Fund Project: Research on the polyculture technology of dark-striped oriental pufferfish in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, and bamboo shoot shell fish in Thailand
Fund Project: Guangzhou Science and Technology Program "Pearl River Science and Technology Rising Star Special Topic" (201906010003)
_Xu Ai entertainment
Puffer fish is a migratory fish with extremely delicious meat, known as the "king of hundreds of fish" and "the best of the fish", and the dark-striped oriental pufferfish is one of the species of pufferfish. Bamboo shoot shell fish have Thai bamboo shoot shell fish, hybrid bamboo shoot shell fish and Australian bamboo shoot shell fish, the project polyculture object is Thai bamboo shoot shell fish, its market sales price is higher, and the dark oriental pufferfish polyculture economic benefits are better.
The traditional aquatic polyculture model is to put more than two different species in the same fish pond for breeding management, the author began to carry out research on dark oriental pufferfish in 2003, after a long period of exploration and discussion, in 2020 successfully developed a scientific polyculture model based on cage and vegetable-based fish pond circulating water system, which can effectively solve the drawbacks of traditional polyculture and has certain promotion advantages. The scientific polyculture model of dark-striped oriental pufferfish and Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is introduced as an example.
First, the advantages of polyculture of dark-striped oriental pufferfish and Thai bamboo shoot shell fish
Thai bamboo shoot shell fish currently has two feeding methods in the breeding process, the first way is to feed "chilled + powder", due to timed and fixed-point feeding, Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is basically in a state of subsistence. Thai bamboo shoot shell fish has long lacked chasing exercise, fat posture, relatively more fat in the body, meat quality, taste is not as good as the fish fed live bait, so its market price is 20 ~ 40 yuan / kg lower than feeding live bait. The second way is to feed live bait mud carp, because the bamboo shoot shell fish need to actively chase live mud carp during the breeding process, which requires exercise and physical exertion, and sometimes even in a state of hunger. Thai bamboo shoot shell fish that feeds live bait mud carp is uniform, firm in flesh and smooth in taste, and its market sales unit price is the highest in the same period. Although the single-culture Thai bamboo shoot shell fish model feeds live bait mud carp, it is also necessary to feed the mud carp with peanut bran and wheat bran on a daily basis, otherwise the mud carp will muddy the water in the pond due to hunger and affect the water quality.
In this study, the Thai bamboo shoot shell fish mainly ate live bait mud carp, the dark striped oriental pufferfish in the cage ate "chill + powder", and the mud carp actively ate the residual feed of the dark striped oriental pufferfish, without feeding peanut bran, wheat bran, etc., saving the cost of raw materials and manual feeding. Mud carp is well eaten and nutritious, and the thai bamboo shoot shell fish has a better meat texture and good quality after eating, and its market sales unit price is higher.
2. Seeding and stocking
In the Guangdong region, the breeding period of the dark-striped oriental pufferfish begins in November and ends at the end of May of the following year. Dark-striped Oriental Pufferfish batch seedlings are seedlings that are bred and produced from November to December, with less breeding and production, short supply, higher prices, and farmers usually need to book in advance. The seed stocking at this stage only needs to be farmed until August to October of the following year to reach the market specifications of commercial fish, the market is in short supply, and there is no need to overwinter and cover the wintering shed, the breeding risk is small, the survival rate is higher, the price of commercial fish is higher, and the benefit is better. Dark-striped Oriental Pufferfish seedlings are seedlings bred and produced from January to March, with large sales volume and moderate prices, and most farmers choose to release this batch of seedlings. The seed stocked at this stage only needs to be farmed until September to November of the same year to reach the market specifications of commercial fish, and does not need to overwinter and cover the wintering shed, the breeding risk is small, and the survival rate is high. The dark-striped Oriental Puffertail Batch is a seedling produced from April to May, and the price is cheaper. The seed stocked at this stage needs to be farmed until April-May of the following year to reach the market size of commercial fish, and it is necessary to winter and cover the wintering shed, which is more risky and the cost of breeding is higher.
