Zoonotic diseases are diseases that are caused by the same pathogen, are epidemiologically interrelated, and spread naturally between humans and animals.
Its pathogens include viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, spirochetes, rickettsia, chlamydia, fungi, parasites, etc. Research data show that zoonotic diseases not only occur frequently, but also show an upward trend.
This paper summarizes the prevention and control measures of zoonotic diseases by introducing the definition, classification and transmission routes of zoonotic diseases. From ancient plague and rabies to mad cow disease, foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax that have ravaged the world in recent years, diseases spread throughout the animal world while threatening human health and even life. The recent outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza has once again sounded the alarm bell for human beings, even in today's highly developed science and technology, the human health environment is still very fragile, always be vigilant against the harm of "zoonotic diseases", brucellosis infection rate in humans is obviously on the rise!
<h1>I. Definition of Zoonotic Diseases </h1>
According to experts from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, zoonoses refer to "diseases caused by common pathogens and vertebrates in humans and vertebrates, and are epidemiologically linked". There are nearly 200 zoonotic diseases documented in the international literature, dozens of which have caused large-scale transmission. Among them, there have been more than 10 kinds of plague, yellow fever, Ebola, rabies, AIDS, tuberculosis, anthrax, forest encephalitis, foot-and-mouth disease, and mad cow disease that have caused large-scale epidemics and high mortality. Some diseases have not yet been overcome by humans.
<h1>Classification of zoonotic diseases </h1>
1. Classify according to the type of propagation
(1) Direct transmission
Pathogens are transmitted between vertebrates and humans through direct contact with vector animals or contaminants, and do not develop or even reproduce during transmission. Such as rabies, foot-and-mouth disease, influenza, anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis, erysipelas, leptospirosis and trichinellosis.
(2) Circular propagation
The pathogen requires more than one vertebrate to complete its circulatory life or developmental history, but does not require the involvement of invertebrates. Such as human taeniasis and echinococcosis.
(3) Vector transmission In the life history of the pathogen, it is necessary to have the joint participation of vertebrates and invertebrates, reproduce in the body of invertebrates, complete a certain developmental history, and pass through a latent stage before it can be transmitted to another vertebrate host. Such as infectious encephalitis, schistosomiasis and so on.
(4) Spread of rot
Pathogens require a vertebrate host and a non-animal breeding or storage site, such as soil, sewage, private chat, plants, etc. Examples include Clostridium botulinum poisoning, various fungal diseases and helminthiasis.
2. Classification according to pathogenic host
(1) Veterinary origin
The host of the pathogen is a low vertebrate, and human disease is mainly affected by animal infection. Such as rabies, anthrax, avian influenza, H1N1 influenza and so on.
(2) Humanity
The storage host of the pathogen is a human, and the disease of animals mainly originates from humans. Such as human tuberculosis, influenza A and so on.
(3) Reciprocity
Humans and animals are reservoir reservoirs of pathogens, which can be endemic in both humans and animals, and people and animals infect each other. It is characterized by a wide range of host spectrums of pathogens, many transmission routes, and most of them are the source of each other's epidemics.
3. Classification according to the type of pathogen
Zoonotic diseases caused by bacteria such as plague, brucellosis, gangrene, anthrax, porcine erysipelas, tuberculosis, etc.
Common human-animal diseases caused by viruses, such as Japanese encephalitis epidemic, rabies, foot-and-mouth disease, etc. Zoonotic diseases caused by chlamydia, such as psittacosis.
Zoonotic diseases caused by rickettsia, such as scrub worm disease, Q fever, etc. Zoonotic diseases caused by fungi, such as candidiasis.
Zoonotic diseases caused by endopses, such as toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, tapeworm disease, etc. Among them: the protozoa belong to the toxoplasma, meat sporidium, cryptosporidia; the flukes belong to the trematodes such as Dongbi schistosomiasis, liver flake flukes, Chinese biluminal flux, Wesperus cohodate flukes, Huazhi testicular flukes; the tapeworms that belong to the tapeworms include porcinis, echinococcus, poly polycystis, bovine cerculus, canine re-breeding taenia, tiny membrane-shell tapeworms; belonging to nematodes have trichinella, toxocaria gondii, kidney swelling knot nematodes; fly maggots have sheep raspon maggots.
Among them, some pathogens continue among animals and spread to humans under certain conditions, but do not cause transmission between humans. Such as trichinellosis, rabies, forest encephalitis, etc.; some pathogens mainly rely on human continuity for generations, such as amoebic disease, human tuberculosis, etc.; some zoonotic diseases, humans and animals can be the source of infection, such as schistosomiasis, etc.; true zoonotic pathogens must use humans and animals as the final host and intermediate host, such as swine taeniasis.
