the largest beef cattle fattening enterprises produce more than 300,000 heads per year.
6. Overproduction of livestock products must be exported in large quantities, and it is more dependent on the international market. The high degree of intensification and industrialization of animal husbandry production in the United States not only makes the output of various types of livestock products in the United States rank among the best in the world, and the per capita share ranks among the top in the world, but also makes a large surplus of livestock products, and it is necessary to actively explore the international market. The U.S. livestock industry is worth less than 1.5 percent of GDP, but exports of livestock products account for 5 percent of the entire foreign trade exports and more than 10 percent of domestic consumption. Poultry meat exports are the largest, accounting for about 14 per cent of domestic production and 40 per cent of world poultry meat exports.
Second, cattle industry
The number of American cattle has been on a downward trend since it reached a peak of 140 million heads in the early 1970s, falling below 100 million heads in the late 1980s and early 1990s, then rising to about 100 million heads, and 101.2 million heads in 1998, when beef production was 11.5 million tons, ranking third in the world. After entering the 21st century, the number of cattle is still declining. In 2003, there were 103.9 million cattle in total, and beef production was 11.94 million tons, accounting for 21% of the world's production. The per capita share of beef is 44.2 kg, and the per capita consumption is 31.5 kg. Total production and per capita share are ranked first in the world.
(1) Beef cattle
Beef cattle is the largest production sector in the U.S. livestock industry, accounting for 25% of the livestock industry's output value. American beef cattle were introduced by the Spaniards in the 16th century to Florida, the Mississippi River Valley, and some parts of the Southwestern United States. In the 17th century, British and Dutch colonists introduced beef cattle to some areas along the Atlantic coast of the United States. In 1805, the first beef cattle fattened with corn stretched from Ohio to Baltimore, opening up a domestic market in the United States. After 1860, as new railways were built, beef cattle breeding extended from the Atlantic coast to Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska. With its vast expansive fine pastures, mild climate, and large amounts of cheap corn, it has become a huge center of the American beef cattle industry.
1. Beef cattle inventory and distribution
In January 2004, there were 32.86 million cows for meat, 13.81 million cattle for fattening, 15.32 million cows to be fattened, 15.2 million calves, 11.94 million tons of beef, and $70 billion in beef cattle sales revenue.
The U.S. beef cattle industry is widely distributed, with 70% of states with more than 1 million heads in stock. One of the concentrated production areas is the Midwest, including Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Colorado and other states. The second is the western region, which mainly includes California, Washington, Oregon and other states. The third is the eastern region of Tennessee, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Florida and other states. Fourth, texas in the south-central region, the cattle industry is the most developed, in 2003 beef cattle stock of 14 million, accounting for about 14.6% of the United States, ranking first. The second and third places are Kansas and Nebraska, with 6.35 million and 6.2 million heads, respectively, accounting for about 6.5% of the national total. Four to ten, followed by Oklahoma (5.4 million), California (5.25 million), Missouri (4.5 million), South Dakota (3.7 million), Iowa (3.6 million), Wisconsin (3.3 million) and Colorado (2.65 million), with the top 10 beef cattle stock accounting for 57.5% of the total number of beef cattle in the United States.
2. Beef cattle breeds
The breeds of beef cattle raised in the United States mainly include Angus cattle, High Ford cattle, Brahmin cattle, Simmental cattle, Charolais cattle, in addition to shorthorn cattle, St. Grudy cattle and other breeds, each breed has a breed association, the implementation of good breed registration, responsible for breed breeding.
Beef cattle are mostly crossed by two or more breeds, taking advantage of the hybridization. Hybrid cattle grow fast, are easy to fatten and have good meat quality. Family farms are more likely to breed a hybrid generation of Angus cattle and High Ford cattle, which have good production performance, strong adaptability of offspring, fast weight gain, and high yield and meat yield. In the southern region, most of the Angus cattle or Hydford cattle are crossed with Brahmin cattle, and their production performance is also very good.
