Zhejiang Wenling green food red beauty citrus cultivation technology
Chen Danxia
With the rapid development of China's economy, the consumer market's requirements for the quality and safety of agricultural products have increased rapidly, and high quality, green and safety have become the mainstream of consumption. Green food fruits have the characteristics of excellent production environment, edible safety, good taste, beautiful appearance, production specifications, etc., which meet the public's consumption demand for nutritious and healthy agricultural products, and are more competitive than ordinary fruits. With the improvement of awareness of green food, consumers' willingness to demand green food will increase, and green food fruits will become more and more favored by consumers, so producers should achieve green production and ensure product quality.
Red beauty citrus has the characteristics of thin and juicy skin, moderate sweetness and acidity, good slagging, etc., and is known as "jelly orange", which is loved by the majority of consumers. In recent years, the red beauty citrus industry has developed rapidly in Zhejiang and other places, especially in Ningbo, Taizhou, Huzhou, Quzhou and other places have been widely promoted and planted. Wenling City belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate, sufficient sunshine, four distinct seasons, suitable for a variety of fruit trees to grow, known as "China's greenhouse grape town" and "China's fruit cane town", in recent years began to plant a large number of red beauty citrus, by the end of 2020 red beauty citrus in Wenling City planting area has reached 400 hm 2. However, in the production, it was found that the red beauty citrus had the disadvantages of easy premature aging of the tree, unstable fruit of the tree body in the next year, high difficulty in daily management, and high management cost. In order to produce green, high-quality, and high-priced red beauty citrus, the author summarizes the cultivation technology of green red beauty citrus in combination with planting practice.
1 Establishment of the park
Green food and fruit production has higher requirements for environmental quality, and should choose a place with a good ecological environment and no pollution to build a garden, and the environmental quality of the place of origin should meet the requirements of "Environmental Quality of Green Food Origin" (NY/T 391 - 2013). When building a garden, the garden should choose a plot with flat terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil, high organic matter content, sufficient light, and convenient drainage and irrigation. Due to the poor cold resistance of red beauty citrus, winter cooling is prone to frost damage, and it is generally cultivated in greenhouses. Greenhouse cultivation can not only reduce the low temperature frost damage in winter, but also the tree body grows faster than open-field cultivation, and the fruit can be marketed early and postponed to the end of January of the following year.
2 Seedling selection and planting
Red Beauty Citrus is a high-quality, productive citrus variety suitable for local cultivation. Seedlings that grow robustly, are free of pests and diseases and have passed the quarantine inspection by the quarantine department should be selected for the establishment of the park, and detoxified seedlings can be preferred. The planting time is generally more suitable from February to March, with a planting density of 3.0 to 3.3 m×3.5 m, and a colonization density of 855 to 945 plants/hm2. Before colonization, it is necessary to apply sufficient organic fertilizer first, generally applying fully decomposed farm manure. It is recommended that large seedlings be transplanted, and it is better to grow large seedlings in two years, which not only has a high survival rate, but also can enter the fruiting period early and improve the return on investment.
3 Soil management
Red beauty citrus has strong adaptability and does not require high soil pH. During the planting process, more organic fertilizer can be applied, and organic fertilizer can not only promote the growth of fruit trees but also ensure fruit quality. To build a new orange orchard, it is necessary to carry out deep soil transformation on the side of the canopy every year, and at the same time make green manure and turn green manure to achieve the purpose of improving the soil. In the planting process, it is recommended to cultivate raw grass, and mow grass cover the ground to cool down during high temperature and drought to prevent fruit trees from dying or being damaged.
4 Fertilizer management
The use of green food red beauty citrus fertilizer should be strictly in accordance with the standards of the "Green Food Fertilizer Use Guidelines" (NY/T 394 - 2013), so as to follow the laws of nature, protect the ecological environment, and maintain soil fertility. In early February, early May and mid-July, a large amount of elemental water-soluble fertilizer of Ancofeng was applied 225 kg/hm 2, and in mid-May, rapeseed cake 4 500 kg/hm 2 and sheep manure 9 000 kg/hm 2 were applied. Through scientific and reasonable fertilization, the purpose of green production is achieved, so as to provide consumers with safe and high-quality products.
5 Flower and fruit management
The first is to control the fruit. When the spring shoots grow to 2 to 4 cm, remove the vegetative branches at the top and outside of the canopy, and leave 5 to 6 leaves in the inner and lower parts of the spring shoots, erasing all the summer shoots. The second is nutrition and fruit preservation. Before flowering, the red beauty citrus with weak body and large flowers is sprayed with foliar fertilizer to supplement the nutrients of the tree. The third is to thin flowers and fruits. Red beauty citrus fruit set rate is higher, the canopy of young trees is small, and artificial flower thinning management is carried out during spring pruning to facilitate the expansion of the canopy; in the fruit tree multi-flowering year, the bud period cuts off some flower branches or buds, reduces the amount of flowers, maintains the tree momentum, and achieves the purpose of abundant and stable yield. In early July, the fruit is fixed, and the disease and insect fruits, deformed fruits, chaotian fruits, and too small fruits are removed, and the leaf fruits are 30:1 than the fruit.
6 Trimming
Canopy cultivation begins from the juvenile stage of the fruit tree, so that it forms a natural happy shape, so that it can open and transmit light and three-dimensional results. Plastic pruning is conducive to maintaining the balance of vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the fruit tree, and maintaining abundant and stable yield. The pruning strength should be determined according to the growth of the tree, the tree body with stronger strength and more flowers should be re-sheared, and the tree body with weak tree strength and less flowers should be lightly sheared. Plastic trimming is divided into growth trimming and dormancy trimming. Pruning during the growth period: According to different growth periods, pruning measures such as wiping buds, controlling shoots, picking hearts, removing and pulling branches are taken to achieve the purpose of controlling growth. Dormancy period pruning: From February to March, according to the growth of the canopy, in accordance with the principle of deleting the secret and leaving the sparse, controlling the upper and lower, and controlling the external promotion, the dense large branches, side branches, and crossed branches are removed and retracted, and the canopy is ventilated and transparent.