<h1>Iii. Routes of transmission of zoonotic diseases </h1>
1. Spread through saliva
Such as cats and dogs suffering from rabies, their saliva contains a large number of rabies virus, when cats and dogs bite people, the virus will enter the body with saliva, causing rabies.
2. Spread through feces
It is well known that feces contain various germs. Pathogens such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, and salmonellosis can be transmitted by contaminating people's food, water, and materials through feces. Most parasite eggs are found in the feces. The pathogen of leptospirosis is transmitted through urine.
3. Transmitted by air
Sick livestock and poultry often bring out viruses or germs when they have a runny nose, sneezing and coughing, and form infectious droplets in the air to spread the disease.
4. Through the coat and dander
The whole body of livestock and poultry is covered with hair and skin debris, often containing various viruses, germs, scabies mites, lice, etc., some of which are pathogens of certain diseases, and some of which are the vectors of diseases. If some pet lovers do not pay attention to personal precautions, they can arbitrarily hug, kiss, eat at the same table, and sleep with animals, and it is possible to contract comorbidities from them.
<h1>IV. Principles of prevention and control of zoonotic diseases and prevention and control </h1>
1. Do a good job in monitoring
Zoonotic surveillance of animals is mainly done by veterinary departments. Practice has proved that doing a good job in animal zoonotic surveillance is conducive to taking early measures to effectively control the occurrence and prevalence of zoonotic diseases. Early monitoring of brucellosis and conjugated disease in livestock and elimination of positive animals can reduce the release rate of humans and livestock.
2. Control and eliminate infected animals
The detected infected animals and their products must be harmlessly treated in accordance with national regulations, timely and reasonable compensation in accordance with policies, and timely elimination of pathogens.
3. Herders, breeders, veterinarians, animal food processing personnel, health and epidemic prevention personnel, geological workers and military personnel in the inspection and treatment of cases in the population, as well as medical workers engaged in laboratories, are high-risk groups of zoonotic diseases, they should be the main object of health monitoring, and once infected, they should be treated in time.
4. Cut off the way of transmission from animals to the population
Eliminating vector animals, strengthening the management of human and animal manure and animal waste, doing a good job in daily disinfection, and doing a good job in the hygiene supervision of drinking water and food are important measures to cut off the infection from animals to the population.
5. Improve immunity
Immunize populations and fauna to improve the resistance of humans and animals to disease.
6. Change human healthy living habits and prevent zoonotic diseases
In zoonotic diseases, animals mainly use saliva, feces and other ways to transmit pathogens to humans, and sick animals will also spread viruses or bacteria when they have a runny nose, sneezing and coughing, and form infectious droplets in the air. In addition, animal hair and skin debris contain a variety of viruses, germs, scabies mites, lice, etc., some are the vectors of disease, and some are themselves pathogens of certain diseases.
Although some wild animals have long-term parasitic viruses and germs, they have immune resistance to them and produce corresponding antibodies, so although they are carriers of viruses and germs, they do not get sick or die. Human beings live in a superior natural environment for a long time, the ability to fight viruses is very low, when viruses, germs in the process of human hunting, eating into the human body, human beings because of the lack of antibodies and no immunity, infection is often serious.
<h1>People who have frequent contact with animals due to occupation and other reasons should always pay attention to personal hygiene protection:</h1>
When the skin on the body is damaged, special attention should be paid to preventing infection from animals with viruses or germs;
In animal farms, the human living area should be kept away from the animal feeding area;
Pet lovers should learn some knowledge about zoonotic diseases and regularly let pets be vaccinated against certain diseases;
At the same time, be aware that excessively intimate behaviors such as hugging, kissing, or eating at the same table with your pet, sleeping in the same bed are unhygienic and harmful;
When bitten by an animal suspected of having rabies, seek medical attention immediately;
In terms of diet, we should pay attention to hygiene, choose tested milk, meat, eggs and other foods, and promote eating cooked food.
Control all kinds of zoonotic diseases, so as to achieve early detection, early reporting, early treatment, and strictly prevent the outbreak and transboundary transmission of certain diseases. Only in this way can the losses caused by zoonotic diseases be minimized.
Shi Jinwen, male, Han ethnicity, born in June 1963, a member of the Communist Party of China, graduated from Ningxia Agricultural School in July 1986 majoring in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, and was assigned to work at the Tongxin County Veterinary Station, and obtained the technical title of senior veterinarian in 2004. He has been engaged in the promotion of animal husbandry and veterinary technology in the first line of production for 30 years. Since 2006, he has been continuously hired by the Party Committee of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as a member of the Expert Service Group of the Autonomous Region, and in 2014, he was included in the "three regions" talent team of the autonomous region to carry out technical services.
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