3. Production and operation mode
There are three main ways of operating the Beef Cattle Industry in the United States: One is the herding beef cattle industry, which is mainly on the grazing pasture, relying on a large amount of pasture to raise calf racks and fatten cattle. The herding beef cattle industry is generally smaller. About half of the beef production comes from the herding beef industry. The second is the fattening beef cattle industry. It is usually first grazed and raised in the west such as Missouri, South Dakota, North Dakota, Kansas, Kentucky, Montana, etc., "set up a shelf", and then transported to Texas, California and the North Central Corn Belt in Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Oklahoma for fattening. This method uses a large amount of concentrate, fattening cattle in a closed environment, with a high degree of specialization, requiring a large purchase of feed, shelf cattle and some other equipment, but using less land and responding quickly to market prices and market cycles. Rack cattle are generally sent to the fattening farm for about 100 days at the age of 14-15 months, and are sold from the original weight of 300-350 kg to about 520 kg. Before 1960, beef cattle fattening farms in the United States were mainly small, with an average of less than 1,000 beef cattle fattened per farm. In the 1980s, the situation changed, and more than half of the fattening beef cattle produced by 420 beef cattle fattening establishments across the country accounted for more than half of the national total. There are more than 100 fattening farms with more than 35,000 cattle, and the average farm sells 75,000 heads per year. After the 1990s, there were large fattening farms that could fatten 100,000 beef cattle, which could be marketed for sale through 6 months of fattening, and each large fattening farm could fatten 200,000 heads per year. At present, there are more than 40,000 beef cattle fattening farms in the United States, and each beef cattle fattening farm raises an average of 2,000 cattle. The third is the breeding of beef cattle. This method is mainly used to produce high-quality breeding bulls and breeding cows as a way to improve the quality of beef cattle. Breeding beef cattle is characterized by the need for higher skill and experience, higher investment per cow than other forms of beef cattle, and the need for large amounts of grain. However, the gains are slower because it takes many years to breed a high-quality breeding cow.
(2) Production of dairy cows and dairy products
The number of U.S. dairy cows in January 2004 was 8.99 million, down 10 percent from 1988 and 4 percent from 1994. This is down 1% from January 2003. 4.02 million cows in reserve. Milk production of 75.02 million tons, the average yield of 8 tons, the highest yield of 12 tons, per capita occupancy of 267 kg, ranking first in the world.
1. Distribution of cows
The United States is blessed with unique climatic conditions and natural resources suitable for the development of dairy production. Dairy cattle are mainly distributed along the Pacific coast, the Great Lakes region, the southern plains and the northeast region of the United States, forming the famous "dairy cow belt", which produces more than 70% of the country's milk.
U.S. dairy cattle development originated in the Great Lakes region, which is characterized by abundant rainfall, low temperatures, and poor soil, which is more suitable for the growth of silage corn and pasture, providing a rich source of low-cost feed for dairy cows. Another advantage of the region is the concentration of consumer markets, with the largest concentration of large urban agglomerations in the United States, and market demand drives the development of the dairy industry. In the 1990s, due to improved road conditions, the construction of processing facilities and the increase in feed production in irrigated areas, milk production, storage and transportation costs were reduced, and the production center of gravity shifted westward. Western California surpassed Wisconsin in 1993 in terms of cow heads and milk production, and became the largest producing state in 1998. Milk production in the western states of Idaho and New Mexico has been rising year after year, while the production of the Midwest and Northeast states has been declining. The top ten cows in late 2003 were California with 1.672 million heads, Wisconsin 1.265 million heads, New York 675,000 heads, Pennsylvania 590,000 heads, Minnesota 480,000 heads, Idaho 392,000 heads, Texas 320,000 heads, New Mexico 314,000 heads, and Missouri 300,000 heads. With 20,000 heads, Ohio with 260,000 heads, the number of cow heads in ten states continues to remain above 70% of the total number of dairy cows in the country.
2. The main breed of dairy cows
The main breeds of American dairy cattle are Holstein cattle, Juanshan cattle and other dairy-meat breeds. A large number of dairy cattle breeding centers and breeding companies have been established throughout the country to carry out the commercial breeding of high-yield dairy cows and the breeding of dairy cows. Both dairy cattle breeding centers and dairy farms attach great importance to the determination of the descendants of dairy cows, and make very accurate and comprehensive records of the pedigree and milk production of each cow, providing a good foundation for breeding high-yielding dairy cows.
The development of American dairy cows has gone through three stages. The first is the stage of quantitative development, which is mainly characterized by the development of the number of dairy cow heads, the stabilization of dairy cow yields, and the increase of total milk production. In the 25 years from 1929 to 1955, the number of dairy cattle raised remained basically above 20 million. From 1929 to 1949, the fastest development was 23.7 million, with an annual growth rate of 9.6%. The yield was stable at about 2200-2600 kg, and the total output increased to 55.8 million tons, an increase of 25% in 1955 compared with 1929. The second is the transition and transformation stage, the main feature is to reduce the number of cow heads, increase yield, and stabilize the total milk production. In the 20 years from 1955 to 1975, the number of cow heads fell to 9.905 million, a 47% drop, and the yield per cow increased by 2051 kg, an increase of 77%. Total milk production stabilized at around 52-56 million tonnes. The third is the quality improvement stage. The main features are to stabilize the number of cow heads, increase yields, and develop total milk production. In the 15 years from 1980 to 1995, the total number of dairy cows stabilized at about 10.5-11 million heads, and the yield per cow continued to increase, reaching 6900 kg by 1997, and the total output developed to 66 million tons. The average yield in 2003 was 8 512 kg.
