Lingnan Guangdong, before the ancient Sinicization, lived the ancestors of the Baiyue ethnic group today's Cantonese people, speaking the Baiyue language (Cantonese). This language is very different from Chinese, but like the current languages of the Miao, Yao, and Zhuang ethnic minorities, it is closely related to the Dongtai language. Cantonese ("Baiyue" Yuetong Cantonese) is the result of the fusion of a large number of Chudi (Jingman) and a very small number of Han prisoners immigrant languages, so some of the characteristics of the ancient Baiyue language are still preserved to this day, becoming the bottom of Cantonese (today's Hundred Words "Hundred Cantonese" is the product of sinicization after the return of the land). This bottom layer can be said to be the remnant of the ancient Baiyue language, and the Sinicization of the past two thousand years still has the second most bottom layer, which shows that the ancestral origin of the Hundred Words is an indisputable fact.
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When the Miao, Yao, and Zhuang languages modify nouns, they will put the modifiers after the nouns. The basic Cantonese words are like this, such as chicken, pig boy, cat boy, dried vegetables, 嘢食, among which gong, 乸, 仔, zai, dry, food are used to modify chicken, pig, cat, vegetable, boo. However, the official dialect is called "rooster", "sow", "kitten", "dried vegetables", "food", which is placed before the noun, and the order is completely opposite to Miao, Yao, Zhuang, Cantonese, (the same as burying another non-official language and the southern Mandarin language). This phenomenon reflects that in this lowest common word, modern Cantonese still retains the grammatical characteristics of the ancient Baiyue language.
Cantonese vowels have different lengths and lengths, which are not available in other Chinese languages. On the contrary, the vowels of the Sheyao and Zhuang ethnic groups are the same as those of Cantonese, and they have different lengths and shortnesses. Cantonese vowels are most pronounced in length, such as aa (International Phonetic Alphabet: [aː]) and a([ɐ]). These two notes can be paired with any rhyme ending, forming the minimum pair of stereoscopic, . The main difference between aa and a vowels is how long it drags on when pronouncing, and aa is obviously longer than a. Although the sound quality of the two tones is slightly different (the tongue is lower than [ɐ] a little when the [a] is pronounced), cantonese speakers mainly rely on the length of time to distinguish between the two tones. People from other provinces, including the Hakka Min people, who do not learn Cantonese well, will not distinguish between these two sounds, usually pronounce aa as aa, so "heart" reads "three", "rice" reads "buy", and once you hear it, you will know that it is not a local.
Parse the graph
In terms of tone, there are nine standard Cantonese (ten in some places), more than other Chinese languages; and there are intoacous categories, which are not available in most Chinese and Mandarin. The inset will only appear with the three rhymes of -p, -t, and -k, and the shu sound (that is, non-inset) will not match the -p, -t, and -k endings. Miao, Yao, zhuang are also rich tone languages, generally have at least eight tones, which are basically the same as Cantonese; and they are all "into the sound and shu sound", are into the sound rhyme -p, -t, -k tail, the rest of the rhyme is with a soothing tone. And the most consistent place is that Zhuang and Cantonese have three tones (Guangfu Baiyue people and Zhuang, Miao, Sheyao are of the same origin), the highest one will only take the short vowel, the middle high one will only match the long vowel, and the lowest tone can be matched with the long and short vowels, and the two kinds of words are fully consistent with the sound distribution law. [Cantonese Hong Kong Institute]
In terms of vowels, Cantonese has two rounded lip soft jaw vowels, gw ([kw]) and kw ([kwh]), which are very unique and are not available in other (Chinese languages); on the contrary, Miao, Sheyao, and Zhuang have these two vowels.
Today's Cantonese still retains a considerable number of ancient Baiyue words, if measured by the frequency of use, there are more than 20% to 40%. Many of these words have no sound (e.g., "laan1 kai" lan1), and even if there is a word to write, it may be borrowed from other words (like: "fling"), or "newly created words" (e.g., "蠄蟧").
Many of these words have been replaced by (Hanyuan words), but some are locked in the form of place names and have been passed down to the present. However, the true meaning of these words has been forgotten (the result of the transformation of the land and the sinicization). For example, the "six" of "Liu Jian", "Liu He", "Liu Xie", and "Liu Yin" are actually the solutions of "Shan Chung"; the "Na" (Zhuang dialect: naz; The International Phonetic Alphabet: na ˧ ˩) of "Na Wu", "Na Huo", and "Na Lu", is the solution of "Tian"[2]; and the "Luo" of "Luo Jing", "Luo Long", and "Luo Sha" is "Mountain". Note: The word-building method of these place names is that the main line of words comes first, and the modifiers are second, preserving the grammar of the ancient Baiyue language.
One of the more recognizable low-level words in the Paleo-Rakyak language are those that read the voiced vowels (m-, n-, ng-, l-) with a yin tone (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 8th). This is because there is a certain pattern of Chinese words in cantonese pronunciation : ancient voiced vowel words are pronounced in the yang tone today (4th, 5th, 6th, 9th sounds), with few exceptions (as in the case of the word "ma"). Of course, it is not enough to look at the pronunciation alone, it is important to check whether other Chinese languages have homologous words, whether there are Chinese characters derived from ancient times used to write this word, and whether this Chinese character is borrowed, it is important to check whether other Dongtai languages have words that are similar to this pronunciation and meaning, so that we can be sure that he is the bottom word of the ancient Baiyue language to confirm "the examination of the orthology of the present Cantonese and the ancient Baiyue language" (searching for the ancestors and returning to the source).
In terms of Wu language, usually the remnants of the baiyue bottom component of the southern Wu language are less than the bottom component of the Baiyue language (ancient Cantonese) in Cantonese. Taking the ancient Cantonese historical records as an example, there are many basic vocabulary in the noodles that are the same as the current Tai Dai Zhuang Dong language, and there is also a little bit the same as the Jing language. For example: 㯱 (pe33, yuzu) is the same as Dong; fog (moe22, fog), the same as water language; 篺 (bba31, wooden raft), 謴 (lai35, gently caressed), 謴 (gang42, insults) is the same as Thai; forced (ba213, shoe partition), 咄 (dai213, bird peck), also (yi213, also, also), cheng (zzeng31, wine urn, wine altar) is the same as Zhuang, Dong language; thoughts (nyi22 ddeu31, addictive), 玍 (nie22, barely supported) and 玍 (nyv22, bud) are the same as in Vietnamese. It is also like Wenzhou dialect called the field "垟", there are many place names with the word "垟", such as: "Weng Yuan, Lin Yuan" and so on. Although the "Jiyun Yang Yun" collects this word, he means "earth monster" and has nothing to do with the meaning of the field. Some people have examined that this word may be a remnant of the ancient Baiyue language, which is pronounced the same as Dai. It is also like wenzhou people who call stupid, stupid, and unclear things "huan" (hoe33, pronounced like "cockle"), for example: that person is all humble, and that person is really depressed. It can also be used in conjunction with a noun, for example: "pig". Zhuang Dong languages have similar phonetic meanings, which may be the trace "bottom layer" left over from the business communication between Wenzhou people and the ancient Baiyue people.