7 Severe weather prevention
7.1 Freeze Protection
Pay attention to weather changes, long-term drought in winter should be irrigated in time, and the ground cover or tree disc cultivation soil before the arrival of strong cold air to improve frost resistance. A few days before the cold snap, you can irrigate in advance to lower the ground temperature and adapt the tree to the low temperature environment. The use of smoke in the greenhouse also has a certain cold and antifreeze effect, and must pay attention to safety when smoking.
7.2 Drought resistance
During the dry season from July to September, when branches and fruits are found to have stopped developing, and the leaves are curled and wilted, water should be filled in time. Irrigation method: flood the ground, introduce a ditch, and water through the furrow; the canopy is sprayed in the morning and evening, sprayed until the leaves drip. It is forbidden to irrigate or spray water at noon, because the ground temperature is high at noon, and watering can easily damage the roots of the tree. Advocate orchard grass, raw grass can store water, reduce water evaporation, is conducive to improving the soil fertility of orchards, enhance the drought resistance of trees.
7.3 Typhoon prevention
Before the arrival of the summer typhoon, the method of standing pillars is adopted to support the branches to prevent the fruit from being injured and the branches from cracking. Before the arrival of the typhoon, if the wind is relatively small, it is necessary to strengthen the greenhouse in time, close the shed to prevent the wind, protect the facilities and crops in the greenhouse; if the wind > 10, the greenhouse film should be removed in time to prevent the greenhouse from being blown down by the typhoon. After the typhoon and rain, it is necessary to clean the orchard in time, open ditches and drainage, prevent water mold roots, and cut off broken branches and straighten out trees. Trees with serious leaf loss should be fertilized in time to promote the growth of new shoots and restore the tree momentum. After the typhoon, there are many fruit branches and leaves and fruit wounds, which are easy to cause diseases, and fungicides such as manganese zinc should be sprayed in time to reduce the occurrence of diseases.
8 Pest control
The main diseases of red beauty citrus are anthrax, canker disease and scab disease, and the main insect pests are red spiders, fruit-sucking nocturnal moths, mesozoans and rust ticks. Prevention and control principles: follow the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive treatment", starting from the orchard ecosystem, comprehensively use various control measures, and give priority to agricultural control, biological control, physical control and other means to control the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.
8.1 Agricultural control
Cultivate robust tree bodies to improve disease resistance. In winter, the garden is cleared in time, the disease and insect branches and dead branches are cut off, and the orchard is cleared out and destroyed in time to reduce the source of diseases and insects.
8.2 Biological control
Measures such as grass, planting grass or mulching in orange groves are adopted to maintain the ecological balance of orange orchards, protect and utilize beneficial organisms, and treat insects with insects. Conditional orchards can stock predatory mites.
8.3 Physical control
Taking advantage of the tendency of pests, black light lamps, insecticidal lamps, insect trap plates, traps and other traps are used to trap insects, such as hanging leaf-diving moth traps to trap leaf-diving moths.
8.4 Drug prevention and treatment
Strengthen the prediction and forecasting of diseases and insects, spray prevention in a timely manner, choose pesticide prevention and control when the harm of diseases and insects is greater, and give priority to pesticides of biological origin, pesticides of mineral origin and microbial pesticides. Medication must be carried out in accordance with the standards of the Guidelines for the Use of Pesticides in Green Food (NY/T 393 - 2020), and pesticides that are not recommended in the list must not be used. At the end of March, red spiders were controlled with a 200-fold liquid spray of Luying Mineral Oil, aphids were controlled with a 2,000-fold liquid spray of octyl thiophosphorus in mid-May, anthrax and scabs were controlled with a 600-fold liquid spray of zinc manganese zinc in late July, and mesozoans were controlled with 1,500-fold liquid of thiazide in mid-September.
9 Picking and packing
The skin of red beauty citrus is thin and not resistant to storage, and it should be harvested in stages and batches according to market demand. Some growers pick and market the fruit before it is fully ripe in order to get to market early, resulting in poor taste. Greenhouse cultivation is generally in mid-November when the fruit is fully colored and can be picked. When picking, it should be picked lightly to avoid mechanical damage. Cultivated through greenhouse facilities, the picking period can be extended and low temperature frost damage can be prevented. The harvest period can be delayed by more than 1 month for full-time cultivation than open-air cultivation. Around the Spring Festival, the peak sales season for fruits, the price also rises, and the red beauty citrus on the market at this time is very popular with consumers. However, it is generally not recommended to leave fruit on the tree until February picking, otherwise it is easy to cause the tree to weaken and affect the amount of results in the next year.
Packaging is the cloak of a product and a way of marketing. After the red beauty citrus is harvested, it should be graded and packaged in time. Enterprises with green food certification can print green food logos on product packaging, and green food product packaging must meet the requirements of the "China Green Food Trademark Logo Design and Use Specification Manual". In the packaging as much as possible to highlight the characteristics of the product, as far as possible with bright colors of the packaging shell, to achieve beautiful, generous.
10 Post-harvest management
After the harvest of red beauty citrus fruits, it is necessary to do a good job of tree potential recovery, and organic fertilizer can be applied in an appropriate amount. In winter, weeds and dead branches and leaves in the orchard are removed, and underground overwintering pests are killed to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases in the coming year.