3. Pork production
The United States is the world's pig production power, the number of pigs and pork production are second only to China, accounting for the second place in the world. At the end of December 2003, there were 60.82 million pigs, and in March 2004, there were 59.31 million pigs, down 2% from the end of last year. The number of pigs in the United States is equivalent to 15% of China's, while the number of slaughtered heads and pork production are 16% and 18% of China's respectively. In the 1990s, U.S. pig production declined year after year, with 57.9 million pigs in 1994 and 8.02 million tons of pork, and 7.75 million tons of pork in 1996, down 3.3% from 1994. In 1998, there were 56.17 million heads in stock, and pork production fell further to 7.72 million tons. After entering the new century, the pig inventory has rebounded, with pork production of 8.97 million tons in 2002, annual sales of live pigs of more than 1 billion US dollars, and the pig industry creating 750,000-800,000 jobs for the United States every year. In 1998, the per capita consumption of pork was 31 kg, ranking second among meats.
1. Production distribution
U.S. pig production was originally mainly distributed in corn production concentration areas (CORNBELT), northern plains (NORTHERNPLAINS) and great lakes (LAKESTATES) near the eight states, from Ohio and Michigan in the east, to Minnesota in the northwest, to Missouri in the southwest. More than 70 percent of the country's corn is produced here, providing sufficient, inexpensive feed corn for pig production, so 80 percent of U.S. pig production is distributed here, with Iowa accounting for 27 percent of U.S. pig production. The layout of pig production in the feed production area is in line with the principle of economic benefits of animal husbandry. U.S. hog production is rare in the West and New England. However, in the 1990s, hog production rose in some places in the southern states, and some large enterprises transported feed from states hundreds of miles away to develop pig production, such as North Carolina, Texas and Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, which are the largest states in the southern and northeastern regions. In terms of the number of pigs produced in 2003, the top ten states in the United States for pig production are: Iowa (14.84 million heads, the same below), North Carolina (900), Minnesota (590), Illinois (359), Nebraska (253), Indiana (280), Missouri (261), Oklahoma (202), Kansas (149) and Ohio (136).
2. Varieties
There are 7 main breeds of pigs raised in the United States, of which 5 are single breeds and 2 are supporting breeding pigs. The five single breeds are the Long White Pig, Yorkshire, Duroc, Hampshire and Pitland. The 2 supporting breeding lines are PIC and Deca. The main breed of pigs is still the first 4 single breeds. Of the more than 7 million sows in the United States, PIC accounts for about 60,000, Deca accounts for about 20,000, double-breed hybrid sows account for about 70%, and purebred sows account for only 17%. Of course, 100% of the listed commercial pigs are hybrid pigs. PIC is the United States and the world's largest pig breeding company, with branches and breeding bases in 26 countries, and its breeding pigs are exported to 54 countries around the world, with an annual turnover of 67 billion US dollars. The production performance of PIC pigs is: the number of litters is 9.43, and the annual output of sows is 2.23 litters, with a daily weight increase of 750 grams and a thickness of 2.03 cm. Deca is the second largest pig breeding company in the United States, with 12 breeding center and 13 breeding farms in the United States, and imports Meishan pigs and Northeast pigs from China to increase the number of breeding pigs.
3. Production mode
In the 1970s, the production of pigs in the United States was dominated by traditional open pig barns, semi-open as the main body in the 1980s, semi-open in the 1990s still accounted for 60%, and fully enclosed modernization accounted for about 30%. Now 100% of pig farms use compound feed, and the ingredients are controlled by computers strictly according to nutritional standards. There are also some large pig farms that produce their own compound feed. The use of growth hormone feed additives is allowed in pig production. The feeding and management of pigs in more than 10,000 commercial pig farms listed annually adopt computer control, including temperature, humidity, feeding and management in the house. Piglets are generally weaned for 28 days, and the time of experimental research has been advanced to 7-17 days, and the milk substitutes and feedings for early weaning of piglets are generally promoted. The percentage of each item in the production cost of pigs in the United States is: 50% feed, 10% of labor, 7% of energy consumption, and 20% depreciation of fixed assets.