The breeding period for the Thai bamboo shoot shell fish begins in April and ends in October. The first batch of shoot shell fish is a fry produced from April to May, when the breeding production is small, the supply is in short supply, the price is higher, and farmers usually need to book in advance. The seed stocking at this stage only needs to be farmed until June to October of the following year to reach the market specifications of commercial fish, the market is in short supply, only need to winter and cover the wintering shed once, the breeding risk is small, the price of commercial fish is higher, and the benefit is better. The seedlings in the vigorous period of bamboo shoot shell fish are seedlings that are bred and produced from June to August, with large sales volume and moderate prices, and most farmers choose to stock this batch of seedlings. The stocking of seeds at this stage can reach the marketing specifications of commercial fish from October to December of the following year, and it is necessary to overwinter and cover the wintering shed once, but due to the centralized marketing and oversupply, the price of fish before wintering will be generally low every year. Shoot shell fish tail batch seedlings are seedlings that are bred and produced from September to October, and the price is cheaper. Seed stocking at this stage needs to be farmed until December of the second year or March of the third year to reach the market size of commercial fish, and needs to be wintered and covered with wintering sheds twice, which is more risky and higher in culture cost.
3. Aquaculture management
1. Zoned culture
Dark-striped oriental pufferfish and Thai bamboo shoot shell fish can be rotated inside and outside the cage, but the mode of production efficiency is that the dark-striped oriental pufferfish is reared in the cage, and the Thai bamboo shoot shell fish and live bait mud carp are reared outside the cage. The scale structure of the Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is relatively special, with a comb-shaped barb distribution, the scales are small and dense, and the direct touch of the fish body has a rough feeling like a frosted piece. If the Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is cultured in cages, the fish are easily frightened and violently hit the cage, which is very easy to cause the scales to fall off and damage the epidermis, and in severe cases, it will cause bleeding, redness and swelling and even muscle rot, and then the whole pond of fish is infected by bacteria, affecting the survival rate of the fish, and the water quality is corrupted, affecting other aquatic products in the pond, resulting in a vicious circle. Therefore, in the process of breeding, the number of catches should be minimized, the direct touch of the fish body should be avoided with bare hands, and the farm should be kept quiet as much as possible to reduce the flow of people.
2. Bait feeding
Dark-striped oriental pufferfish are omnivorous fish, generally feeding "chilled fish + eel powder" on a daily basis, and can also be fed pufferfish special puffer fish, and regularly add an appropriate amount of microbial preparations (such as EM bacteria, etc.) to the bait. Feed feeding follows the principle of "timing, quantification, fixed pointing and quality", and a fixed bait table is set in the cage. Check the remaining amount of food on the food table about half an hour after each feeding, observe the feeding and health status of the fish, so as to increase or decrease the amount of bait feeding as appropriate, and pay special attention to feeding less or not feeding in rainy, high temperature and cold weather, so as not to pollute the water quality by not finishing the feeding. Under normal circumstances, it is recommended to feed 3% to 4% of the fish's body weight per day, and feed once a day at 6:00, 16:00 and 21:00, each accounting for about 1/3 of the daily feeding amount.
Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is a carnivorous fish, mainly feeding live bait mud carp, according to the needs of different growth periods of Thai bamboo shoot shell fish, regularly put an appropriate amount of live bait mud carp outside the fish pond cage, and the mud carp eats the residual bait of the dark eastern pufferfish to prevent water eutrophication, killing two birds with one stone.
3. Water quality control
This project adopts the circulating ecological breeding technology of vegetable-based fish ponds, and the vegetable base of fish ponds: water surface = 35:65. According to the actual situation of the fish pond, the excavation and transformation are carried out, and the depth of the pond is about 3 meters and the water depth is more than 2.5 meters. Lay a base vegetation filtration system on the ground around the edge of the fish pond, which consists of mulch film, drainage board, geotextile, coarse sand and vegetables. Base noodles grow vegetables, water surface fish farming, breeding mutual assistance. The purification and recycling of aquaculture wastewater has formed a closed ecological circle of circulating aquatic breeding, realizing clean production, efficient water saving, whole drug-free ecological breeding, fish farming without drainage, and planting vegetables without fertilization, so as to create green, safe, healthy and delicious, brand aquatic products, improve the comprehensive utilization rate of land, effectively solve the problem of pond tailwater discharge, and achieve a double harvest of social and economic benefits.