U.S. pig farms have a strict epidemic prevention system, and the site of the pig farm has a good natural barrier and isolation environment. General pig farms are only injected with porcine erysipelas and atrophic rhinitis vaccines, and key monitoring is carried out for diseases such as swine fever and swine respiratory reproduction syndrome. Each pig farm is equipped with a manure and sewage treatment system.
4. Production scale
The number of pig farms in the United States has been decreasing in the past 30 years, with the number of pig farms in the 1950s being 3 million, 430,000 in 1984, and falling to less than 200,000 in 1996. Pig farms are growing in size. In 1980, more than 1,000 farms sold 34 percent of the market's total traded hogs, which increased to 57 percent by 1987. After the 1990s, 65% of hogs were produced by farms of 1,000-50,000 pigs. The number of pigs provided by farms below 1,000 fell to less than 30%. As the number of specialized pig farms in the United States continues to decline, the average size is increasing, and the production efficiency of pigs is constantly improving. Slaughter carcass weight of pigs increased from 77.6 kg in the 1980s to 90 kg in 2003. In 2003, the outflow rate was above 170 per cent. At present, integrated pig farms account for 70% of the total number of pig farms, 17% only raise commercial pigs, and 11% simply raise breeding pigs and sell piglets.
4. Poultry meat and eggs
The United States is the world's largest producer and exporter of poultry meat and the world's second-largest producer of poultry eggs. Poultry production is the fastest growing of livestock production in the United States, with poultry meat production increasing from 6.5 million tonnes in the early 1980s to 16.1 million tonnes in 1999, with an average annual growth rate of 5% and a world average annual growth rate of 4.8% over the same period. In 2003, the U.S. poultry meat production was 17.35 million tons, surpassing the production of the whole of Europe and making it the world's largest producer. 83% of U.S. poultry production is made up of broilers. Unlike China, turkey occupies an important position in its poultry production, producing 2.53 million tons of turkey meat in 2003, accounting for about 14.5% of the total poultry meat production. U.S. poultry products are valued at $22.4 billion, broilers account for 67 percent, or about $15.1 billion, eggs at $4.3 billion, turkeys at $2.845 billion, and other poultry at $68 million.
1) Broiler
U.S. broiler production is concentrated in the eastern and southeastern states and in the western state of California. From Delaware in the east to the state of Left Asia in the south, then to Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas in the west. Broiler production in The three states of Left, Arkansas and Alabama account for 42% of the country's total production. Left Asia has the highest stock and output of broiler chickens, reaching 1.29 billion and US$2.1 billion in 2002, respectively. The top five states for production are LeftIa, Arkansas (11.8; 17.4), Alabama (10.5; 16), Mississippi (7.7; 12.2), North Carolina (7.3; 13.7)。 Breeds of broiler chickens in the United States are mainly AA broilers, Avine broilers, Cooper broilers, Hobart broilers, and Hyperward turkeys.
2) Turkey
The United States is the world's largest producer and consumer of turkeys, producing about 270 million turkeys a year. The top five producing states are North Carolina in the southeast (45 million), Minnesota in the north (44 million), Arkansas in the east (29.5 million), Missouri in the central (25 million), Virginia in the east (20 million) and California in the west (16.5 million). The annual per capita consumption of turkey meat is about 20 pounds. Figure 27 shows the distribution of turkey production in the United States, and the six dark green states account for 67% of the total number of turkeys in the United States.
3) Layer chicken
The production of poultry eggs in the United States is statistically divided into edible poultry eggs and hatched eggs, edible eggs account for 85% of all poultry egg production, in 2003 the national production of poultry eggs 87.2 billion, of which 74.4 billion edible eggs, hatching eggs 12.8 billion. The top six states in terms of production in 2003 were Iowa (9.9 billion pieces), Ohio (7.94 billion), Pennsylvania (6.5 billion), California (6.1 billion), Indiana (5.97 billion) and Texas (4.77 billion). The annual per capita consumption of poultry eggs is 256 roses, which is about 16 kilograms.
2. Production scale
The size of broiler farms in the United States is getting larger and larger, and the number of broiler farms is gradually decreasing. In particular, the integration of broiler production has concentrated the production of broiler chickens in the United States to a small number of large enterprises, with the output of 10 large companies accounting for 67% of the total production of broilers, of which the three largest production accounts for 42% of the total output. For example, Tyson Foodsinc (TYSONFOODSINC) has 54 broiler farms and processing plants that produce 24.9 million broiler chickens per week and process 56,600 tons of broiler chickens. PERDUEFARMSINC produces 12.2 million broiler chickens per week and processes 22,700 tons of chicken. Generally, a farm raises 80,000-100,000 broiler chickens per batch, raises 5 batches per year, raising a total of 400,000-500,000 chickens, and only 1-2 laborers are used. Large broiler companies generally produce hundreds of millions of broiler chickens a year.