4. Commercial fish fishing
Dark-striped oriental pufferfish are cultured in cages, which can be moved, loaded and unloaded, and can be sub-sized and sparsely cultured at any time according to actual production needs during the breeding process. Dark striped oriental pufferfish fishing process must be operated with water, catch and transport process can not be separated from the water, once away from the water, dark striped oriental puffer will be stressed and inflated, spikes on the skin protrude, rubbing each other, very easy to damage the skin, and easy to die of hypoxia. Thai bamboo shoot shell fish are cultured outside the cage, when growing commercial fish, first with a special cage to catch several times, catch large and small, then use trawling for fishing, and finally use dry pond method to completely catch. Due to its small scales and barbed distribution, the entire fishing operation and transportation process must be careful and gentle, it is recommended to wear latex gloves and never touch the fish body directly with your bare hands.
IV. Results
Taking a fish pond with an area of 8 mu as an example, in April 2020, 30,000 dark-striped Oriental puffer fry with a body length of 3-5 cm were stocked, the unit price of the fry was 1 yuan / tail, and the cost was 30,000 yuan; the overwintering fry of Thai bamboo shoot shell fish with a length of 10 to 12 cm was 10,000 yuan, the unit price of the fry was 12 yuan / tail, the cost was 120,000 yuan, the breeding cycle was 6 months, and the total investment in the polyculture of the dark oriental pufferfish and the Thai bamboo shoot shell fish was 432,000 yuan. The finished fish of the dark-striped oriental pufferfish is 200~350 g/tail, the output is 5 160 kg, the average sales unit price is 60 yuan /kg, and the income is 309,600 yuan; the finished fish of Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is 450~650 g/tail, the output is 4 256 kg, the average sales unit price is 76 yuan / kg, and the income is 323,500 yuan. The total income of the polyculture project is 633,100 yuan, the profit of the single fish pond is 201,100 yuan, and the profit per mu is about 25,000 yuan (Table 1), and the breeding benefits are remarkable.
Table 1 Input and output situation million yuan
5. Discussion and analysis
Aquaculture tailwater treatment is one of the key points of the country's construction of beautiful countryside and rural revitalization, through the study of this project, strengthen the quality and safety of water, and achieve double harvest of social and economic benefits, and the scientific polyculture of dark-striped oriental pufferfish and Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is an excellent new technology.
1. Technical advantages
After the implementation of the project, 300 mu of vegetable-based fish pond circular ecological breeding farm was successfully established on Seagull Island, and a pond ecological circle was established, and the recycling rate of pond aquaculture tailwater reached more than 90%, effectively solving the problem of pond tailwater discharge. Realize multi-level digestion, absorption and utilization of fish feeding feed, and achieve a high conversion coefficient of fish feed. Fish pond controllable breeding and good water quality, effective control of the healthy living environment of aquaculture water bodies, to ensure the healthy life of aquatic organisms, the production of standardized, branded high-quality drug-free residual aquatic products, reduce the risk of breeding diseases.
2. Economic benefits
In Guangdong region, the breeding cycle of the dark eastern pufferfish is 6 to 12 months, the size of commercial fish is generally 200 to 800 grams / tail, the market favored specifications are 250 ~ 400 grams / tail, ultra-small size or super size can also be sold, and even 100 ~ 150 grams / tail can also be sold, can be eaten as one person and one tail. The breeding cycle of Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is 13 to 18 months, the size of commercial fish is generally 450 ~ 1 000 g / tail, the size favored by the market is 600 ~ 750 g / tail, less than 450 g / tail is almost no buyer to buy, higher than 1 000 g / tail of oversized commercial fish is not popular with consumers, the unit price is 6 ~ 16 yuan / kg lower than the marketable specifications. The dark-grained oriental puffer produced in this project is 200~350 g/tail, and the Thai bamboo shoot shell fish is 450~650 g/tail, which is the local marketable specification and can obtain better economic benefits.
3. Ecological benefits
This project carries out research on key technologies of green ecological agriculture, establishes a demonstration base for circular ecological breeding and breeding of vegetable-based fish ponds, and promotes the experimental new model of aquatic ecological breeding without drainage and vegetable cultivation without fertilization, which can effectively solve the problem of tailwater discharge pollution in pond aquaculture, and realize the remote intelligent monitoring of Internet of Things mobile phones and the demonstration and promotion of intelligent and accurate pond data fish farming. Through the independent development of land-based vegetation filtration system, a closed-loop ecological circle of animal and plant production planted in pond water body culture and wetlands with filtration function of pond base is established, forming a closed circulating water breeding ecological circle, mutual assistance in breeding, self-repair and recycling of aquaculture wastewater system, so as to achieve clean production, efficient water saving, drug-free ecological breeding, and improve the comprehensive utilization rate of land.