The production of broiler chickens in the United States pays attention to the improvement of technical level, and the management and intensive production of modern chicken farms make the indicators of American broiler production at the world's leading level. The average slaughtering day of American broilers is 48.6 days, the slaughter live weight is 2.22 kg, the feed conversion rate is 1:1.92, the average feeding density is 13.1 animals/square meter, and the hatching rate is 83.2%.
The rapid development of the poultry industry in the United States has changed the structure of American meat. Before the 1980s, beef and pork accounted for more than 80 percent of American meat, and beef consumption in 1976 accounted for 46.1 percent of total meat. By 1987, poultry consumption surpassed beef and pork for the first time, and in 2003 it had accounted for 44.2%, ranking first among all kinds of meats.
5. International trade in livestock products
The United States is the world's largest exporter of livestock products, and in recent years the export of livestock products has grown strongly, with the value of livestock products exports reaching $5.054 billion in 1997 and rising to $7.6 billion in 2001, accounting for 14 percent of the world's total exports of livestock products.
1. International trade in poultry products
The United States is the world's largest exporter of poultry meat, followed by Brazil and the European Union, with the top three accounting for 85 percent of the world's total. Among the exports of U.S. livestock products, poultry meat exports are the largest. Since the 1990s, poultry meat exports have grown rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of 23.5%. By 2001, it had reached 2.48 million tons, with exports of 1.37 billion US dollars, an increase of 30% over 1996, accounting for about 40% of the world's poultry meat exports and 20% of domestic poultry production. The rate of growth has declined since 2000. In 2002, 2.26 million tons of poultry meat were exported, and in 2003, 2.16 million tons were exported. The traditional markets for U.S. poultry exports are Russia (including the Baltic States) and Asian countries (China and Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore), which already account for 59% of U.S. poultry exports. There are also Mexico and Middle Eastern countries. In recent years, Russia has implemented quota management for poultry meat imports, with an annual quota of 1 million tons, which has affected the entry of poultry meat into the United States. U.S. poultry export growth was mainly in the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, Africa and Central America, and although poultry meat exports to countries in these three regions accounted for only 17 per cent of total exports, the annual growth rate was 50 per cent in 2002 and continued to grow in 2003.
The United States is also the world's largest exporter of turkey meat, exporting 220,000 tons of turkey meat annually, worth $250 million, and the export market is Mexico, accounting for 45%, and China ranks fifth.
2. International trade in beef and beef products
Although the United States is the world's largest producer of beef, it is also a pure importer of beef. The United States exports high-quality beef fattened and processed and cut from grain and refined feed, and most of its imports are grazed beef. Beef accounts for the second largest number of livestock products exported by the United States.
In 2001, 645,000 tons of beef were exported, with an export value of about 2.23 billion US dollars, in 2002 1.13 million tons of beef, in 2003 it was 1.147 million tons. The main market for exports is Japan, with an average of 300,000-400,000 tons per year. Until 2000, Japan imported U.S. beef more than double that of Mexico, the second-largest importer. The number of beef imports from the United States fell by 1/3 after the discovery of mad cow disease in Japan in 2001. After the discovery of mad cow disease in the United States in December 2003, Japan completely stopped importing it. Mexico, the second-largest importer, has grown rapidly in previous years but has slowed in recent years. In third place is South Korea, where imports have grown very rapidly since the liberalization of the beef market in 2001. Canada is the fourth largest market for U.S. beef, and its importance has declined in recent years. The U.S. Department of Agriculture originally expected beef exports to reach 890,000 tons in 2004, and after the discovery of mad cow disease, dozens of countries have banned imports of U.S. beef, and officials expect beef exports in 2004 to be only 17% of what they were in 2003, or about 195,000 tons.
The United States is also an important beef importer in the world, mainly from Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In addition, the United States also imports processed cooked beef from Argentina and Brazil. Beef is also exported to the United States by some Central American countries such as Uruguay.
The United States imports far more live cattle than it exports, and the countries that import live cattle are also exporters, such as Canada and Mexico, mainly because of their geographical borders and complementary characteristics of cattle production. In 2002, 1.7 million cattle were imported from Canada and 800,000 from Mexico. In 2003, 520,000 heads of cattle were imported from Canada and 1.22 million heads from Mexico. However, after the discovery of mad cow disease in Canada in May 2003, the import of live cattle has been stopped until now. Live cattle imported from Canada are used directly for slaughter, and imports from Mexico take a period of fattening before they can be slaughtered and processed.
(Source: Poker Investors)
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